Contribution of congenital heart disease to neuropsychiatric outcome in school-age children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

Children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) present with congenital heart disease (CHD) and high prevalence of psychiatric disorders and neurocognitive deficits. Although CHD has been implicated in neurodevelopment, its role in the neuropsychiatric outcome in 22q11DS is poorly understood. We investigated whether CHD contributes to the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders and neurocognitive impairments in 22q11DS. Fifty-four children ages 8-14 years with 22q11DS and 16 age-matched non-deleted children with CHD participated. They were assessed using semi-structured interviews and a Computerized Neurocognitive Battery. CHD status was assessed using available medical records. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders and cognitive profiles were compared among the groups. There were no significant differences between the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the 22q11DS with and without CHD. In 22q11DS with CHD, the prevalence rates were 41% anxiety disorders, 37% ADHD and 71% psychosis spectrum. In 22q11DS without CHD, the rates were 33% anxiety disorders, 41% ADHD and 64% psychosis spectrum. In comparison, the non-deleted CHD group had lower rates of psychopathology (25% anxiety disorders, 6% ADHD, and 13% psychosis spectrum). Similarly, the 22q11DS groups, regardless of CHD status, had significantly greater neurocognitive deficits across multiple domains, compared to the CHD-only group. We conclude that CHD in this sample of children with 22q11.2DS does not have a major impact on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and is not associated with increased neurocognitive deficits. These findings suggest that the 22q11.2 deletion status itself may confer significant neuropsychiatric vulnerability in this population.

Impact of psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive deficit on function in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Presence of psychiatric comorbidity is associated with poor functioning and is an important consideration in treatment. Many individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) develop comorbid psychiatric disorders, yet its pattern and impact on functioning have not been formally investigated. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the relationship between comorbid psychopathology and neurocognitive deficits and their association with global functioning. We hypothesized that higher psychiatric burden and psychosis-spectrum features would be associated with reduced functioning and increased neurocognitive deficits. METHOD: The cohort included 171 individuals with 22q11DS and mean (SD) age of 17.4 (8.1) years, recruited from a tertiary children's hospital and nationally through social media between September 2010 and December 2013. Psychiatric diagnoses and functioning were assessed using semistructured interviews and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale, respectively. On the basis of psychopathology and number of comorbid diagnoses, participants were assigned to unaffected (n = 32), nonpsychosis spectrum (n = 24), nonpsychosis spectrum-plus (n = 15), psychosis spectrum (n = 29), and psychosis spectrum-plus (n = 71) groups. Executive function, episodic memory, complex cognition, social cognition, and praxis speed were assessed using a computerized neurocognitive battery (CNB). Cognitive profile and GAF scores were compared among the groups, and the association of GAF with cognitive performance and psychopathology was examined. RESULTS: We observed high rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders. Approximately 50% of the participants had ≥ 2 diagnoses. Psychosis spectrum disorders were most frequently comorbid with other disorders. GAF score was progressively worse with increased psychiatric burden. Mean (SD) GAF score for the unaffected group (81.1 [8.9]) was significantly different from those of nonpsychosis spectrum (68.6 [12.1]), nonpsychosis spectrum-plus (63.4 [8.8]), psychosis spectrum (58.7 [13.1]), or psychosis spectrum-plus (55.5 [13.3]) (P < .05) groups. All groups performed poorly and were comparable to each other on the CNB (P = .273). Notably, verbal memory (P = .003), spatial processing (P = .001), and parent education level (P < .001) were significantly associated with GAF. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with 22q11DS have high rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders and diffuse cognitive deficits regardless of psychiatric burden. Those with psychotic spectrum disorders and comorbid psychiatric disorders are at an increased risk for poor overall functioning.

Subthreshold psychotic symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) confers 25% risk for psychosis and is an invaluable window for understanding the neurobiological substrate of psychosis risk. The Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS) is well validated in nondeleted populations for detecting clinical risk but has only recently been applied to 22q11DS. We assessed the largest 22q11DS cohort to date and report on SIPS implementation and symptoms elicited. METHOD: The SIPS, including its 19 subscales, was administered to 157 individuals with 22q11DS aged 8 to 25 years. Youth and caregiver interviews were conducted and rated separately, then compared for agreement. Implementation of the SIPS in 22q11DS was challenging because of the prevalence of developmental delay and comorbid conditions. However, by explaining questions and eliciting examples, we were able to help youths and caregivers understand and respond appropriately. Consensus ratings were formulated and analyzed with itemwise and factor analysis. RESULTS: Subthreshold symptoms were common, with 85% of individuals endorsing 1 or more. The most commonly rated items were ideational richness (47%) and trouble with focus and attention (44%). Factor analysis revealed a 3-factor solution with positive, negative, and disorganized components. Youth-caregiver comparisons suggested that youths report greater symptoms of perceptual abnormalities, suspiciousness, trouble with emotional expression, and bizarre thinking. Caregivers reported more impaired tolerance to normal stress, poor hygiene, and inattention. CONCLUSION: The SIPS was adapted for 22q11DS through comprehensive and semi-structured administration methods, yielding a high prevalence of subthreshold psychotic symptoms. The significance and predictive validity of these symptoms require future longitudinal analysis.