PARP1-DOT1L transcription axis drives acquired resistance to PARP inhibitor in ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) resistance poses a significant challenge in ovarian carcinoma (OC). While the role of DOT1L in cancer and chemoresistance is acknowledged, its specific role in PARPi resistance remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism of DOT1L in PARPi resistance in OC patients. METHODS: This study analyzed the expression of DOT1L in PARPi-resistant cell lines compared to sensitive ones and correlated it with clinical outcomes in OC patients. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo functional experiments were conducted using cellular and mouse models. Molecular investigations, including RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation (CUT&Tag) assays, were employed to unravel the molecular mechanisms of DOT1L-mediated PARPi resistance. RESULTS: Our investigation revealed a robust correlation between DOT1L expression and clinical PARPi resistance in non-BRCA mutated OC cells. Upregulated DOT1L expression in PARPi-resistant tissues was associated with diminished survival in OC patients. Mechanistically, we identified that PARP1 directly binds to the DOT1L gene promoter, promoting transcription independently of its enzyme activity. PARP1 trapping induced by PARPi treatment amplified this binding, enhancing DOT1L transcription and contributing to drug resistance. Sequencing analysis revealed that DOT1L plays a crucial role in the transcriptional regulation of PLCG2 and ABCB1 via H3K79me2. This established the PARP1-DOT1L-PLCG2/ABCB1 axis as a key contributor to PARPi resistance. Furthermore, we discovered that combining a DOT1L inhibitor with PARPi demonstrated a synergistic effect in both cell line-derived xenograft mouse models (CDXs) and patient-derived organoids (PDOs). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that DOT1L is an independent prognostic marker for OC patients. The PARP1-DOT1L/H3K79me2-PLCG2/ABCB1 axis is identified as a pivotal contributor to PARPi resistance. Targeted inhibition of DOT1L emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy for enhancing PARPi treatment outcomes in OC patients.

Predicting Lymph Node Metastasis From Primary Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Based on Deep Learning in Histopathologic Images.

We developed a deep learning framework to accurately predict the lymph node status of patients with cervical cancer based on hematoxylin and eosin-stained pathological sections of the primary tumor. In total, 1524 hematoxylin and eosin-stained whole slide images (WSIs) of primary cervical tumors from 564 patients were used in this retrospective, proof-of-concept study. Primary tumor sections (1161 WSIs) were obtained from 405 patients who underwent radical cervical cancer surgery at the Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) between 2008 and 2014; 165 and 240 patients were negative and positive for lymph node metastasis, respectively (including 166 with positive pelvic lymph nodes alone and 74 with positive pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes). We constructed and trained a multi-instance deep convolutional neural network based on a multiscale attention mechanism, in which an internal independent test set (100 patients, 228 WSIs) from the FUSCC cohort and an external independent test set (159 patients, 363 WSIs) from the Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Endocervical Adenocarcinoma cohort of the Cancer Genome Atlas program database were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the network. In predicting the occurrence of lymph node metastasis, our network achieved areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87 in the cross-validation set, 0.84 in the internal independent test set of the FUSCC cohort, and 0.75 in the external test set of the Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Endocervical Adenocarcinoma cohort of the Cancer Genome Atlas program. For patients with positive pelvic lymph node metastases, we retrained the network to predict whether they also had para-aortic lymph node metastases. Our network achieved areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.91 in the cross-validation set and 0.88 in the test set of the FUSCC cohort. Deep learning analysis based on pathological images of primary foci is very likely to provide new ideas for preoperatively assessing cervical cancer lymph node status; its true value must be validated with cervical biopsy specimens and large multicenter datasets.

Developing a nomogram for preoperative prediction of cervical cancer lymph node metastasis by multiplex immunofluorescence.

BACKGROUND: Most traditional procedures can destroy tissue natural structure, and the information on spatial distribution and temporal distribution of immune milieu in situ would be lost. We aimed to explore the potential mechanism of pelvic lymph node (pLN) metastasis of cervical cancer (CC) by multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) and construct a nomogram for preoperative prediction of pLN metastasis in patients with CC. METHODS: Patients (180 IB1-IIA2 CC patients of 2009 FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics)) were divided into two groups based on pLN status. Tissue microarray (TMA) was prepared and tumor-infiltrating immune markers were assessed by mIF. Multivariable logistic regression analysis and nomogram were used to develop the predicting model. RESULTS: Multivariable logistic regression analysis constructs a predictive model and the area under the curve (AUC) can reach 0.843. By internal validation with the remaining 40% of cases, a new ROC curve has emerged and the AUC reached 0.888. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents an immune nomogram, which can be conveniently used to facilitate the preoperative individualized prediction of LN metastasis in patients with CC.

RNA-binding proteins in ovarian cancer: a novel avenue of their roles in diagnosis and treatment.

Ovarian cancer (OC), an important cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide, is one of the most malignant cancers and is characterized by a poor prognosis. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), a class of endogenous proteins that can bind to mRNAs and modify (or even determine) the amount of protein they can generate, have attracted great attention in the context of various diseases, especially cancers. Compelling studies have suggested that RBPs are aberrantly expressed in different cancer tissues and cell types, including OC tissues and cells. More specifically, RBPs can regulate proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, tumorigenesis and chemosensitivity and serve as potential therapeutic targets in OC. Herein, we summarize what is currently known about the biogenesis, molecular functions and potential roles of human RBPs in OC and their prospects for application in the clinical treatment of OC.

SPOP promotes cervical cancer progression by inducing the movement of PD-1 away from PD-L1 in spatial localization.

BACKGROUND: Metastasis is a major obstacle in the treatment of cervical cancer (CC), and SPOP-mediated regulatory effects are involved in metastasis. However, the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. METHODS: Proteomic sequencing and SPOP immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed for the pelvic lymph node (pLN)-positive and non-pLN groups of CC patients. The corresponding patients were stratified by SPOP expression level for overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) analysis. In vitro and in vivo tests were conducted to verify the causal relationship between SPOP expression and CC metastasis. Multiplex immunofluorescence (m-IF) and the HALO system were used to analyse the mechanism, which was further verified by in vitro experiments. RESULTS: SPOP is upregulated in CC with pLN metastasis and negatively associated with patient outcome. In vitro and in vivo, SPOP promotes CC proliferation and metastasis. According to m-IF and HALO analysis, SPOP may promote CC metastasis by promoting the separation of PD-1 from PD-L1. Finally, it was further verified that SPOP can achieve immune tolerance by promoting the movement of PD-1 away from PD-L1 in spatial location and function. CONCLUSION: This study shows that SPOP can inhibit the immune microenvironment by promoting the movement of PD-1 away from PD-L1, thereby promoting pLN metastasis of CC and resulting in worse OS and RFS.

Hydrogen postconditioning promotes survival of rat retinal ganglion cells against ischemia/reperfusion injury through the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of various ocular diseases. Our previous study have shown that postconditioning with inhaled hydrogen (H2) (HPC) can protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a rat model of retinal IRI. Our further study aims to investigate potential mechanisms underlying HPC-induced protection. Retinal IRI was performed on the right eyes of rats and was followed by inhalation of 67% H2 mixed with 33% oxygen immediately after ischemia for 1 h daily for one week. RGC density was counted using haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, retrograde labelling with cholera toxin beta (CTB) and TUNEL staining, respectively. Visual function was assessed using flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP) and pupillary light reflex (PLR). The phosphorylated Akt was analysed by RT-PCR and western blot. The results showed that administration of HPC significantly inhibited the apoptosis of RGCs and protected the visual function. Simultaneously, HPC treatment markedly increased the phosphorylations of Akt. Blockade of PI3K activity by inhibitors (LY294002) dramatically abolished its anti-apoptotic effect and lowered both visual function and Akt phosphorylation levels. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HPC appears to confer neuroprotection against retinal IRI via the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Methane rescues retinal ganglion cells and limits retinal mitochondrial dysfunction following optic nerve crush.

Secondary degeneration is a common event in traumatic central nervous system disorders, which involves neuronal apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Exogenous methane exerts the therapeutic effects in many organ injury. Our study aims to investigate the potential neuroprotection of methane in a rat model of optic nerve crush (ONC). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to ONC and administrated intraperitoneally with methane-saturated or normal saline (10 ml/kg) once per day for one week after ONC. The retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) density was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Fluoro-Gold retrogradely labeling. Visual function was evaluated by flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP). The retinal apoptosis was measured by terminal-deoxy-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and the expression of apoptosis-related factors, such as phosphorylated Bcl-2-associated death promoter (pBAD), phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (pGSK-3ß), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) and Bcl-2 extra large (Bcl-xL). Retinal mitochondrial function was assessed by the mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, citrate synthase activity and ATP content. Methane treatment significantly improved the RGC loss and visual dysfunction following ONC. As expected, methane also remarkably inhibited the retinal neural apoptosis, such as the fewer TUNEL-positive cells in ganglion cell layer, accompanied by the up-regulations of anti-apoptotic factors (pGSK-3ß, pBAD, Bcl-xL) and the down-regulation of pro-apoptotic factor (Bax). Furthermore, methane treatment suppressed up-regulations of critical mitochondrial components (PGC-1α, NRF1 and TFAM) mRNA and mtDNA copy number, as well as improved the reduction of functional mitochondria markers, including citrate synthase activity and ATP content, in retinas with ONC. Taken together, methane treatment promotes RGC survival and limits retinal mitochondrial dysfunction against ONC insult. Methane can be a potential neuroprotective agent for traumatic and glaucomatous neurodegeneration.

Low-dose carbon monoxide inhalation protects neuronal cells from apoptosis after optic nerve crush.

Glaucomatous optic neuropathy, including axonal degeneration and apoptotic death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), eventually leads to irreversible visual impairment. Carbon monoxide (CO) acts as a therapeutic agent against neural injury via its anti-apoptotic effect. Here we hypothesized that low-dose CO inhalation can protect RGCs in a rat model of optic nerve crush (ONC). ONC was performed on adult male Sprague Dawley rats to imitate glaucomatous optic damage. Low-dose CO (250 ppm) or air was inhaled for 1 h immediately after ONC, and all the tests were carried out 2 weeks later. Flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP) and pupil light relax (PLR) were recorded for the assessment of visual function. RGC density was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Fluorogold labeling. Retinal apoptotic process was assessed by TUNEL staining and caspase-3 activity measurement. Low-dose CO treatment significantly ameliorated the abnormalities of FVEP and PLR induced by ONC. As expected, the RGC density was increased remarkably by CO inhalation after the glaucomatous optic nerve insult. Moreover, CO treatment after ONC significantly decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cells in ganglion cell layer and attenuated the retinal caspase-3 activity. Low-dose CO inhalation protects RGCs from optic nerve injury via inhibiting caspase-3 dependent apoptosis.

Protective effects of methane-rich saline on diabetic retinopathy via anti-inflammation in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.

As the commonest complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neuro-vascular disease with chronic inflammatory. Methane could exert potential therapeutic interest in inflammatory pathologies in previous studies. Our study aims to evaluate the protective effects of methane-rich saline on DR and investigate the potential role of related MicroRNA (miRNA) in diabetic rats. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with methane-rich or normal saline (5 ml/kg) daily for eight weeks. Morphology changes and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) permeability were assessed by hematoxylin eosin staining and Evans blue leakage. Retinal inflammatory cytokines levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1ß (IL1-ß) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Retinal protein expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined by western blotting. Retinal miRNA expressions were examined by miRNA-specific microarray, verified by quantitative RT-PCR and predicted by GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis. There was no significant changes in blood glucose level and body weight of diabetic rats with methane-rich or normal saline treatment, but the decreased retinal thickness, retinal ganglial cell loss and BRB breakdown were all significantly suppressed by methane treatment. DM-induced retinal overexpressions of TNF-α, IL-1ß, GFAP and VEGF were also significantly ameliorated. Moreover, the methane treatment significantly up-regulated retinal levels of miR-192-5p (related to apoptosis and tyrosine kinase signaling pathway) and miR-335 (related to proliferation, oxidative stress and leukocyte). Methane exerts protective effect on DR via anti-inflammation, which may be related to the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs.

Targeting RAC1 reactivates pyroptosis to reverse paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer by suppressing P21-activated kinase 4.

Pyroptosis may play an important role in the resistance of ovarian cancer (OC) to chemotherapy. However, the mechanism by which pyroptosis modulation can attenuate chemotherapy resistance has not been comprehensively studied in OC. Here, we demonstrated that RAS-associated C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) is highly expressed in OC and is negatively correlated with patient outcomes. Through cell function tests and in vivo tumor formation tests, we found that RAC1 can promote tumor growth by mediating paclitaxel (PTX) resistance. RAC1 can mediate OC progression by inhibiting pyroptosis, as evidenced by high-throughput automated confocal imaging, the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß/IL-18 and the nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Mechanically, RNA-seq, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP), mass spectrometry (MS), and ubiquitination tests further confirmed that RAC1 inhibits caspase-1/gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated canonical pyroptosis through the P21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, thereby promoting PTX resistance in OC cells. Finally, the whole molecular pathway was verified by the results of in vivo drug combination tests, clinical specimen detection and the prognosis. In summary, our results suggest that the combination of RAC1 inhibitors with PTX can reverse PTX resistance by inducing pyroptosis through the PAK4/MAPK pathway.

PARP1-stabilised FOXQ1 promotes ovarian cancer progression by activating the LAMB3/WNT/ß-catenin signalling pathway.

Metastasis is an important factor that causes ovarian cancer (OC) to become the most lethal malignancy of the female reproductive system, but its molecular mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, through bioinformatics analysis, as well as analysis of tissue samples and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients in our centre, it was found that Forkhead box Q1 (FOXQ1) was correlated with metastasis and prognosis of OC. Through cell function experiments and animal experiments, the results show that FOXQ1 can promote the progression of ovarian cancer in vivo and in vitro. Through RNA-seq, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), Western blotting (WB), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‒PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), luciferase assay, and ChIP-PCR, it was demonstrated that FOXQ1 can mediate the WNT/ß-catenin pathway by targeting the LAMB promoter region. Through coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP), mass spectrometry (MS), ubiquitination experiments, and immunofluorescence (IF), the results showed that PARP1 could stabilise FOXQ1 expression via the E3 ubiquitin ligase Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP). Finally, the whole mechanism pathway was verified by animal drug combination experiments and clinical specimen prognosis analysis. In summary, our results suggest that PARP1 can promote ovarian cancer progression through the LAMB3/WNT/ß-catenin pathway by stabilising FOXQ1 expression.

The function and immune role of cuproptosis associated hub gene in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a precancerous lesion of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), with approximately 3-5% of patients developing EAC. Cuproptosis is a kind of programmed cell death phenomenon discovered in recent years, which is related to the occurrence and development of many diseases. However, its role in BE and EAC is not fully understood. We used single sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) for differential analysis of BE in the database, followed by enrichment analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Ontology (GO) and GSEA, Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI), Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) and finally Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of clinical tissues. Two hub genes can be obtained by intersection of the results obtained from the cuproptosis signal analysis based on BE. The ROC curves of these two genes predicted EAC, and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) values could reach 0.950 and 0.946, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of Centrosome associated protein E (CENPE) and Shc SH2 domain binding protein 1 (SHCBP1) were significantly increased in clinical EAC tissues. When they were grouped by protein expression levels, high expression of CENPE or SHCBP1 had a poor prognosis. The CENPE and SHCBP1 associated with cuproptosis may be a factor promoting the development of BE into EAC which associated with the regulation of NK cells and T cells.

KLF5 Promotes Tumor Progression and Parp Inhibitor Resistance in Ovarian Cancer.

One major characteristic of tumor cells is the aberrant activation of epigenetic regulatory elements, which remodel the tumor transcriptome and ultimately promote cancer progression and drug resistance. However, the oncogenic functions and mechanisms of ovarian cancer (OC) remain elusive. Here, super-enhancer (SE) regulatory elements that are aberrantly activated in OC are identified and it is found that SEs drive the relative specific expression of the transcription factor KLF5 in OC patients and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi)-resistant patients. KLF5 expression is associated with poor outcomes in OC patients and can drive tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, KLF5 forms a transcriptional complex with EHF and ELF3 and binds to the promoter region of RAD51 to enhance its transcription, strengthening the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway. Notably, the combination of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and olaparib significantly inhibits tumor growth and metastasis of PARPi-resistant OC cells with high KLF5. In conclusion, it is discovered that SEs-driven KLF5 is a key regulatory factor in OC progression and PARPi resistance; and potential therapeutic strategies for OC patients with PARPi resistance and high KLF5 are identified.

Clinical value and application of a novel nomogram containing inflammatory, nutritional and clinical markers in predicting overall survival of stage II/III gastric cancer patients after radical resection: a bi-centered retrospective study of 2,443 patients.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify nutritional, inflammatory and clinical indicators associated with stage II/III gastric cancer in patients, and construct a nomogram model for accurate prediction of prognosis of patients. METHODS: We retrospectively recruited stage II/III gastric cancer (GC) patients who underwent radical gastrectomy at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, from 2012 to 2019. The patients were randomly divided into training and internal validation sets, and then the Maximum log-rank statistic method was used to determine the optimal cut-off value. Next, we performed univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses to identify independent risk factors associated with overall survival (OS). These were subsequently used to develop a nomogram model. We validated this model in patients with stage II/III gastric cancer (from 2010 to 2019) at Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital. RESULTS: A total of 2,443 patients met our inclusion criteria and were therefore included in our study. Patients from Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center were randomly divided into training (n=1725) and internal validation (n=430) sets, while those from Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital were used as the external validation set (n=288). Results from univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that age (adjusted HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.05-1.44; P=0.012), TNM stage (adjusted HR, 3.62; 95% CI, 2.79-4.68; P<0.001), CEA (adjusted HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.14-1.71; P<0.001), CA199 (adjusted HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.21-1.79; P<0.001), and Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI, adjusted HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67-0.98; P=0.026) were independent prognostic factors for OS in the training set. The established nomogram model, with a C-index of 0.67, had 3- and 5-year Area under Curve (AUC) values of 0.719 and 0.714, respectively. Notably, the model effectively distinguished patients' OS in both the internal (P<0.001) and external (P<0.001) datasets. CONCLUSIONS: PNI is an independent prognostic factor for stage II/III GC patients after radical resection. The established novel nomogram model, based on nutritional, inflammatory and clinical indicators, can accurately and efficiently predict prognosis of stage II/III GC patients.

A risk model of gene signatures for predicting platinum response and survival in ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer (OC) is the deadliest tumor in the female reproductive tract. And increased resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy represents the major obstacle in the treatment of OC currently. Robust and accurate gene expression models are crucial tools in distinguishing platinum therapy response and evaluating the prognosis of OC patients. METHODS: In this study, 230 samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) OV dataset were subjected to mRNA expression profiling, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and copy number variation (CNV) analysis comprehensively to screen out the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). An SVM classifier and a prognostic model were constructed using the Random Forest algorithm and LASSO Cox regression model respectively via R. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was applied as the validation set. RESULTS: Forty-eight differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were figured out through integrated analysis of gene expression, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and copy number variation (CNV) data. A 10-gene classifier was constructed which could discriminate platinum-sensitive samples precisely with an AUC of 0.971 in the training set and of 0.926 in the GEO dataset (GSE638855). In addition, 8 optimal genes were further selected to construct the prognostic risk model whose predictions were consistent with the actual survival outcomes in the training cohort (p = 9.613e-05) and validated in GSE638855 (p = 0.04862). PNLDC1, SLC5A1, and SYNM were then identified as hub genes that were associated with both platinum response status and prognosis, which was further validated by the Fudan University Shanghai cancer center (FUSCC) cohort. CONCLUSION: These findings reveal a specific risk model that could serve as effective biomarkers to identify patients' platinum response status and predict survival outcomes for OC patients. PNLDC1, SLC5A1, and SYNM are the hub genes that may serve as potential biomarkers in OC treatment.

Co-occurrence of Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance and Sequence Type Diversity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated From Penaeus vannamei at Freshwater Farms, Seawater Farms, and Markets in Zhejiang Province, China.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-borne bacterial poisoning in China and is a threat to human health worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the antibiotic resistance profiles and distribution of heavy metal resistance of V. parahaemolyticus isolates from Penaeus vannamei from freshwater farms, seawater farms, and their corresponding markets in Zhejiang, China and to assess the relationship between multidrug resistance (MDR) and multi-heavy metal resistance (MHMR). Of the 360 P. vannamei samples that we tested, 90 (25.00%) were V. parahaemolyticus positive, but the occurrence of pathogenic isolates carrying the toxin genes tdh (4.44%) and trh (3.33%) was low. None of the tested isolates harbored both the tdh and trh genes. However, antibiotic resistance profiles varied among different sampling locations, levels of resistance to the antibiotics ampicillin (76.67%) and streptomycin (74.44%) were high overall, and MDR isolates were common (40.00% of all isolates). Heavy metal resistance patterns were similar among the different sampling locations. Overall, the majority of V. parahaemolyticus isolates displayed tolerance to Cd2+ (60.00%), and fewer were resistant to Cu2+ (40.00%), Zn2+ (38.89%), Ni2+ (24.44%), Cr3+ (14.44%), and Co2+ (8.89%). In addition, 34.44% (31/90) of isolates tested in this study were found to be MHMR. Using Pearson's correlation analysis, MDR and MHMR were found to be positively correlated (P = 0.004; R = 0.759). The 18 V. parahaemolyticus isolates that were both MDR and MHMR represented 18 sequence types, of which 12 were novel to the PubMLST database, and displayed a high level of genetic diversity, suggesting that dissemination may be affected by mobile genetic elements via horizontal gene transfer. However, a low percentage of class 1 integrons without gene cassettes and no class 2 or 3 integrons were detected in the 18 MDR and MHMR isolates or in the 90 V. parahaemolyticus isolates overall. Thus, we suggest that future research focus on elucidating the mechanisms that lead to a high prevalence of resistance determinants in V. parahaemolyticus. The results of this study provide data that will support aquatic animal health management and food safety risk assessments in the aquaculture industry.

Preconditioning with carbon monoxide inhalation promotes retinal ganglion cell survival against optic nerve crush via inhibition of the apoptotic pathway.

Optic neurodegeneration, in addition to central nervous trauma, initiates impairments to neurons resulting in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage. Carbon monoxide (CO) has been observed to elicit neuroprotection in various experimental models. The present study investigated the potential retinal neuroprotection of preconditioning with CO inhalation in a rat model of optic nerve crush (ONC). Adult male Sprague­Dawley rats were preconditioned with inhaled CO (250 ppm) or air for 1 h prior to ONC. Animals were euthanized at 1 or 2 weeks following surgery. RGC densities were quantified by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and FluoroGold labeling. Visual function was measured via flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and caspase­9 and caspase­3 activity in the retinas, were assessed at 2 weeks post­ONC. The RGC density of CO + crush rats was significantly increased compared with that of the corresponding crush­only rats at 2 weeks (survival rate, 66.2 vs. 48.2% as demonstrated by H&E staining, P<0.01; and 67.6 vs. 37.6% as demonstrated by FluoroGold labeling, P<0.05). FVEP measures indicated a significantly better­preserved latency and amplitude of the P1 wave in the CO + crush rats compared with the crush­only rats. The TUNEL assays demonstrated fewer apoptotic cells in the CO + crush group compared with the crush­only group, accompanied by the suppression of caspase­9 and caspase­3 activity. The results of the present study suggested that inhaled CO preconditioning may be neuroprotective against ONC insult via inhibition of neuronal apoptosis.

Primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the Bartholin's gland: A case report.

Primary carcinoma of the Bartholin's gland (BG) is a rare malignancy. There are extremely rare cases of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC) of the BG reported in the English literature. A postmenopausal female presented with a 1-month history of increasing pain and swelling on the left vulva consistent with spontaneously bleeding. Pathology identified SCNC that arose in BG. The patient was treated with a radical wide local excision and bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection followed by six courses of chemotherapy. One month after primary treatment, without any pelvic recurrence or abnormal tumor markers indications, distant metastasis of the liver was diagnosed and VI hepatic lobectomy was performed. The patient maintained regular adjuvant chemotherapy every month under outpatient surveillance and has no local recurrence or distant metastasis.

Postconditioning with inhaled hydrogen promotes survival of retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of various ocular diseases. Intraperitoneal injection or ocular instillation with hydrogen (H2)-rich saline was recently shown to be neuroprotective in the retina due to its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Our study aims to explore whether postconditioning with inhaled H2 can protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a rat model of retinal I/R injury. Retinal I/R injury was performed on the right eyes of rats and was followed by inhalation of 67% H2 mixed with 33% oxygen immediately after ischemia for 1h daily for one week. RGC density was counted using haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and retrograde labeling with cholera toxin beta (CTB). Visual function was assessed using flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP) and pupillary light reflex (PLR). Potential biomarkers of retinal oxidative stress and inflammatory responses were measured, including the expression of 4-Hydroxynonenalv (4-HNE), interleukin-1 beta (IL1-ß) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). HE and CTB tracing showed that the survival rate of RGCs in the H2-treated group was significantly higher than the rate in the I/R group. Rats with H2 inhalation showed better visual function in assessments of FVEP and PLR. Moreover, H2 treatment significantly decreased the number of 4-HNE-stained cells in the ganglion cell layer and inhibited the retinal overexpression of IL1-ß and TNF-α that was induced by retinal I/R injury. Our results demonstrate that postconditioning with inhaled high-dose H2 appears to confer neuroprotection against retinal I/R injury via anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis pathways.

Methane attenuates retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury via anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic pathways.

Retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) may cause incurable visual impairment due to neural regeneration limits. Methane was shown to exert a protective effect against IRI in many organs. This study aims to explore the possible protective effects of methane-rich saline against retinal IRI in rat. Retinal IRI was performed on the right eyes of male Sprague-Dawley rats, which were immediately injected intraperitoneally with methane-saturated saline (25ml/kg). At one week after surgery, the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), total retinal thickness, visual function were measured by hematoxylin and eosin staining, FluoroGold anterograde labeling and flash visual evoked potentials. The levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), caspase-3, caspase-9, B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) in retinas were assessed by immunofluorescence staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. As expected, methane treatment significantly improved the retinal IRI-induced RGC loss, total retinal layer thinning and visual dysfunction. Moreover, methane treatment significantly reduced the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (8-OHdG, 4-HNE, MDA) and increased the antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx) in the retinas with IRI. Meanwhile, methane treatment significantly increased the anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2) expression and decreased the pro-apoptotic gene (Bax) expression, accompanied by the suppression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity. Thus, these data demonstrated that methane can exert a neuroprotective role against retinal IRI through anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic pathways.