Genomic asymmetric epigenetic modification of transposable elements is involved in gene expression regulation of allopolyploid Brassica napus.

Polyploids are common and have a wide geographical distribution and environmental adaptability. Allopolyploidy may lead to the activation of transposable elements (TE). However, the mechanism of epigenetic modification of TEs in the establishment and evolution of allopolyploids remains to be explored. We focused on the TEs of model allopolyploid Brassica napus (An An Cn Cn ), exploring the TE characteristics of the genome, epigenetic modifications of TEs during allopolyploidization, and regulation of gene expression by TE methylation. In B. napus, approximately 50% of the genome was composed of TEs. TEs increased with proximity to genes, especially DNA transposons. TE methylation levels were negatively correlated with gene expression, and changes in TE methylation levels were able to regulate the expression of neighboring genes related to responses to light intensity and stress, which promoted powerful adaptation of allopolyploids to new environments. TEs can be synergistically regulated by RNA-directed DNA methylation pathways and histone modifications. The epigenetic modification levels of TEs tended to be similar to those of the diploid parents during the genome evolution of B. napus. The TEs of the An subgenome were more likely to be modified, and the imbalance in TE number and epigenetic modification level in the An and Cn subgenomes may lead to the establishment of subgenome dominance. Our study analyzed the characteristics of TE location, DNA methylation, siRNA, and histone modification in B. napus and highlighted the importance of TE epigenetic modifications during the allopolyploidy process, providing support for revealing the mechanism of allopolyploid formation and evolution.

Genome-wide chromatin accessibility reveals transcriptional regulation of heterosis in inter-subspecific hybrid rice.

The utilization of rice heterosis is essential for ensuring global food security; however, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, comprehensive analyses of accessible chromatin regions (ACRs), DNA methylation, and gene expression in inter-subspecific hybrid and its parents were performed to determine the potential role of chromatin accessibility in rice heterosis. The hybrid exhibited abundant ACRs, in which the gene ACRs and proximal ACRs were directly related to transcriptional activation rather than the distal ACRs. Regarding the dynamic accessibility contribution of the parents, paternal ZHF1015 transmitted a greater number of ACRs to the hybrid. Accessible genotype-specific target genes were enriched with overrepresented transcription factors, indicating a unique regulatory network of genes in the hybrid. Compared with its parents, the differentially accessible chromatin regions with upregulated chromatin accessibility were much greater than those with downregulated chromatin accessibility, reflecting a stronger regulation in the hybrid. Furthermore, DNA methylation levels were negatively correlated with ACR intensity, and genes were strongly affected by CHH methylation in the hybrid. Chromatin accessibility positively regulated the overall expression level of each genotype. ACR-related genes with maternal Z04A-bias allele-specific expression tended to be enriched during carotenoid biosynthesis, whereas paternal ZHF1015-bias genes were more active in carbohydrate metabolism. Our findings provide a new perspective on the mechanism of heterosis based on chromatin accessibility in inter-subspecific hybrid rice.

Epigenetic Regulation of Subgenomic Gene Expression in Allotetraploid Brassica napus.

The allotetraploid Brasscia napus has now been extensively utilized to reveal the genetic processes involved in hybridization and polyploidization. Here, transcriptome, WGBS, and Chip-Seq sequencing data were obtained to explore the regulatory consequences of DNA methylation and histone modifications on gene expression in B. napus. When compared with diploid parents, the expression levels of 14,266 (about 32%) and 17,054 (about 30%) genes were altered in the An and Cn subgenomes, respectively, and a total of 4982 DEGs were identified in B. napus. Genes with high or no expression in diploid parents often shifted to medium or low expression in B. napus. The number of genes with elevated methylation levels in gene promoters and gene body regions has increased in An and Cn subgenomes. The peak number of H3K4me3 modification increased, while the peak number of H3K27ac and H3K27me3 decreased in An and Cn subgenomes, and more genes that maintained parental histone modifications were identified in Cn subgenome. The differential multiples of DEGs in B. napus were positively correlated with DNA methylation levels in promoters and the gene body, and the differential multiples of these DEGs were also affected by the degree of variation in DNA methylation levels. Further analysis revealed that about 99% of DEGs were of DNA methylation, and about 68% of DEGs were modified by at least two types of DNA methylation and H3K4me3, H3K27ac, and H3K27me3 histone modifications. These results demonstrate that DNA methylation is crucial for gene expression regulation, and different epigenetic modifications have an essential function in regulating the differential expression of genes in B. napus.