Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviate inflammatory bowel disease via IL-10 signalling-dependent modulation of immune cells.

Current evidence indicates that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is caused primarily by impaired mucosal immunity, resulting in an imbalance between epithelial barrier function and tissue inflammation. Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) exhibit immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of immunity- and inflammation-associated diseases. However, the role of GMSCs in treating IBD has not been elucidated. Our study, therefore, examined the therapeutic effect and mechanism of GMSCs in a murine colitis model of IBD. Our results indicate that the infusion of GMSCs significantly prolonged survival and relieved symptoms. Phenotype analyses showed that the frequencies of NK1.1+ and CD11b+ cells, as well as CD4 T cells in the spleen, were suppressed in GMSC-treated mice compared with the PBS- or fibroblast-treated control groups. Additionally, GMSC treatment markedly increased the numbers of interleukin (IL)-10+ regulatory T cells, reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. A mechanistic study revealed that anti-IL-10R antibody abolished the protective effect of GMSCs compared with mice treated with anti-IgG antibody. Thus, our results indicate that GMSCs play a critical role in alleviating colitis by modulating inflammatory immune cells via IL-10 signalling.

Research on the structural characteristics and influencing factors of global environmental services trade networks.

The development of the environmental services trade is crucial to achieving climate goals and a green economic transition. Based on environmental services trade data from 2001 to 2019, this work uses the social network analysis (SNA) method to depict the structural features of global environmental services trade networks, empirically testing the influencing mechanism of network evolution based on the quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) model. The results indicate that the global environmental services trade is now in a rebound stable period. The market of the environmental services trade is becoming increasingly diversified, the accessibility and convenience of trade are constantly being enhanced, and there is an obvious core-edge structure in the network. Belgium, Italy, and the Netherlands are at the center of the global environmental services trade network; Greece, as the most prominent trade catch-up country, has gradually become an important "bridge" and "hub." Climate change, geographical distance, and population size are the key factors affecting the global trade network of environmental services; environmental regulation, economic distance, and green technology distance have no significant impact on the development of the global environmental services trade, and language difference is no longer an obstacle to the growth of this trade. The results indicate that countries should develop in-depth transnational trade cooperation in the field of environmental services and do so with a more open attitude. The government should give sufficient policy support to the import and export of environmental services, guaranteeing the development of the environmental services trade.