Visceral and ectopic fat are more predictively associated with primary liver cancer than overall obesity from genetic sights: A Mendelian randomization study.

Several observational studies have reported an association between obesity and primary liver cancer (PLC), while the causality behind this association and the comparison of the risk effects of different obesity indicators on PLC remain unclear. In this study, we performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to assess the associations of genetically determined liver fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and body mass index (BMI) with the risk of PLC. The summary statistics of exposures were obtained from two genome-wide association studies (GWASs) based on the UK Biobank (UKB) imaging cohort and the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) cohort. GWAS summary statistics for PLC were obtained from FinnGen consortium R7 release data, including 304 PLC cases and 218 488 controls. Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) was used as the primary analysis, and a series of sensitivity analyses were performed to further verify the robustness of these findings. IVW analysis highlighted a significant association of genetically determined liver fat (OR per SD increase: 7.14; 95% CI: 5.10-9.99; P = 2.35E-30) and VAT (OR per SD increase: 5.70; 95% CI: 1.32-24.72; P = .020) with PLC but not of BMI with PLC. The findings were further confirmed by a series of MR methods. No evidence of horizontal pleiotropy between these associations existed. Our study suggested that genetically determined liver fat and VAT rather than BMI were associated with an increased risk of PLC, which suggested that visceral fat distribution is more predictive of the clinical risk of PLC than common in vitro measures.

Comparison of percutaneous microwave/radiofrequency ablation liver partition and portal vein embolization versus transarterial chemoembolization and portal vein embolization for planned hepatectomy with insufficient future liver remnant.

BACKGROUND: In China, both percutaneous microwave/radiofrequency ablation liver partition plus portal vein embolization (PALPP) and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) plus portal vein embolization (PVE) have been utilized in planned hepatectomy. However, there is a lack of comparative studies on the effectiveness of these two techniques for cases with insufficient future liver remnant (FLR). METHODS: Patients were categorized into either the PALPP group or the TACE + PVE group. Clinical data, including FLR growth rate, complications, secondary resection rate, and overall survival rate, were compared and analyzed for both groups retrospectively. RESULTS: Between December 2014 and October 2021, a total of 29 patients underwent TACE + PVE (n = 12) and PALPP (n = 17). In the TACE + PVE group, 7 patients successfully underwent two-stage hepatectomy, while in the PALPP group, 13 patients underwent the procedure (two-stage resection rate: 58.3% vs. 76.5%, P = 0.42). There were no significant differences in postoperative complications of one-stage procedures (11.8% vs. 8.3%, P > 0.05) and second-stage resection complication (0% vs. 46.2%, P = 0.05) between the TACE + PVE and PALPP groups. However, the PALPP group demonstrated a shorter time to FLR volume growth for second-stage resection (18.5 days vs. 66 days, P = 0.001) and KGR (58.5 ml/week vs. 7.7 ml/week, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with TACE + PVE, PALPP results in a more significant increase in FLR volume and a higher rate of two-stage resection without increasing postoperative complications.

A smartphone sensing platform for the sensitive and selective detection of clothianidin based on MIP-functionalized lanthanide MOF.

A novel molecularly imprinted nanomaterial (Eu (BTC)-MPS@MIP) was synthesized on the surface of silanized europium-based metal-organic frameworks (Eu (BTC)-MPS) using 1, 3, 5-benzotrioic acid (H3BTC) as a ligand. The resulting Eu (BTC)-MPS@MIP was applied to constructing a smartphone sensing platform for the sensitive and selective detection of clothianidin (CLT) in vegetables. The synthesized Eu (BTC)-MPS@MIP demonstrated the successful formation of a typical core-shell structure featuring a shell thickness of approximately 70 - 80 nm. The developed sensing platform based on Eu (BTC)-MPS@MIP exhibited sensitivity in CLT detection with a detection limit of 4 µg/L and a linear response in the range 0.01 - 10 mg/L at excitation and emission wavelengths of 365 nm and 617 nm, respectively. The fluorescence sensing platform displayed excellent specificity for CLT detection, as evidenced by a high imprinting factor of 3.1. This specificity is primarily attributed to the recognition sites in the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) layer. When applied to spiked vegetable samples, the recovery of CLT ranged from 78.9 to 102.0%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values falling between 2.2 and 6.2%. The quenching mechanism of Eu (BTC)-MPS@MIP toward CLT can be attributed to the inner filter effect (IFE), resulting from the optimal spectral overlap between the absorption spectrum of CLT and the excitation spectra of Eu (BTC)-MPS@MIP. The proposed method has the potential for extension to the detection of other pesticides by replacing the MIP recognition probes.

Multicenter propensity score-matched analysis to compare perioperative morbidity after laparoscopic or robotic complex hepatectomy for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative complications are vital factors affecting the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially for complex hepatectomy. The present study aimed to compare perioperative complications between laparoscopic and robotic complex hepatectomy (LCH vs. RCH). METHODS: Patients with solitary HCC after complex hepatectomy were collected from a multicenter database. Propensity score-matched (PSM) analysis was adopted to control confounding bias. Multivariable analysis was performed to determine the prognostic factors. RESULTS: 436 patients were included. After PSM, 43 patients were included in both the LCH and RCH groups. The results showed that compared to LCH, RCH had lower rates of blood loss and transfusion, and lower postoperative 30-day and major morbidity, and post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) (all P < 0.05). Additionally, the length of hospital stay was shorter in the RCH group (P = 0.026). Multivariable analysis showed RCH is an independent protective factor for reducing the 30-day morbidity, major morbidity and PHLF. CONCLUSION: RCH has advantages over LCH in the minimally invasive treatment of complex HCC, as it can reduce the incidence of postoperative morbidity. Therefore, RCH should be considered for patients with HCC who require complex hepatectomy.

Prognostic value of platelet distribution width to lymphocyte ratio in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma following hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND: Platelet distribution width (PDW), but not platelet count, was found to more comprehensively reflect platelet activity. The present study, thus, aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of PDW to lymphocyte ratio (PDWLR) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following hepatectomy. METHODS: Patients following hepatectomy were analyzed retrospectively. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression model were used to determine the prognostic value of PDWLR. RESULTS: 241 patients were analyzed eventually, and stratified into low and high PDWLR groups (≤ 9.66 vs. > 9.66). Results of comparing the baseline characteristics showed that high PDWLR was significantly associated with cirrhosis, and intraoperative blood loss (all P < 0.05). In multivariate COX regression analysis, PDWLR was demonstrated as an independent risk factor for OS (HR: 1.549, P = 0.041) and RFS (HR: 1.655, P = 0.005). Moreover, PDWLR demonstrated a superior capacity for predicting prognosis compared to other indicators. CONCLUSION: Preoperative PDWLR has a potential value in predicting the prognosis of HCC patients following hepatectomy, which may help in clinical decision-making for individual treatment.

Short- and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic versus open liver resection for large hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score study.

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains controversial, especially for tumors larger than 5 cm. We compared the short- and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic and open liver resection (OLR) for large HCC. METHODS: Patients with large HCC after curative hepatectomy were enrolled. To compare the short-term outcomes, propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) were performed to reduce the effect of confounding factors, respectively. Subsequently, Cox-regression analyses were conducted to identify the independent risk factors associated with decreased recurrence-free survival (RFS) and poor overall survival (OS). RESULT: There were 265 patients enrolled in the final analysis: 146 who underwent OLR and 119 who underwent LLR. There was no significant difference between the OLR and LLR groups according to PSM and IPTW analysis (all P > 0.05). Multivariable analysis revealed that LLR was not independently associated with poorer OS (HR 1.15, 95% CI 0.80-1.67, P = 0.448) or RFS (HR 1.22, 95% CI 0.88-1.70, P = 0.238). CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in perioperative complications or long-term prognosis between LLR and OLR for large HCC, which provides evidence for standard laparoscopic surgical practice with adequate surgeon experience and careful patient selection.

Low-cost, portable, on-site fluorescent detection of As(III) by a paper-based microfluidic device based on aptamer and smartphone imaging.

A turn-on fluorescent aptasensor based on a paper-based microfluidic chip was developed to detect arsenite via aptamer competition strategy and smartphone imaging. The chip was prepared by wax-printing hydrophilic channels on filter paper. It is portable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly. Double-stranded DNA consisting of aptamer and fluorescence-labeled complementary strands was immobilized on the reaction zone of the paper chip. Due to the specific strong binding between aptamer and arsenite, the fluorescent complementary strand was squeezed out and driven by capillary force to the detection area of the paper chip, so that the fluorescent signal arose in the detection area under the excitation wavelength of 488 nm. Arsenite can be quantified by using smartphone imaging and RGB image analysis. Under the optimal conditions, the paper-based microfluidic aptasensor exhibited excellent linear response over a wide range of 1 to 1000 nM, with a detection limit as low as 0.96 nM (3σ).

Preoperative prediction model for microvascular invasion in HBV-related intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Preoperative prediction of microvascular invasion (MVI) using a noninvasive method remain unresolved, especially in HBV-related in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). This study aimed to build and validate a preoperative prediction model for MVI in HBV-related ICC. METHODS: Patients with HBV-associated ICC undergoing curative surgical resection were identified. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the independent risk factors of MVI in the training cohort. Then, a prediction model was built by enrolling the independent risk factors. The predictive performance was validated by receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) and calibration in the validation cohort. RESULTS: Consecutive 626 patients were identified and randomly divided into the training (418, 67%) and validation (208, 33%) cohorts. Multivariate analysis showed that TBIL, CA19-9, tumor size, tumor number, and preoperative image lymph node metastasis were independently associated with MVI. Then, a model was built by enrolling former fiver risk factors. In the validation cohort, the performance of this model showed good calibration. The area under the curve was 0.874 (95% CI: 0.765-0.894) and 0.729 (95%CI: 0.706-0.751) in the training and validation cohort, respectively. Decision curve analysis showed an obvious net benefit from the model. CONCLUSION: Based on clinical data, an easy model was built for the preoperative prediction of MVI, which can assist clinicians in surgical decision-making and adjuvant therapy.

An aptasensor for the detection of Pb2+ based on photoinduced electron transfer between a G-quadruplex-hemin complex and a fluorophore.

Due to the threat to health of heavy metal contamination, simple and rapid detection methods for heavy metals are an urgent needed in environment protection and food safety. In this work, we have developed a fluorescent aptasensor for the 'turn-off' model detection of Pb2+ . The key feature of the aptasensor is that the dye-labelled nucleic acid strand can be folded into a G-quadruplex structure in the presence of Pb2+ . This conformational change induces photoinduced electron transfer (PET) between a G-quadruplex-hemin complex and 6-carboxyrhodamine X (ROX), which results in fluorescence quenching of ROX. We systematically investigated the interaction mechanism between Pb2+ and the aptasensor and the effects of several environmental parameters were also studied. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed method exhibited a good liner relationship between the concentration of Pb2+ and fluorescence quenching efficiency in the range 25-500 nM and the limit of detection was 1.02 nM. In addition, this method also manifested good performance in spiked lettuce samples with satisfactory recoveries of 87.10-109.6%. This target-induced PET platform can be further expanded to other heavy metal analysis.

Spherical nucleic acids with tailored DNA conformation via bromide backfilling for the detection of kanamycin.

The improper conformation of oligonucleotides on gold nanoparticle surfaces is caused by unintended base adsorption, which hinders DNA hybridization and lowers colloidal stability. In this work, we treated spherical nucleic acids with Br- , which serves as an efficient backfilling agent, to adjust the DNA conformation by displacing bases from the gold surface. To investigate the effect of DNA conformation on interfacial recognition, a kanamycin fluorescent aptasensor was constructed with bromide backfilled-treated spherical nucleic acids. In the presence of kanamycin, the anchored aptamer binds with the target and the partially complementary reporter strand is dissociated from the surface of the gold nanoparticles, resulting in the fluorescence recovery of labelled fluorophore on the reporter strand. Under optimum conditions, the apparent binding affinity of the aptasensor with bromide backfilling was 2.2-fold that without backfilled one. The proposed aptasensor exhibited a good liner relationship between the concentration of kanamycin and fluorescence intensity change in the range 200 nM to 10 µM and the limit of detection was calculated to be 71.53 nM. Moreover, this aptasensor was also successfully applied in a spiked milk sample assay and the satisfactory recoveries were obtained in the range 96.94-101.57%, which demonstrated its potential in practical applications.

Aqueous phase synthesis of ion-imprinted cryogel for paper-based colorimetric detection of As(V) with high selectivity.

A novel hydrophilic As(V) ion-imprinted cryogel (IIC) was green prepared by cryogelation in aqueous environment which was coincident with the adsorption condition and can improve the specific recognition performance. The methacrylamido propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (MPTAC) was selected as the functional monomer and the saturated adsorption capacity of the prepared IIC and NIC were 55.0 mg/g and 29.4 mg/g, and with high imprinting factor of 1.87. Additionally, the prepared IIC showed admirable reusability and high selectivity, and the recovery was in the range 81.2-97.9% with RSD range of 1.9-4.3%, which was similar to the value obtained by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. IIC can be used as solid material for colorimetric detection at the ultraviolet wavelength of 858 nm without color interference of material matrix, in the range 5-200 µg/L (R2 = 0.990) with a detection limit of 0.970 µg/L. Obviously, this synthetic strategy provides a simple, efficient, and green method for the preparation of water-compatible ion-imprinted polymers providing selective separation and detection of trace As(V) in real complex samples.

Poly-adenine-mediated spherical nucleic acids for interfacial recognition of kanamycin.

Kanamycin fluorescence aptasensors were created using a series of di-block oligonucleotide modified gold nanoparticles with various lengths of poly-adenine. In the presence of kanamycin, the double strand structure of the aptamer-reporter strand complex is disrupted, and the dye-labelled reporter strand detaches from the surface of gold nanoparticles, resulting in fluorescence recovery (Ex/Em = 485/520 nm). By adjusting the number of consecutive adenines, the programable aptamer density can be implemented on the gold nanoparticle surface, and the conformation of nucleic acid changed from lying-down to up-right. The apparent binding constant, binding kinetics, and limit of detection of the prepared aptasensors were carefully examined to explore the influence of surface density. Under the optimum condition, the aptasensor had a tenfold lower limit of detection than the thiolated aptamer modified one, as low as 23.6 nM, when a di-block oligonucleotide with twenty consecutive adenines tailed. In addition, satisfactory recoveries ranging from 96.33 to 99.47% were achieved in spiked milk samples with relative standard deviation of 1.2-6.9% (n = 3). This surface density regulation strategy holds great promise in other aptamer-based interfacial recognition and sensing. Schematic presentation of di-block oligonucleotide modified gold nanoparticle with different surface densities and its kanamycin sensing application.

A Novel Aptamer-Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of Lead in Aquatic Products.

Lead contamination in aquatic products is one of the main hazard factors. The aptasensor is a promising detection method for lead ion (Pb(II)) because of its selectivity, but it is easily affected by pH. The combination of ion-imprinted polymers(IIP) with aptamers may improve their stability in different pH conditions. This paper developed a novel electrochemical biosensor for Pb(II) detection by using aptamer-imprinted polymer as a recognition element. The glassy carbon electrode was modified with gold nanoparticles and aptamers. After the aptamer was induced by Pb(II) to form a G-quadruplex conformation, a chitosan-graphene oxide was electrodeposited and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde to form an imprint layer, improving the stability of the biosensor. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the current signal change (∆I) showed a linear correlation of the content of Pb(II) in the range of 0.1-2.0 µg/mL with a detection limit of 0.0796 µg/mL (S/N = 3). The biosensor also exhibited high selectivity for the determination of Pb(II) in the presence of other interfering metal ion. At the same time, the stability of the imprinted layer made the sensor applicable to the detection environment with a pH of 6.4-8.0. Moreover, the sensor was successfully applied to the detection of Pb(II) in mantis shrimp.

Core-satellite surface imprinting polymer-based pipette tip solid-phase extraction for the colorimetric determination of pyrethroid metabolite.

A core-satellite-structured surface molecularly imprinted polymer has been synthesized for the enrichment of 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde by pipette tip solid-phase extraction (SPE). In a typical sol-gel process, two silane reagents as functional monomers and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid as the dummy template, the surface imprinting layer was coated on the core-satellite silica microsphere, which formed the core-satellite-structured molecularly imprinted polymer (CSMIP). Compared to the silica-based core-shell ones, this CS-MIP exhibits a stunning surface area (142 m2 g-1) in micrometer size and also overcomes the aggregation trends of core-shell structure in nanoscale. Taking potassium permanganate solution as oxidizer and indicator, the adsorbed 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde can be a quantitatively determined through redox reaction after elution. The value of maximum adsorption capacity and imprinting factor of CS-MIP were calculated to be 87.5 µg mg-1 and 2.13, respectively. These CS-MIPs were packed into commercial pipette tip as the sorbent to concentrate 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde. Under the optimum condition, a liner relationship was achieved in the range 0.200 to 1.00 µg mL-1 and the limit of detection was 81 ng mL-1. Moreover, this customized SPE device exhibits good adsorption capability after six sequential adsorption-desorption cycles, and the high recovery range of 92.2~99.7% of spiked tap water assay demonstrated its potential application for real sample analysis. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of core-satellite molecularly imprinted polymer preparation strategy and customized pipette tip solid-phase extraction device.

Piezoelectric arsenite aptasensor based on the use of a self-assembled mercaptoethylamine monolayer and gold nanoparticles.

The authors describe a piezoelectric aptasensor for arsenite. A self assembeled monolayer (SAM) of mercaptoethylamine was prepared to immobilize arsenite on the surface of a quartz crystal microbalance. Gold nanoparticles were modified with arsenite aptamer to amplify the response frequency of the biosensor. Arsenite first binds to the SAM on the gold surface of the QCM. On addition of gold nanoparticles with aptamer (DNA-AuNp), the SAM-As(III)-aptamer sandwich is formed. This increases the resonance frequency of the sensor and allows trace concentration of arsenite to be determined. The aptasensor can detect arsenite in the 8 to 1000 nmol·L-1 concentration range with a 4.4 nmol·L-1 lower detection limit (at S/N = 3). The sandwich structure improves the specificity of the aptasensor without considering the conformational transition of the aptamer. The strategy described here conceivably has a large potential as it shows that small molecules can be sensed by using aptamers with unknown working mechanism. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of a piezoelectric biosensor for arsenite detection by using a mercaptoethylamine monolayer and gold nanoparticles with respect to Arsenite first binds to the SAM on the gold surface of the QCM. Next, gold nanoparticles with aptamer (DNA-AuNp) are added to form a SAM-As(III)-aptamer sandwich which affects the resonance frequency.

Target-induced in-situ formation of fluorescent DNA-templated copper nanoparticles by a catalytic hairpin assembly: application to the determination of DNA and thrombin.

A fluorometric method is described for nucleic acid signal amplification through target-induced catalytic hairpin assembly with DNA-templated copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs). The toehold-mediated self-assembly of three metastable hairpins is triggered in presence of target DNA. This leads to the formation of a three-way junction structure with protruding mononucleotides at the 3' terminus. The target DNA is released from the formed branched structure and triggers another assembly cycle. As a result, plenty of branched DNA becomes available for the synthesis of Cu NPs which have fluorescence excitation/emission maxima at 340/590 nm. At the same time, the branched structure protects the Cu NPs from digestion by exonuclease III. The unreacted hairpins are digested by exonuclease III, and this warrants a lower background signal. The method can detect ssDNA (24 nt) at low concentration (44 pM) and is selective over single-nucleotide polymorphism. On addition of an aptamer, the strategy can also be applied to the quantitation of thrombin at levels as low as 0.9 nM. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of target-induced catalytic hairpin assembly to form branched DNA template for the in situ synthesis of fluorescent Cu nanoparticles.

A "turn-on" fluorometric assay for kanamycin detection by using silver nanoclusters and surface plasmon enhanced energy transfer.

A rapid method is described for the determination of the antibiotic kanamycin. It integrates a kanamycin-binding aptamer and surface plasmon enhanced energy transfer (SPEET) between DNA-templated silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AgNCs and AuNPs were selected as energy donor and energy acceptor, respectively. The aptamer was designed to regulate the energy transfer between AgNCs and AuNPs. The aptamer was adsorbed on the AuNPs. Upon addition of kanamycin, the aptamer-kanamycin complex is formed, and this results in the aggregation of the AuNPs in high salt concentration, the formation of a blue coloration, and in the suppression of the SPEET process. The fluorescence of the AgNCs (with excitation/emission peaks at 560/600 nm) is quenched by the aptamer protected AuNPs in absence of kanamycin. The fluorescence on addition of kanamycin increases linearly in the 5 to 50 nM concentration range, with a lower detection limit of 1.0 nM (at S/N = 3). The assay can be performed within 30 min. It was successfully applied to the determination of kanamycin in spiked milk samples, and recoveries ranged between 90.2 and 95.4%. Conceivably, the strategy has a wide potential for screening by simply changing the aptamer. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of the aptamer regulated surface plasmon enhance energy transfer (SPEET) between silver nanoclusters (Ag NCs) and gold nanoparticles (Au NCs) in high salt concentration buffer, and of the procedure for the detection of kanamycin.

Sensitive colorimetric detection of protein by gold nanoparticles and rolling circle amplification.

An ultrasensitive method for the detection of protein is critically important in fundamental research and practical applications due to the low abundance of disease markers in body fluids or tissues. To detect the trace levels of disease markers with high sensitivity and specificity, a sensitive colorimetric biosensor for protein assay was developed using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and rolling circle amplification (RCA). After binding the biotinylated primer/circular template to the streptavidin-conjugated sandwich ELISA immunocomplex, the biotinylated primer was isothermally extended to generate single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Sequentially, the padlock DNA was added and hybridized with the RCA products. The aggregation of the additional AuNPs in the supernatant containing the surplus padlock DNA and a certain concentration of salt could then be observed. The established sensor allowed for the specific detection of α-fetoprotein (AFP) with a detection limit of 33.45 pg mL(-1). It was also demonstrated that this method could distinguish 500 pg mL(-1) AFP with the naked eye. In addition, this biosensor could be applied to complex sample analysis and could be further used as a universal method for any protein or virus determination by changing the corresponding antibodies.

Metal-organic framework-based molecular beacons for multiplexed DNA detection by synchronous fluorescence analysis.

We report a new sensor combined two dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF), N,N-bis(2-hydroxy-ethyl)dithiooxamidato copper(II) (H2dtoaCu), with the hairpin-structured oligonucleotides and demonstrate its feasibility in detecting multiplexed sequence-specific DNA. The key component of this sensor (MOF-MBs) is the hairpin-structured fluorescent oligonucleotide that allows the MOFs to function as both a "nanoscaffold" for the oligonucleotide and a "nanoquencher" of the fluorophore. An oligonucleotide sequence fragment of wild-type HBV (T1) and a reverse-transcription oligonucleotide sequence of RNA fragment of HIV (T2) were used as model systems. While in the presence of the targets, the fluorescence of dyes was recovered by forming a double strand structure. Multiplex DNA detection can be realized by synchronous scanning fluorescence spectrometry, and there was no cross reaction between the two probes. Under the optimum conditions, the fluorescence intensities of two dyes all exhibit good linear dependence on their target DNA concentration in the range of 1-10 nM with the detection limit of 0.87 nM and 0.22 nM for T1 and T2, respectively. As a proof of concept, the MOF-MBs have been successfully used as a potential sensing platform for simultaneous detection of multiplexed DNA.