Fluorinating All Interfaces Enables Super-Stable Solid-State Lithium Batteries by In Situ Conversion of Detrimental Surface Li2CO3.

Li-stuffed battery materials intrinsically have surface impurities, typically Li2CO3, which introduce severe kinetic barriers and electrochemical decay for a cycling battery. For energy-dense solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs), mitigating detrimental Li2CO3 from both cathode and electrolyte materials is required, while the direct removal approaches hardly avoid Li2CO3 regeneration. Here, a decarbonization-fluorination strategy to construct ultrastable LiF-rich interphases throughout the SSLBs by in situ reacting Li2CO3 with LiPF6 at 60 °C is reported. The fluorination of all interfaces effectively suppresses parasitic reactions while substantially reducing the interface resistance, producing a dendrite-free Li anode with an impressive cycling stability of up to 7000 h. Particularly, transition metal dissolution associated with gas evolution in the cathodes is remarkably reduced, leading to notable improvements in battery rate capability and cyclability at a high voltage of 4.5 V. This all-in-one approach propels the development of SSLBs by overcoming the limitations associated with surface impurities and interfacial challenges.

Hepatic stimulator substance alleviates toxin-induced and immune-mediated liver injury and fibrosis in rats.

BACKGROUND: Liver fibrosis is a common scarring response to chronic liver injury. It is a precursor to cirrhosis and liver carcinoma. Hepatic stimulator substance (HSS), a known liver-specific but species-nonspecific growth factor, has been shown to protect hepatocytes from various toxins. METHODS: We have investigated the effects of HSS therapy on carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced and porcine-serum-mediated hepatic injury and fibrosis. We hypothesize that HSS might attenuate liver injury and fibrosis by suppressing oxidative stress, down-regulating profibrogenic factors, and blocking HSCs activation. RESULTS: This report demonstrated that HSS therapy diminished α-smooth muscle actin expression, decreased intrahepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and down-regulated transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 expression. In addition, HSS treatment significantly protected the liver from injury by improving liver function tests and histological architecture of the liver. CONCLUSIONS: These results provided novel insights into the mechanisms of HSS in the protection of the liver. Our results suggested that HSS might be a therapeutic antifibrotic agent for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Defective UiO-66-NH2 Functionalized with Stable Superoxide Radicals toward Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction with High Faradaic Efficiency.

The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) to NH3 is limited by low Faradaic efficiency (FE). Herein, defective UiO-66-NH2 functionalized with quite stable superoxide radicals (O2•) is developed as a highly active NRR catalyst. The experimental and computational results show that one linker per Zr6 node is missed and two Zr atoms are exposed in the defective UiO-66-NH2. One of the two exposed Zr atoms can stably adsorb O2•, and thus, a Zr-OO• site forms during the preparations without light excitation or postoxidation, while the other Zr atom is activated as an active site. The synergistic effects of the two Zr sites in the defective UiO-66-NH2 suppress hydrogen and hydrazine evolutions considerably. They are as follows: (i) due to repulsion of the proton on the active Zr site and stabilization of the proton on the Zr-OO• site, the active Zr site is unfavorable for the adsorption of the proton with a high energy barrier, which is the HER rate-determining step (RDS); (ii) under the assistance of the OO• of the Zr-OO• site, the first hydrogenation step of *N2 (i.e., NRR RDS) on the active Zr site is promoted; and (iii) relying on the assistance of the OO• of the Zr-OO• site, the continuous hydrogenation of *NH2NH2 to produce NH3 on the active Zr site is spontaneously exothermic, whereas its desorption to hydrazine is blocked. Accordingly, an extremely high FE of ∼85.21% has been realized along with a high yield rate of NH3 (∼52.81 µg h-1 mgcat-1). To the best of our knowledge, it is the highest FE that has been achieved in recent years. Radical scavenging treatment of the defective UiO-66-NH2 and detailed investigations of two categories of control samples further verify the favorable effects of the O2• that closely correlates with the missed linkers on the performance of the NRR to NH3. This work opens a new way toward highly efficient NRR catalysts, i.e., stable radical-activating defective metal-organic frameworks.

Characterization and bioassays of extracellular vesicles extracted by tangential flow filtration.

Aim: To evaluate the efficiency of tangential flow filtration (TFF) in improving the yield of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hucMSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) while promoting cell regeneration under oxidative stress. Methods: HucMSC-EVs were extracted from supernatants by ultracentrifugation (UC-EVs) and TFF (TFF-EVs), followed by feature characterization and bioactivity assays. Results: The yield of TFF-EVs increased 18-times compared with that of UC-EVs. TFF-EVs displayed proliferation-promoting ability similar to that of UC-EVs in the damaged HaCaT cell model with ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) and H2O2. Furthermore, the antiapoptotic effects of TFF-EVs were improved, whereby the apoptosis rate exhibited a 3.7-fold decrease. Conclusion: HucMSC-EVs extracted by TFF show a higher yield and rejuvenate the damaged HaCaT cells induced by oxidative stress.

Plain language summary The progresses in regenerative medicine will enable a perfect repair of burns. Stem cells release extracellular vesicles around injured tissues to improve its structural and functional repair. But the current methods for vesicles enrichment are not efficient enough to meet the needs of investigation. Here we isolated the vesicles from the stem cells supernatants by either traditional method or ultrafiltration. We found that the vesicles isolated with ultrafiltration method displayed a similar cell proliferation ability of that with the traditional one. The output of the vesicles or its anti-aging capability has increased 18- or 3.7-times respectively. Therefore, the scalable and effective isolation method described here may facilitate the successful medical translation of the vesicles for clinical use.

Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) gene therapy attenuates CCl4-induced liver injury and fibrosis in rats.

Liver fibrosis represents a process of healing and scarring in response to chronic liver injury. Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) has been shown to protect hepatocytes from various toxins. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ALR gene therapy on liver injury and fibrosis induced by CCl(4) in rats and further explore the underlying mechanisms. Human ALR expression plasmid was delivered via the tail vein. ALR gene therapy might protect the liver from CCl(4)-induced injury and fibrogenesis by attenuating the mitochondrial dysfunction, suppressing oxidative stress, and inhibiting activation of HSCs. This report demonstrated that ALR gene therapy protected against the ATP loss, increased the activity of ATPase, decreased intrahepatic reactive oxygen species level, and down-regulated transforming growth factor-ß1, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and α-smooth muscle actin expression. Following gene transfer liver function tests were significantly improved. In brief, ALR gene therapy might be an effective therapeutic reagent for liver fibrosis with potential clinical applications.

Amorphous Ni-Fe-Se hollow nanospheres electrodeposited on nickel foam as a highly active and bifunctional catalyst for alkaline water splitting.

Developing earth-abundant highly efficient catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is indispensable for the widespread implementation of electrochemical water splitting to store renewable energy. Herein, amorphous bimetallic selenide (Ni-Fe-Se) hollow nanospheres electrodeposited on nickel foam (Ni-Fe-Se/NF) are developed as a bifunctional catalyst for the HER and OER. The HER and OER bifunctional activity of Ni-Fe-Se/NF outperforms those of monometallic Ni-Se/NF and Fe-Se/NF owing to the synergy of Ni and Fe in Ni-Fe-Se/NF. Moreover, the amorphous hollow spherical morphology of Ni-Fe-Se/NF increases the active site density and facilitates the mass transfer of electrolytes and H2/O2 products. Ni-Fe-Se/NF drives a current density of 10 mA cm-2 with an overpotential of ∼85 mV for the HER and 100 mA cm-2 with an overpotential of ∼222 mV for the OER. As the HER and OER bifunctional catalyst, Ni-Fe-Se/NF can split alkaline water with total voltages of ∼1.52 V and ∼1.66 V at 10 mA cm-2 and 100 mA cm-2, respectively, and remain stable over 50 hours of operation in 1 M KOH.

A mouse model with age-dependent immune response and immune-tolerance for HBV infection.

BACKGROUND: Viral clearance of human HBV infection largely depends on the age of exposure. Thus, a mouse model with age-dependent immune response and immune-tolerance for HBV infection was established. METHODS: HBVRag1 mice were generated by crossing Rag1-/- mice with HBV-Tg mice. Following adoptive transfer of splenocytes adult (8-9 weeks old) and young (3 weeks old) HBVRag1 mice were named as HBVRag-ReA and HBVRag-ReY mice respectively. The biochemical parameters that were associated with viral load and immune function, as well as the histological evaluation of the liver tissues between the two mouse models were detected. The immune tolerance of HBVRag-ReY mice that were reconstituted at the early stages of life was evaluated by quantitative hepatitis B core antibody assay, adoptive transfer, and modulation of gut microbiota with the addition of antibiotics. RESULTS: HBVRag-ReA mice indicated apparent hepatocytes damage, clearance of HBsAg and production of HBsAb and HBcAb. HBVRag-ReY mice did not develop ALT elevation, and produced HBcAb and HBsAg. A higher number of hepatic CD8+ T and B cells promoted clearance of HBsAg in HBVRag-ReA mice following 30 days of lymphocyte transfer. In contrast to HBVRag-ReA mice, HBVRag-ReY mice exhibited higher levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines. HBVRag-ReY mice exhibited significantly higher (P < .01, approximately 10-fold) serum quantitative anti-HBc levels than HBV-Tg mice, which might be similar to the phase of immune clearance and immune tolerance in human HBV infection. Furthermore, the age-related tolerance in HBVRag-ReY mice that were sensitive to antibiotic treatment was different from that noted in HBV-Tg mice. GS-9620 could inhibit the production of HBsAg, whereas HBV vaccination could induce sustained seroconversion in HBVRag-ReY mice with low levels of HBsAg. CONCLUSIONS: The present study described a mouse model with age-dependent immunity and immune-tolerance for HBV infection in vivo, which may mimic chronic HBV infection in humans.

[Modification of recombinant human augmenter of liver regeneration with urea studied by maldi-tof mass spectrometry].

To investigate the modification of recombinant human augmenter of liver regeneration (rhALR) by the urea in purification processes and the biological activity of rhALR and modified rhALR, the molecular weight of proteins and tryptic peptides were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), and the biological activity of rhALR and modified rhALR was also observed by in vivo experiments. A 30 kD homodimer of rhALR was purified under denaturing conditions. The molecular weight of rhALR is 30 780 if urea was used to denature the inclusion bodies; when the denaturant was guanidine hydrochloride, the molecular weight of rhALR was 30 087. The results of MALDI-TOF-MS of digested rhALR that have been modified by urea showed that peptides that contained lysyl were 43 larger than the theoretical value. Proteins purified by different processes were all able to promote the survival rate of CCl(4)-intoxicated mice. It could be concluded that cyanate, the cleavage product of urea, could react with the epsilon-amino group of lysyl in rhALR, and the modified rhALR had the same biological activity as natural rhALR.

[Cytoxic T lymphocyte responses to hepatitis B virus small surface antigen in BALB/c mice].

OBJECTIVE: To observe cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses induced by immunization of mice with hepatis B small surface antigen (S-HBsAg). METHODS: BALB/c(H-2d) mice were injected intraperitoneally with S-HBsAg at the doses ranging from 0-5 microg with a booster injection 2 weeks later. Four weeks after the booster immunization, the specific cytotoxic reactivity of the spleen lymphocytes isolated from the immunized mice, following stimulation by S-HBsAg specific CTL epitope peptide in vitro, with 51Cr-labeled P815 cells treated with the peptide was observed. RESULTS: The percentage of specific release of 51Cr in mice immunized with S-HBsAg at the doses of 0, 0.65, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 microg was 31.21%+/-9.23%, 42.36%+/-19.32%, 91.21%+/-22.97%, 69.25%+/-24.13% and 51.49%+/-21.661% respectively. In mice receiving the only primary vaccination, the corresponding percentage was 27.34%+/-14.25%, 32.27%+/-15.35%, 56.28%+/-24.35%, 44.34%+/-18.65% and 40.76+/-56% respectively. CONCLUSION: Immunization with S-HBsAg efficiently elicits CTL response in BALB/c mice in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced by booster immunization.