Determination of genotoxic effects of fipronil in Vicia faba using random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis.

This study was undertaken to appreciate genotoxic potential of fipronil herbicides in the roots of Vicia faba seedlings. Fipronil was clearly dose dependent on root growth inhibitors, total soluble protein, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assays. Increase in concentration of fipronil resulted in decreased amount of root length and increased level of protein. For the RAPD analyses, 15 RAPD primers were found to produce unique polymorphic band patterns and were subsequently used to produce a total of 110 bands of 45-1250 bp. Each primer generated 4-11 RAPD bands across 15 primers. The changes occurring in RAPD profiles following fipronil treatment included variation becoming evident as disappearance and/or appearance of DNA bands compared with the normal seedlings. These results indicated that genomic template stability was significantly affected at the above fipronil concentration. This study further confirmed that the RAPD assays are useful in determining potential genotoxicity of fipronil.

Determination of the genotoxic effects of Convolvulus arvensis extracts on corn (Zea mays L.) seeds.

In this research, the methanolic extracts of Convolvulus arvensis were tested for genotoxic and inhibitor activity on the total soluble protein content and the genomic template stability against corn Zea mays L. seed. The methanol extracts of leaf, stem and root of C. arvensis were diluted to 50, 75 and 100 µl concentrations and applied to corn seed. The total soluble protein and genomic template stability results were compared with the control. The results showed that especially 100 µl extracts of diluted leaf, stem and root had a strong inhibitory activity on the genomic template stability. The changes occurred in random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles of C. arvensis extract treatment included variation in band intensity, loss of bands and appearance of new bands compared with control. Also, the results obtained from this study revealed that the increase in the concentrations of C. arvensis extract increased the total soluble protein content in maize. The results suggested that RAPD analysis and total protein analysis could be applied as a suitable biomarker assay for the detection of genotoxic effects of plant allelochemicals.

Determination of protective role of selenium against aflatoxin B1-induced DNA damage.

Selenium is an essential mineral for a healthy life. Appropriate doses of it may undertake a protective role in the organism. In this study, the protective role of selenium (Se(4+)) against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced DNA damage was determined using random amplified polymorphic DNA on two plants including Vicia faba and Zea mays. It was observed that the concentrations of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 ppm of AFB1 have increased polymorphism value, total chlorophyll inhibition rate (IRc, %) and total protein IR (IRp, %). Unlike protein, chlorophyll contents and genomic template stability were decreased. With the addition of different concentrations (0.8 and 80 ppm) of Se(4+) to the treated samples with AFB1, the values return to normal. An 800-ppm concentration of Se(4+), on the contrary, could not inhibit the toxicity of AFB1 but caused an increase in toxicity level of AFB1/enhanced the toxicity level of AFB1. Results suggested that Se(4+) has an antagonistic effect against AFB1 toxicity and that the degree of antagonistic effect of Se(4+) against AFB1 was related to its concentration.

Determination of genetic diversity of Vitis vinifera cv. Kabarcik populations from the Coruh Valley using SSR markers.

Northeastern Turkey is recognized as one of the most important germplasm centers for the grape in the world. In the present study, simple sequence repeat markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity between four Vitis vinifera cv. Kabarcik populations sampled from the Coruh Valley in Turkey, at altitudes of 800-1,150 m. The mean observed number of alleles per locus varied from 2 (loci VVMD7 and VVMD24) to 6 (VVS2) among populations. The population from the highest altitude showed the greatest average number of alleles, 4.5. With regard to the six loci examined in all populations, the mean observed heterozygosity was higher than the expected heterozygosity. Among the loci, VVS2 (probability of identity = 0.137) was found to be the most informative among populations. Genetic distances between populations ranged from 0.072 to 0.216. Genetic differentiation among populations was strongly related to geographic distances in all populations.

Characterization of a human tumorsphere glioma orthotopic model using magnetic resonance imaging.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice by which to monitor patient gliomas and treatment effects, and has been applied to murine models of glioma. However, a major obstacle to the development of effective glioma therapeutics has been that widely used animal models of glioma have not accurately recapitulated the morphological heterogeneity and invasive nature of this very lethal human cancer. This deficiency is being alleviated somewhat as more representative models are being developed, but there is still a clear need for relevant yet practical models that are well-characterized in terms of their MRI features. Hence we sought to chronicle the MRI profile of a recently developed, comparatively straightforward human tumor stem cell (hTSC) derived glioma model in mice using conventional MRI methods. This model reproduces the salient features of gliomas in humans, including florid neoangiogenesis and aggressive invasion of normal brain. Accordingly, the variable, invasive morphology of hTSC gliomas visualized on MRI duplicated that seen in patients, and it differed considerably from the widely used U87 glioma model that does not invade normal brain. After several weeks of tumor growth the hTSC model exhibited an MRI contrast enhancing phenotype having variable intensity and an irregular shape, which mimicked the heterogeneous appearance observed with human glioma patients. The MRI findings reported here support the use of the hTSC glioma xenograft model combined with MRI, as a test platform for assessing candidate therapeutics for glioma, and for developing novel MR methods.

Evaluation of vertebral bone marrow fat content by chemical-shift MRI in osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively evaluate vertebral bone marrow fat content and investigate its association with osteoporosis with chemical-shift magnetic resonance imaging (CS-MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-six female patients (age range 50-65 years) with varying bone mineral densities as documented with dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were prospectively included in the study. According to the DXA results, the patients were grouped as normal bone density, osteopenic, or osteoporotic. In order to calculate fat content, the lumbar region was visualized in the sagittal plane by CS-MRI sequence. "Region of interest" (ROI)s were placed within L3 vertebral bodies and air (our reference point) at different time points by different radiologists. Fat content was calculated through "signal intensity (SI) suppression rate" and "SI Index". The quantitative values were compared statistically with those obtained from DXA examinations. Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for comparisons between groups. The reliability of the measurements performed by two radiologists was evaluated with the "intraclass correlation coefficient". This study was approved by an institutional review board and all participants provided informed consent to participate in the study. RESULTS: Eighteen subjects with normal bone density (mean T score, 0.39 ± 1.3 [standard deviation]), 20 subjects with osteopenia (mean T score, -1.79 ± 0.38), and 18 subjects with osteoporosis (mean T score, -3 ± 0.5) were determined according to DXA results. The median age was 55.9 (age range 50-64 years) in the normal group, 55.5 (age range 50-64 years) in the osteopenic group, and 55.1 (age range 50-65 years) in the osteoporotic group (p = 0.872). In the CS-MRI examination, the values of "SI suppression ratio" and "SI Index" (median [min:max]) were calculated by the first and second reader, independently. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups with regard to vertebral bone marrow fat content (p > 0.05). According to the "intraclass correlation coefficient", the measurements were reliable (0.55 and 0.60). CONCLUSIONS: Vertebral bone marrow fat content calculated with CS-MRI is not a reliable parameter for predicting bone mineral density in female patients aged between 50 and 65 years.

The protective role of zinc and calcium in Vicia faba seedlings subjected to cadmium stress.

The aim of the present study was to evidence the possible antagonistic effect of Zinc (Zn(2+)) and Calcium (Ca(2+)) against cadmium (Cd(2+))-induced DNA damage by using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and metabolic activities in Vicia faba. The results showed that all doses of Cd(2+) (10( -3) M, 10(-5) M) caused an increase in polymorphism value and a decrease in genomic template stability (GTS %). In addition, when 10( -4)-10(-6) M Ca(2+), 10(-6) M Zn(2+) were added together with 10(-3) M, 10(-4) M, 10(-5) M of Cd(2+), polymorphism value decreased besides GTS, total protein and chlorophyll content increased. Results suggested that Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) have an antagonistic effect against Cd(2+). The order of the antagonisms of Ca(2+), Zn(2+) against Cd(2+) toxicity was Ca(2+) > Zn(2+). Especially, the degree of antagonistic effect of Zn(2+) against Cd(2+) is probably related to its concentration ratio.

Using chemical-shift MR imaging to quantify fatty degeneration within supraspinatus muscle due to supraspinatus tendon injuries.

The objective of this study was to prospectively quantify the fatty degeneration of supraspinatus (SSP) muscle due to SSP tendon injuries by using chemical-shift magnetic resonance imaging (CS-MRI). Forty-one patients with suspected rotator cuff tear or impingement examined with MR arthrography were included in the study. The following images were obtained after injection of diluted gadolinium chelate into glenohumeral joint: fat-saturated T1-weighted spin echo in the coronal, axial, and sagittal-oblique plane; fat-saturated T2-weighted and intermediate-weighted fast spin-echo in the coronal-oblique plane; and T1-weighted spin echo in the sagittal-oblique plane. CS-MRI was performed in the coronal plane using a double-echo fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence. SSP tendon changes were classified as normal, tendinosis, and partial and complete tear according to MR arthrography findings. Fatty degeneration was quantified after measurement of signal intensity values within the region of interest (ROI) placed over SSP muscle. Signal intensity (SI) suppression ratio and SI index were calculated with the values obtained. Degrees of fatty degeneration depicted in normal subjects and subjects with rotator cuff injuries were compared. Median (min:max) was used as descriptive values. SI suppression ratio was -3.5% (-15.5:3.03) in normal subjects, whereas it was -13.5% (-28.55:-6.60), -30.7% (-41.5:-20.35), and -43.75% (-62:-24.90) in tendinosis, partial and complete tears, respectively. SI index was 0.75% (-6:11.5) in normal subjects. It was 10% (4.50:27), 26.5% (19.15:35.5), and 41% (23.9:57) in tendinosis, partial and complete tears, respectively. The increase in degree of fatty degeneration parallels the seriousness of tendon pathology. CS-MRI is a useful method for grading fat accumulation within SSP muscle.

Biochemical and molecular characterization of some Centaurea species growing in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and fatty acid (FAME) profiles were used to examine phenotypic and genetic relationships among 16 Centaurea species growing wild in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Thirteen decamer primers were used to examine polymorphism. According to the RAPD results, 99 amplicons in the size range of 50-1000 bp were produced from 13 primers in 16 Centaurea species. Genetically four distinct groups were determined among the species of Centaurea, which represents high genetic variation. In the 16 species, 14 fatty acids were determined according to FAME results. Both FAME and RAPD results showed that C. virgata is genetically different from other species. The differences in the composition of fatty acids among Centaurea species suggest that fatty acid profiles could be used to differentiate among some of these species. Results of this study show that RAPD and FAME analyses are consistent.

Protective role of humic acids against picloram-induced genomic instability and DNA methylation in Phaseolus vulgaris.

Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) is a liquid auxinic herbicide used to control broad-leaved weeds. Picloram is representing a possible hazard to ecosystems and human health. Therefore, in this study, DNA methylation changes and DNA damage levels in Phaseolus vulgaris exposed to picloram, as well as whether humic acid (HA) has preventive effects on these changes were investigated. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques were used for identification of DNA damage and coupled restriction enzyme digestion-random amplification (CRED-RA) techniques were used to detect the changed pattern of DNA methylation. According to the obtained results, picloram (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/l) caused DNA damage profile changes (RAPDs) increasing, DNA hypomethylation and genomic template stability (GTS) decreasing. On the other hand, different concentrations of applied HA (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%) reduced hazardous effects of picloram. The results of the experiment have explicitly indicated that HAs could be an alternative for reducing genetic damage in plants. In addition to the alleviate effects of humic acid on genetic damage, its epigenetic effect is hypomethylation.

Genetic diversity and relationships detected by ISSR and RAPD analysis among Aethionema species growing in Eastern Anatolia (Turkey).

In this study, Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) analysis were used to examine the genetic relationships among eight Aethionema species (Aethionema caespitosum, A. arabicum, A. cordatum, A. fimnraitum, A. armenum, A. speciosum supsp. speciosum, A. memraneceum, A. grandiflorum var. grandiflorum) growing in the wild in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Fourteen RAPD primers and 7 ISSR primers were used. The UPGMA cluster was constructed using a combination of data from RAPD and ISSR markers. The Aethionema species were classified into two major groups. The similarity matrix values of between 0.182 (A. cordatum, A. speciosum supsp. speciosum) and 0.927 (A. grandiflorum var. grandiflorum, A. cordatum). High genetic variations among Aethionema species growing in the wild in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey may reveal differences in their origin. The present study suggests that both RAPD and ISSR analysis are useful for the differentiation of the Aethionema species.

Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine differentially affects hemostatic parameters in diverse conditions in rats: an investigation via thromboelastography.

Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) has several physiological and pharmacological effects on various bodily functions, including hemostasis. This study determined the impact of CDP-choline on hemostasis in a trauma-hemorrhage (T-H) model in rats or under in vitro conditions or after chronic treatment via thromboelastography. Trauma-hemorrhage resuscitation was induced, and either saline (1 mL/kg) or CDP-choline (50 mg/kg) was injected intravenously just prior to resuscitation in the T-H group and at the same time point in the sham-control group. The effects of CDP-choline on thromboelastogram parameters, coagulation markers, and platelet aggregation were investigated under in vitro conditions (1.5 mM, 30- or 3-min incubation in blood or plasma) and after chronic use (50 mg/kg, i.p., 10 days). Acute CDP-choline treatment was shown to decrease the initial and maximum clot formation time, accelerate clotting rapidity, reduce the lysis percentage, and increase the coagulation index in the T-H resuscitation group, whereas the same treatment in the sham-control rats did not alter any of the thromboelastogram parameters. However, the incubation of whole blood with CDP-choline prolonged the initial and maximum clot formation time, and CDP-choline treatment significantly decreased the slopes of the disaggregation and aggregation curves when platelets were stimulated with ADP and collagen, respectively. Interestingly, the chronic use of this drug did not influence any of these hemostatic parameters. These data implicate that acute but not chronic CDP-choline administration may differentially alter the hemostatic parameters under diverse conditions. The drug may produce a hypercoagulable state in activated situations but cause opposite effects under normal in vitro conditions.

The relationship between perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage and deep venous system drainage pattern and calibrations.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between Rosenthal basal vein (BVR) type and diameter and perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (P-SAH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (A-SAH), P-SAH, and control groups were evaluated, and BVRs were classified by type. BVR diameters in patients were measured. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference of BVR drainage types between groups (P=.002). BVR diameters of patients with normal drainage pattern in P-SAH group were significantly smaller than those in both other groups (P<.001). CONCLUSION: There is a relationship between P-SAH and BVR primitive drainage type. P-SAH risk increases in parallel with decreasing caliber of BVR in patients with normal drainage pattern.

Treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms using flow-diverting silk® stents. An analysis of 32 consecutive patients.

This study describes the peri-procedural and late complications and angiographic follow-up results of 32 patients with 34 complex aneurysms treated with flow diverter Silk stents in a single centre. In this retrospective study, 40 Silk stents (SS) were implanted in 34 complex intracranial aneurysms in 32 patients. In our series, 20 (58.8%) carotid-ophthalmic internal carotid artery (ICA), six (17.6%) cavernous ICA, two (5.9%) supraclinoid ICA, two (5.9%) petrosal ICA (the same patient- bilateral) and four (11.8%) posterior circulation aneurysms were treated. One of the posterior circulation lesions was a fenestrated-type aneurysm. Twenty wide-necked, saccular; eight neck remnant; four fusiform and two blister-like aneurysms were included in our series. SS were successfully implanted in all patients (100%). Misdeployment occurred in 17.6% of patients. In two of these patients adequate stent openness was achieved via Hyperglide balloon dilatation. Coil embolization in addition to SS placement was utilized in four aneurysms. One patient (3%) experienced transient morbidity due to a thromboembolic event and there was one mortality (3%) due to remote intraparenchymal haemorrhage. Complete occlusion of 27/33 (81.8 %) and 29/33 (87.9 %) aneurysms was achieved six and 12 months after the procedure, respectively. In-stent intimal hyperplasia was detected in 6.1 % patients. Flow-diverter Silk stent implantation is an effective method of treating complex aneurysms with acceptable mortality and morbidity rates. Complete occlusion is achieved in most of the complex aneurysms.

Malignant spiculated breast masses: dynamic contrast enhanced MR (DCE-MR) imaging enhancement characteristics and histopathological correlation.

AIM: Spiculation of breast masses is usually the result of significant desmoplastic reaction. Diminished neovascularization is expected due to sparsely dispersed tumor cells within the lesion. This feature can cause differences in enhancement patterns which can cause pitfalls while evaluating MR images as well. Aim of this study is to explore the enhancement characteristics of malignant spiculated masses and to correlate these findings with histopathological features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen spiculated and seventeen non-spiculated masses depicted with mammography were included in the study. MR imaging was performed with 1.5 T magnet with breast coil. In MR imaging, T2-weighted turbo spin echo (TSE) with fat suppression sequence followed by pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted 3D-fast low angle shot (FLASH) sequences were used. Lesions were evaluated according to enhancement characteristics: early phase enhancement (first 2 min; less than 50%, 50-100% and more than 100%), late phase enhancement (2-6 min; persistent, plateau and washout) and inner enhancement pattern (homogenous, heterogenous and rim). Desmoplasia and lymphocyte infiltration was classified as mild, moderate and severe. MR images and histopathological findings (desmoplasia, lymphocyte infiltration and grade) of both groups were compared. RESULTS: Mean ages of patients in spiculated and non-spiculated-mass groups were 55.07 (41-71) and 47.35 (31-62), respectively. Mean diameter of lesions was 17.3mm (10-31 mm) for spiculated masses while non spiculated masses were 15.8mm (6-40 mm). There were statistically significant differences between late phase enhancement, persistent enhancement, plateau and washout (p<0.05). Intergroup comparison of desmoplasia revealed significant difference between severe versus and mild, moderate (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Spiculated malignant lesions are supposed to contain intense desmoplastic reaction. On DCE-MR images they can show persistent enhancement pattern more often than non-spiculated lesions.

A rare cause of hypoglycemia in a type 2 diabetic patient: insulinoma.

Recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes are often associated with the ongoing treatment regimen. However, despite changes in treatment modalities, assessment of the causes of hypoglycemia in nondiabetic patients in the presence of severe and recurrent hypoglycemia is very important. The treatment that had been provided for 6 years in a 67-year-old female patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus was discontinued due to hypoglycemic episodes that presented for the previous 2 years. The patient experienced persistent hypoglycemia after cessation of the treatment and was hospitalized for further examination. Spontaneous hypoglycemia with a final diagnosis of insulinoma was established following histopathologic evaluation and was relieved postoperation. Insulinoma is rarely encountered as a cause of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Insulin-secreting tumors should be considered where hypoglycemic episodes occur despite discontinuation of insulin and other antidiabetic treatment with endogenous hyperinsulinemia being noncompliant with the blood glycemic levels.

Ideal combination of MRI sequences for perianal fistula classification and the evaluation of additional findings for readers with varying levels of experience.

PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to assess the contribution of various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences in determining the type of perianal fistula and in obtaining critical information for surgical decisions, as well as to define the optimal combination of sequences for readers with varying levels of experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 33 MRI examinations in 26 patients with suspected perianal fistula. The following sequences were obtained in both the coronal and axial planes: thin slice, high resolution T1-weighted (W) spin echo; T2-weighted turbo spin echo; short tau inversion recovery (STIR); and native and contrast enhanced T1-weighted gradient echo fast low-angle shot (FLASH) images with fat suppression (FS-CE-T1W-GRE). The examinations were interpreted by three radiologists with varying degrees of experience in two different sessions, and the inter-reader agreement was assessed. Seventeen of the patients underwent surgery. The agreement between the surgical findings and the MRI results were evaluated. RESULTS: A statistically significant concordance between the fistula classification and surgery was achieved with the FS-CE-T1W-GRE sequence for Reader 1 (Cramer's V=0.701, P = 0,022) and Reader 3 (Cramer's V=0.716, P = 0,043). For Reader 2, statistically significant concordance between fistula classification and surgery was achieved with the FS-CE-T1W-GRE (Cramer's V=0.703, P = 0,011) and the T2W images (Cramer's V=0.648, P = 0,027). For all sequences, there was statistically significant agreement between readers for fistula classification, internal opening location, and the presence of sinus tracts, abscess, a horseshoe component, and inflammation. CONCLUSION: For experienced readers, combining FS-CE-T1W-GRE images with either T2W or STIR images collected in both the coronal and axial planes was sufficient to make an assessment before deciding the surgical extent of the procedure.

Adhesive capsulitis: contrast-enhanced shoulder MRI findings.

PURPOSE: Evaluation of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) findings in cases clinically diagnosed as adhesive capsulitis (AC). METHODS: CE-MRI images of 12 cases diagnosed as AC (13 shoulder joints) and nine control cases were retrospectively evaluated. AC diagnosis was established based on the history and clinical symptoms. MR signal intensity changes in the axillary pouch, rotator interval, biceps anchor and anterior-posterior capsules were analysed with regard to the presence of abnormal soft tissue and contrast enhancement. Capsular and synovial thickening were measured in the axillary recess and rotator interval on coronal oblique CE T1-weighted images. Patient and control groups were compared by Fisher's exact and McNemar tests in terms of signal intensity changes and contrast enhancement in the described areas. RESULTS: Comparison of the group with AC and the control group regarding intensity changes showed a statistically significant difference in the axillary pouch (P < 0.001). No significant difference was found in the rotator interval, biceps anchor and anterior-posterior capsules (P > 0.05). Comparison of AC and control groups in terms of contrast enhancement revealed statistically significant differences in the axillary pouch, rotator interval, biceps anchor and anterior-posterior capsules (P < 0.001). A significant difference was determined between the AC and control groups with regard to thickening in axillary pouch and rotator interval (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: CE studies are useful for diagnosis of AC as it demonstrates thickening of specific soft-tissue areas like joint capsule and synovium.

The role of diffusion-weighted MRI in the classification of liver hydatid cysts and differentiation of simple cysts and abscesses from hydatid cysts.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify the role of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) in the classification of liver hydatid cysts (HCs) and their differentiation from simple cysts and liver abscesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two patients that were sent to our department with preliminary diagnoses of HCs or abscess were included in the study. Thirty lesions were evaluated. MRI included T1-weighted fast gradient echo, T2-weighted half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo, and DW single-shot echo planar pulse sequencing (b, 0, 50, and 1000 s/mm²). The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values (mm²/s) of the HCs, abscesses, and simple cysts were calculated. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between the ADC values of type 1 and 3 (P > 0.05) HCs and of simple cysts and type 1 HCs (P > 0.05). The ADC values of abscesses were significantly lower than those of type 1 and type 3 HCs, and simple cysts. No statistically significant difference was found between the ADC values of abscesses and type 4 HCs (P > 0.05). Type 4 lesions exhibited significantly lower ADC values in comparison to type 1 and 3 HCs. CONCLUSION: DW-MRI helps differentiate type 4 lesions from other cysts and can distinguish abscesses from hydatid cysts other than type 4 as well as from simple cysts. Type 1 HCs cannot be differentiated from simple cysts using ADC values alone, and type 4 lesions are indistinguishable from abscesses.

Genetic diversity in grapevine germplasm resources in the Coruh valley revealed by RAPD markers.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis was carried out in 35 autochthonous table grapevine cultivars grown in Coruh valley. Fifty-five oligonucleotide primers were screened on cultivars, and among them, 12 primers showed clear polymorphic patterns. PCR amplification with 12 primers generated a total of 157 polymorphic bands. There was genetic variation among the cultivars with values of genetic diversity ranging from 0.19 to 0.72 using the Jaccard coefficient. UPGMA analysis of the distance matrix resulted in a dendrogram with two main clusters. The first cluster included 28 cultivars and the second 7 cultivars. The greatest genetic similarity was observed between cultivars Gah and Kolik, while the greatest dissimilarity was observed between cultivars Gah and Siyah Kus Uzumu. The dendrogram revealed that the cultivars present in Coruh valley can be distinguished to a relatively high degree.