Molecular Beamforming for Actuation in Molecular Communication Networks.

The actuation accuracy of sensing tasks performed by molecular communication (MC) schemes is a very important metric. Reducing the effect of sensors fallibility can be achieved by improvements and advancements in the sensor and communication networks design. Inspired by the technique of beamforming used extensively in radio frequency communication systems, a novel molecular beamforming design is proposed in this paper. This design can find application in tasks related to actuation of nano machines in MC networks. The main idea behind the proposed scheme is that the utilization of more sensing nano machines in a network can increase the overall accuracy of that network. In other words, the probability of an actuation error reduces as the number of sensors that collectively take the actuation decision increases. In order to achieve this, several design procedures are proposed. Three different scenarios for the observation of the actuation error are investigated. For each case, the analytical background is provided and compared with the results obtained by computer simulations. The improvement in the actuation accuracy by means of molecular beamforming is verified for a uniform linear array as well as for a random topology.

Asymmetrical Relaying in Molecular Communications.

Molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD) is a novel communication technique that uses the diffusive characteristics of molecules for enabling the communication between nanomachines. Since the molecules propagate following a random motion, MCvD schemes are usually limited to a short communication range. Most of the molecular relaying schemes in the literature consider symmetric setups where transmitters and receivers are placed at the same distance from the relay, which is difficult to provide in practical scenarios and a possible cause of failure. In this study, asymmetric molecular links of a relay system are investigated. In order to achieve a satisfactory overall performance in spite of the asymmetries, two parameter optimization methods are proposed for the uplink of a relaying system, based on emitting different types of molecules with different diffusion coefficient values from the transmitters. Due to the channel symmetry, the solutions presented in this study are expected to hold for the downlink as well. The resulting bit error rate (BER) performances are presented and discussed.

Effect of receiver shape and volume on the Alzheimer disease for molecular communication via diffusion.

Nano-devices are featured to communicate via molecular interaction, the so-called molecular communication (MC). In MC systems, the information is carried by molecules where the amount of molecules constitutes the level of the signal. In this study, an MC-based system was analysed with different receiver topology and related parameters, such as size, shape, and orientation of receptors on the receiver. Also in the concept of nano-medicine, the effect of amyloid-beta ([inline-formula removed]), which is believed as the main cause of Alzheimer disease, on the successful reception ratio of molecules with the proposed receiver models was investigated. It was demonstrated that the cubic receiver model is superior to sphere one in terms of the correct reception ratio of the molecular signal. A cubic model where its edge (not rotated around the centre) is placed across the transmitter demonstrated a better performance in reducing the effect of [inline-formula removed] as compared to the sphere model while a cubic model where its corner (rotated around the centre) is placed across the transmitter demonstrated a worse performance than the spherical model. From this expression, it may be concluded that with the adjustment of topological system parameters the probability of successful reception ratio in MC may be possible.

Simulation Study and Analysis of Diffusive Molecular Communications With an Apertured Plane.

Molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD) is a method of achieving nano- and micro-scale connectivity by utilizing the free diffusion mechanism of information molecules. The randomness in diffusive propagation is the main cause of inter-symbol interfe-rence (ISI) and the limiting factor of high data rate MCvD applications. In this paper, an apertured plane is considered between the transmitter and the receiver of an MCvD link. Either after being artificially placed or occurring naturally, surfaces or volumes that resemble an apertured plane only allow a fraction of the molecules to pass. Contrary to intuition, it is observed that such topology may improve communication performance, given the molecules that can pass through the aperture are the ones that take more directed paths towards the receiver. Furthermore, through both computer simulations and a theoretical signal evaluation metric named signal-to-interference and noise amplitude ratio (SINAR), it is found that the size of the aperture imposes a trade-off between the received signal power and the ISI combating capability of an MCvD system, hinting to an optimal aperture size that minimizes the bit error rate (BER). It is observed that the trend of BER is accurately mirrored by SINAR, suggesting the proposed metric's applicability to optimization tasks in MCvD systems, including finding the optimal aperture size of an apertured plane. In addition, computer simulations and SINAR show that said optimal aperture size is affected by the location of the aperture and the bit rate. Lastly, the paper analyzes the effects of radial and angular offsets in the placement of the apertured plane, and finds that a reduction in BER is still in effect up to certain offset values. Overall, our results imply that apertured plane-like surfaces may actually help communication efficiency, even though they reduce the received signal power.

ISI-Aware Channel Code Design for Molecular Communication via Diffusion.

In molecular communication via diffusion, information molecules diffusing in the environment are subject to Brownian motion. Due to probabilistic propagation, the arrival of the molecules at the receiver is spread in time, leading to the reception of some molecules belonging to the previous symbol(s) during the upcoming symbol duration. Known as inter-symbol interference (ISI), this problem has been extensively studied in the literature by applying a large spectrum of techniques, mostly inspired by approaches in the wireless communication domain, including channel coding techniques. Unfortunately, many known channel codes do not perform well in the molecular communications domain since the diffusion channel features a significant memory component. In this paper, novel methods for channel coding by incorporating the effect of ISI in the design of the channel codes for the molecular diffusion channel are proposed. The results show that the proposed methods provide significant improvements in performance in terms of the codeword error rate.

Comparative performance of descriptors in a multiple linear and Kriging models: a case study on the acute toxicity of organic chemicals to algae.

This study presents quantitative structure-toxicity relationship (QSTR) models on the toxicity of 91 organic compounds to Chlorella vulgaris using multiple linear regression (MLR) and Kriging techniques. The molecular descriptors were calculated using SPARTAN and DRAGON programs, and descriptor selection was made by "all subset" method available in the QSARINS software. MLR and Kriging models developed with the same descriptors were compared. In addition to these models, Kriging method was used for descriptor selection, and model development. The selected descriptors showed the importance of hydrophobicity, molecular weight and atomic ionization state in describing the toxicity of a diverse set of chemicals to C. vulgaris. A QSTR model should be associated with appropriate measures of goodness-of-fit, robustness, and predictivity in order to be used for regulatory purpose. Therefore, while the internal performances (goodness-of-fit and robustness) of the models were determined by using a training set, the predictive abilities of the models were determined by using a test set. The results of the study showed that while MLR method is easier to apply, the Kriging method was more successful in predicting toxicity.