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Introduction: Fluoroscopy is routinely used during ureterorenoscopy. According to the 'As Low As Reasonably Achievable' (ALARA) principle, radiation exposure should be kept as low as reasonably achievable to decrease the risk of negative long-term effects of radiation for patients and medical staff. This study aims to assess if operator-controlled imaging during flexible ureterorenoscopy for nephrolithiasis could reduce fluoroscopy time when compared to radiographer-controlled imaging. Material and methods: This study was a bicentric, retrospective comparison between patients treated for nephrolithiasis with flexible ureterorenoscopy with either operator-controlled imaging or radiographer-controlled imaging. A total of 100 patients were included, 50 were treated with operator-controlled imaging and 50 with radiographer-controlled imaging. Patients undergoing flexible ureterorenoscopy with a total stone burden <20 mm and data on radiation exposure were included. Patient characteristics, stone characteristics, surgical details and fluoroscopy time were recorded for each patient and both groups were compared. Patient data were expressed as median. A 2-sided p-value <0.005 was considered statistically significant. Results: This study found no significant differences between both groups regarding the patient and stone characteristics. However, it found a significant shorter fluoroscopy time in the operator-controlled imaging group of 33.5 seconds (IQR 16.0-70.0) compared to 57.0 seconds (IQR 36.8-95.3) in the radiographer-controlled imaging group (p = 0.001). Conclusions: This study shows that operator-controlled imaging in flexible ureterorenoscopy could reduce fluoroscopy time when compared to radiographer-controlled imaging. Operator-controlled imaging might therefore allow urologists to perform ureterorenoscopy with greater independence while additionally reducing fluoroscopy time and its consequent negative effects for medical staff and patients.
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INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the effect of a six-month supervised physical exercise program on the physical and cardio-metabolic profile and quality of life in patients with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy were included in a physical exercise program. The program consisted of supervised physical exercises during a six-month period (two hours, twice a week). The exercise program contained moderate to high intensity aerobic and resistance exercises: cycling, walking or jogging for 45 minutes at an intensity of ±80% of the individual maximum heart rate, followed by resistance exercises targeting the major lower and upper body muscles. All patients were assessed prior to the exercise program, including anthropometrical parameters, blood analysis, quality of life and physical fitness. Blood analysis was repeated at a three-month follow-up. Anthropometrical parameters, physical fitness and quality of life were recorded at a three-, six- and nine-month follow-up. RESULTS: A positive effect on physical performance, muscular strength and quality of life was seen. The applied physical exercise program was well tolerated and characterized by a high satisfaction rate. An alarming issue of remarkably unfavorable baseline cardio-metabolic profile was revealed within our study population. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicates that a six-month supervised physical exercise program can be beneficial in preventing androgen deprivation therapy-related side effects in patients with prostate cancer. We emphasize the importance of screening for cardio-metabolic risk factors in patients who are treated with androgen deprivation therapy.