Symbiosis of selected Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains with diverse pea genotypes: effects on biological nitrogen fixation.

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) can be improved by optimizing the interaction between the rhizobial inoculant and pea (Pisum sativum L.), leading to increased productivity and reduced nitrogen (N) fertilizer use. Eight Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains were used to inoculate the super-nodulating pea mutant Rondo-nod3 (fix+), the hyper-nodulating pea mutant Frisson P88 Sym29, CDC Meadow commercial control, and the non-nodulating mutant Frisson P56 (nod-) to evaluate BNF in a greenhouse assay. Significant differences in strain × cultivar interactions were detected for shoot and root dry masses, which ranged from 1.8 to 4.7 g and from 0.27 to 0.73 g per plant, respectively; for nodule number on lateral roots, which ranged from 25 to 430 per plant; for amount of fixed N2, which ranged from 15 to 67 mg and from 4 to 15 mg per plant for shoot and root tissues, respectively; and for percentage of N derived from atmosphere (%Ndfa), which ranged from 37% to 61% and from 35% to 65% for shoot and root tissue, respectively. Strain × cultivar interactions in this study could contribute to identification of superior strains and pea breeding lines with genetic superiority in BNF. Nodule production in pea plants was not necessarily correlated with the amount of fixed N2, suggesting nodule activity is more important to BNF than is nodule number.

Identification of loci associated with water use efficiency and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean.

Soybean (Glycine max) production is greatly affected by persistent and/or intermittent droughts in rainfed soybean-growing regions worldwide. Symbiotic N2 fixation (SNF) in soybean can also be significantly hampered even under moderate drought stress. The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with shoot carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) as a surrogate measure for water use efficiency (WUE), nitrogen isotope ratio (δ15N) to assess relative SNF, N concentration ([N]), and carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N). Genome-wide association mapping was performed with 105 genotypes and approximately 4 million single-nucleotide polymorphism markers derived from whole-genome resequencing information. A total of 11, 21, 22, and 22 genomic loci associated with δ13C, δ15N, [N], and C/N, respectively, were identified in two environments. Nine of these 76 loci were stable across environments, as they were detected in both environments. In addition to the 62 novel loci identified, 14 loci aligned with previously reported quantitative trait loci for different C and N traits related to drought, WUE, and N2 fixation in soybean. A total of 58 Glyma gene models encoding for different genes related to the four traits were identified in the vicinity of the genomic loci.

Comparison the Emergency Severity Index and Manchester Triage System in Trauma Patients.

Objective: To compare the emergency severity index (ESI) and Manchester triage system (MTS) in trauma patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted by census method in Hasheminejad hospital during 2019. Patients referred to a trauma center triaged by five trained triage nurses based on ESI and MTS. Outcomes were considered as length of stay at the emergency department, admission to the other sectors and discharge or leave the hospital. Information from the triage form, nursing registry office and hospital registry system were extracted and analyzed by SPSS software. Results: Totally 447 and 468 patients triaged with the ESI and MTS were included, respectively. Seventy percent of patients triaged with ESI and 34% with MTS were placed in level 3 or the yellow group (equivalent group 3 triage). The hospitalization rate is approximately equal at each triage level in the both systems. The mortality rate in both groups was 0%. Mean length of stay was significantly lower in the MTS group compared to ESI in the emergency department (p<0.05). Conclusion: Using of ESI triage in the trauma center causes to arrive more patients to the emergency department instead of the fast track and leads to waste the time and energy of staff'. However, further studies are needed to prove this result.

Examining the Relationship between Salivary Amylase Level, Head Trauma Severity and CT Scan Results in Patients with Isolated Mild Head Trauma.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between salivary amylase level and computed tomoraphy (CT scan) findings in patients with isolated mild traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) referred to the emergency department of Shahid Hasheminejad Hospital. Methods: Patients with isolated mTBI and indication for brain CT scan who referred to the trauma center of Shahid Hasheminejad Hospital, Mashhad, Iran in 2019 were included in a cross-sectional study. In the initial examination, the patient's level of consciousness was measured using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and saliva samples were taken at the emergency department to determine the level of salivary amylase. A brain CT scan was performed for all patients. Age, gender, cause of trauma, the trauma severity and CT scan results were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed on the data. Results: One-hundred fifty patients were enrolled in this study (men=101, women=49). The trauma causes were included accidents (n=88; 58%), falls (n=37; 25%) and miscellaneous factors (e.g., quarrels; n=25; 17%). GCS was 15 in 142 patients and 14 in the rest. In all patients, the trauma severity was mild to high risk (Minor). CT scan results unfolded pathology in 10 cases (7%), while the residues (93%) had normal CT scans with no pathological evidence. Salivary amylase level in the patients' saliva samples was between 137 to 8000 units per liter. Using the t-test to evaluate the relationship between salivary amylase levels and CT scan results uncovered a significant relationship. Spearman correlation revealed no significant relationship between the amylase and GCS levels. Conclusion: Data statistical analysis from 150 patients with isolated head trauma manifested that salivary amylase levels were significantly higher in the patients with pathological findings on CT scans. However, no significant relationship was found between salivary amylase level and age, gender, cause of trauma, and level of consciousness.

Determination of mis-triage in trauma patients: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Mis-triage including undertriage and overtriage is associated with morbidity and mortality. It is not clear what the extent of mis-triage rates among traumatic patients is. The aim of this study is to determine of mis-triage (undertriage and overtriage) in traumatic patients. METHODS: This study was a systematic review about mis-triage rate among trauma patients. The following electronic databases were searched (Web of Knowledge, Scoups, PubMed, Cochrane library) from conception through February 1, 2018. Search terms included trauma, undertriage, and over-triage. Inclusion criteria were studies which report overtriage or undertriage rate in regard to triage of trauma patients; patients older than 18 years old, English-written papers. Irrelevant papers as well as conference abstract, letter, editorial, thesis and studies on special population were excluded. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) Checklist was used to examine review process. RESULTS: Twenty-one papers were included in this study. Sample size ranged from 244 to 550683 trauma patients. Fourteen studies originated from USA. Definition of mis-triage was summarized into four categories: ISS used to define undertriage error, formula for mis-triage (1-sensitivity), need for life-saving emergency intervention and patients triaged to a non-trauma center. Undertriage rate ranged from 1 to 71.9% and overtriage rate ranged from 19 to 79%. CONCLUSIONS: The standardization of mis-triage definitions is vital to estimate true rate of mis-triage among different studies and clarify the role of triage scales. The trauma triage scales need to be further developed to provide more valid and reliable results.