Progression of Diabetic Kidney Disease and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Type I Diabetes.

(1) Background: Little research is conducted on the link between diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progression and diabetic gastroenteropathy in type 1 diabetes (T1D). (2) Methods. We performed a cross-sectional study with 100 T1D patients; 27 of them had progressive DKD, defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline ≥3 mL/min/year or increased albuminuria stage, over a mean follow-up time of 5.89 ± 1.73 years. A newly developed score with 17 questions on gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms was used. Faecal calprotectin was measured by ELISA. Lower GI endoscopies were performed in 21 patients. (3) Results: The gastrointestinal symptom score demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.78). Patients with progressive DKD had higher GI symptom scores compared to those with stable DKD (p = 0.019). The former group demonstrated more frequent bowel movement disorders (p < 0.01). The scores correlated negatively with eGFR (r = -0.335; p = 0.001), positively with albuminuria (r = 0.245; p = 0.015), Hba1c (r = 0.305; p = 0.002), and diabetes duration (r = 0.251; p = 0.012). Faecal calprotectin levels did not differ between DKD groups significantly. The most commonly reported histopathological findings of enteric mucosa were infiltration with eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasmacytes, the presence of lymphoid follicles, and lymphoid aggregates. Conclusion: The progression of DKD is positively correlated with gastrointestinal symptoms; however, more research is needed to clarify the causal relationships of the gut-kidney axis in T1D.

The role of body muscle mass as an indicator of activity in inflammatory bowel disease patients.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Malnutrition is an objective disease activity parameter for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly Crohn's Disease (CD), and is an indicator of lesion expansion or inflammatory activity. Active disease is correlated with the systemic response of the body's immune system, activating a hypermetabolic state and protein degradation (Argiles JM, 2015). These conditions lead to malnutrition, which significantly increases the risk of impaired clinical outcomes, such as delayed recovery or increased mortality (Landi F, 2019). Our aim was to identify malnutrition parameters associated with more pronounced metabolic status changes in IBD patients (i.e., classified as by low and high clinical activity) as an indicator of disease activity. METHODS: This prospective pilot study included hospitalised patients aged ≥18 years, with an established diagnosis of IBD, with no medical history of surgical interventions. IBD patients were divided into those with low clinical activity indexes (CD activity index [CDAI] <150 for CD and Mayo <4 for ulcerative colitis [UC]) and those with high clinical activity indexes (CDAI >150 for CD and Mayo >4 for UC). Patients were assessed twice using the Nutritional Risk Score (NRS2002) and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and 48 body bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measurements were taken. A control group consisting of heathy age- and sex-matched individuals was used for comparison. RESULTS: Fifty hospitalised patients (median age, 36.5 IQR: 28.5-51.5 years) were enrolled, of which 44% (n = 21) were female and 56% (n = 27) were male. Of these, 48% (n = 23) patients were diagnosed with CD and 52% (n = 25) with UC. The median CDAI was 128 (IQR = 6.0-207.0) and Mayo score was >4 (IQR = 1.0-8.0). The study group comprised 48% (n = 23) patients with low IBD activity and 52% (n = 25) of patients with high IBD activity. According to the NRS2002, 31% (n = 15) patients were nutritionally at risk and in need of nutritional support and an additional 24% (n = 12) had low-risk requiring observation, without necessity for additional nutritional care. According to the MUST score, 40% (n = 19) of patients had a high-risk of malnutrition requiring a nutritional care plan and 19% (n = 9) were of low-risk. Overall, 31% (n = 17) of patients received enteral oral feeding and 10% (n = 4) required additional parenteral feeding. The group with low IBD activity showed a considerably lower score on both screening tools (NRS2002 p = 0.007; MUST p < 0.001). Comparing BIA results between IBD patients and the control group, the median BMI was lower for the CD (21.10 [IQR = 19.2-23.3]) than for the control group (23.4 [IQR = 21.5-25.8]) (p = 0.014). In addition, visceral fat mass was lower in CD (-4,00 [IQR = -12.1 to 5.6]) than in the control group (7.85 [IQR = -0.9-18.2]) (p = 0.003). In terms of deviation from standard weight, 39% (n = 9) of CD patients showed reduced %body fat, while this was observed in only 19% (n = 5) of UC patients. Reduced muscle mass was observed in 48% (n = 11) of CD patients and in 19% (n = 4) of UC patients, while only 13% (n = 6) of all IBD patients had reduced BMI. CONCLUSIONS: IBD patients with high disease activity indices had a noticeably increased risk for malnutrition (according to NRS2002 scores), taking into consideration not only IBD activity, but also increased weight loss and loss of appetite. Most CD patients in both the low and high disease activity groups had reduction in muscle mass, which was not evaluated in UC patients. Identification of the reduction in soft lean muscle mass in CD patients can be used as an anticipatory indicator of disease activity.

Thiopurine S-methyltransferase genetic polymorphisms in adult patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in the Latvian population.

BACKGROUND: Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) plays a significant role in the metabolism of thiopurines, and, for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is useful to perform TPMT genotyping prior to azathioprine (AZA) treatment. In this study, we determined TPMT gene polymorphisms in a cohort of IBD patients in Latvia. METHODS: DNA samples were obtained from 244 IBD patients, and qPCR was performed for detection of rs1800462, rs1800460, and rs1142345 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Three common, non-functional TPMT alleles (TPMT*2, *3B, and *3C) were identified (women, 51%; men, 49%). TPMT*2, *3A, *3B, and *3C allelic variants detected using qPCR were consistent with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data. RESULTS: Among patients, 78% had ulcerative colitis and 22% had Crohn's disease, with 93.9% of the former carrying a wild-type homozygous TPMT*1/*1 genotype and 6.1% carrying heterozygous genotypes. The most frequent polymorphisms were TPMT*1/*3A (5.3%: two variants: TPMT*3B and TPMT*3C), TPMT*1/*3C (0.4%), and TPMT*1/*2 (0.4%). None of the patients carried a TPMT*3B polymorphism and no patients were homozygous for any mutation. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to identify TPMT gene polymorphisms in adult IBD patients in Latvia. The results indicate that the frequency of common TPMT alleles is similar to that of other European populations.