Spectrum of Imaging Findings and Complications After Hepatic Transarterial Chemoembolization for Liver Tumors.

ABSTRACT: This study reviews the spectrum of imaging findings and complications after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for the treatment of primary liver tumors (hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma) and liver metastases. The review encompasses a spectrum of imaging criteria for assessing treatment response, including the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors guidelines, tumor enhancement, and apparent diffusion coefficient alterations.We discuss the expected posttreatment changes and imaging responses to TACE, describing favorable and poor responses. Moreover, we present cases that demonstrate potential complications post-TACE, including biloma formation, acute cholecystitis, abscesses, duodenal perforation, arterial injury, and nontarget embolization. Each complication is described in detail, considering its causes, risk factors, clinical presentation, and imaging characteristics.To illustrate these findings, a series of clinical cases is presented, featuring diverse imaging modalities including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and digital subtraction angiography.

Utilization of Radiomics Features Extracted From Preoperative Medical Images to Detect Metastatic Lymph Nodes in Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Patients: A Systemic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the methodological quality and evaluate the diagnostic performance of radiomics features in detecting lymph node metastasis on preoperative images in patients with cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer. METHODS: Publications between January 2005 and October 2022 were considered for inclusion. Databases such as Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies. The quality of the methodology of the manuscripts was determined using the Radiomics Quality Score and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2. Pooled results with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the DerSimonian-Liard method (random-effect model). Forest plots were used to visually represent the diagnostic profile of radiomics signature in each of the data sets pertaining to each study. Fagan plot was used to determine clinical applicability. RESULTS: Overall sensitivity was 0.748 (95% CI, 0.703-0.789). Overall specificity was 0.795 (95% CI, 0.742-0.839). The combined negative likelihood ratio was 0.299 (95% CI, 0.266-0.350), and the positive likelihood ratio was 3.545 (95% CI, 2.850-4.409). The combined odds ratio of the studies was 12.184 (95% CI, 8.477-17.514). The overall summary receiver operating characteristics area under the curve was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.80-0.86). Three studies applied nomograms to 8 data sets and achieved a higher pooled sensitivity and specificity (0.85 [0.80-0.89] and 0.85 [0.71-0.93], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The pooled analysis showed that predictive models fed with radiomics features achieve good sensitivity and specificity in detecting lymph node metastasis in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging images. Supplementation of the models with biological correlates increased sensitivity and specificity in all data sets.

State-of-the-art imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most fatal and fifth most common cancer worldwide, with rising incidence due to obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Imaging modalities, including ultrasound (US), multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) play a vital role in detecting HCC characteristics, aiding in early detection, detailed visualization, and accurate differentiation of liver lesions. Liver-specific contrast agents, the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System, and advanced techniques, including diffusion-weighted imaging and artificial intelligence, further enhance diagnostic accuracy. This review emphasizes the significant role of imaging in managing HCC, from diagnosis to treatment assessment, without the need for invasive biopsies.

Predicting survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma receiving combination targeted immunotherapy: an evaluation of volumetric imaging parameters.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential of volumetric imaging in predicting survival of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients receiving immunotherapy. METHODS: Retrospective analysis included 40 patients with advanced HCC who received targeted immunotherapy. Baseline and follow-up contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans were analyzed. The largest tumor was chosen as the index lesion. Viable tumor volume (qViable) and percentage tumor viability (%Viability) were calculated. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) and Tumor volume change after treatment (qRECIST) were measured. Associations with overall survival (OS) were assessed. Cox regression analysis assessed the association between variables and overall survival (OS). A new prognostic stratification system was attempted to categorize patients based on significant predictors of OS. Patients with a baseline %viability > 69% and %viability reduction ≥ 8% were classified as better prognosis. Patients were stratified into better, intermediate and worse prognosis groups based on baseline %viability > 69% and ≥ 8% %viability reduction (better prognosis); baseline %viability ≤ 69% and < 8% %viability reduction (worse prognosis); remainder were intermediate prognosis. RESULTS: Patients with baseline %Viability > 69% and %Viability reduction ≥ 8% showed significantly higher OS. Multivariate analysis confirmed %Viability and %Viability reduction as significant predictors of OS. A prognostic stratification system using these parameters stratified patients into better, intermediate and worse prognosis groups, with the better prognosis showing highest OS. Most patients (97.5%) had stable disease by RECIST while the prognostic model re-classified 47.5% as better prognosis, 37.5% intermediate prognosis, and 15% worse prognosis. CONCLUSION: Volumetric parameters of %Viability and %Viability reduction predict OS in HCC patients undergoing immunotherapy.

Outcome prediction for symptomatic patients with fibroids who underwent uterine artery embolization.

PURPOSE: To predict the clinical outcome of symptomatic patients with uterine leiomyomas who underwent uterine artery embolization (UAE), based on clinical and radiological features. METHODS: Patients with symptomatic uterine leiomyomas who underwent UAE from March 2010 to September 2019 were consecutively included in this retrospective study. Patients with persistent or recurrent symptoms and those who needed repeated UAE, myomectomy, or hysterectomy following the initial treatment were considered to have a poor outcome after UAE. The total and enhancing volume of the dominant leiomyoma in each location and uterine volume were obtained before and after UAE. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to evaluate the parameters that could predict poor outcome. RESULTS: A total of 116 patients (mean age, 45 ± 5 years) were included. Forty-six patients (46/116, 39.7%) showed poor outcome. Cox regression analysis showed higher hazard of poor outcome for younger patients vs. older patients (HR: 0.92, p-value: 0.01), patients with adenomyosis vs. patients without adenomyosis (HR: 2.47, p-value < 0.01), patients with adenomyosis thickness > 2.5 cm before UAE vs. patients without adenomyosis (HR: 4.2, p-value < 0.01) and for patients with intramural fibroid enhancement volume > 440 cm3 compared to patients with no intramural fibroids (p-value: 0.06). Multivariate Cox regression analysis including age, the thickness of adenomyosis, and intramural leiomyoma volume of enhancement before UAE was chosen as the best model to predict the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment clinical and MRI features could identify patients with a higher risk for poor outcome after UAE.

Screening for exclusion of high-risk bleeding features of esophageal varices in cirrhosis through CT and MRI.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Esophageal varices (EV) screening guidelines have evolved with improved risk stratification to avoid unnecessary esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in individuals with low bleeding risks. However, uncertainties persist in the recommendations for certain patient groups, particularly those with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and/or receiving non-selective beta-blockers (NSBB) without prior endoscopy. This study assessed the efficacy of imaging in ruling out EVs and their high-risk features associated with bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and with HCC. We also evaluated the impact of NSBB on the detection of these characteristics. METHODS: A total of 119 patients undergoing EGD with CT and/or MRI within 90 days of the procedure were included. 87 patients had HCC. A new imaging grading system was developed utilizing the size of EVs and the extent of their protrusion into the esophagus lumen. The negative predictive value (NPV) of EVimaging(-) versus EVimaging (+) (grades 1-3) in ruling out the presence of EV and/or high-risk features by EGD was calculated. The predictive performance of imaging was determined by logistic regression. RESULTS: The NPV of imaging for detecting EV and high-risk features was 81 % and 92 %, respectively. Among HCC patients, the NPV for EV and high-risk features was 80 % and 64 %, respectively. Being on NSBB didn't statistically impact the imaging detection of EV. Imaging was a better predictor of high-risk EGD findings than Child-Turcotte-Pugh scores. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that imaging can effectively rule out the presence of EV and high-risk features during EGD, even in patients with HCC and/or receiving NSBB.

Thalamic asymmetry in Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease that affects the central nervous system. Asymmetry is one of the finding in brain MRI of these patients, which is related to the debilitating symptoms of the disease. This study aimed to investigate and compare the thalamic asymmetry in MS patients and its relationship with other MRI and clinical findings of these patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study conducted on 83 patients with relapse-remitting MS (RRMS), 43 patients with secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and 89 healthy controls. The volumes of total intracranial, total gray matter, total white matter, lesions, thalamus, and also the thalamic asymmetry indices were calculated. The 9-hole peg test (9-HPT) and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) were assessed as clinical findings. RESULTS: We showed that the normalized whole thalamic volume in healthy subjects was higher than MS patients (both RRMS and SPMS). Thalamic asymmetry index (TAI) was significantly different between RRMS patients and SPMS patients (p = 0.011). The absolute value of TAI was significantly lower in healthy subjects than in RRMS (p < 0.001) and SPMS patients (p < 0.001), and SPMS patients had a higher absolute TAI compared to RRMS patients (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: In this cross-sectional study we showed a relationship between normalized whole thalamic volume and MS subtype. Also, we showed that the asymmetric indices of the thalamus can be related to the progression of the disease. Eventually, we showed that thalamic asymmetry can be related to the disease progression and subtype changes in MS.

Differentiation between small hepatocellular carcinoma (<3 cm) and benign hepatocellular lesions in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome: the role of multiparametric MR imaging.

Objective: To investigate the value of multiparametric MR imaging to differentiate between small hepatocellular carcinoma (s-HCC) versus benign liver lesions in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Methods: 12 patients with benign hepatocellular lesions and 32 patients with small (<3 cm) HCCs were assessed. MRI images were reviewed by two radiologists blinded to the patient background information; lesion T1 and T2 signal intensities and ADC values were compared with the background liver. Enhancement of lesion relative to hepatic parenchyma [(T1Enh-T1liver)/T1liver] in the arterial, venous, and delayed phases was also compared between the two groups. A multivariable logistic model was developed using these categorical measures; the predictive value of the model was tested using the Area Under the Receiver operating characteristic (AU-ROC) curve for logistic models. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: There were consistent differences in T1lesion/T1liver, and T2lesion/T2liver, and ADClesion/ADCliver between benign hepatocellular lesions versus the sHCC group (p<0.001, p<0.001, p = 0.045, respectively). Lesion-to-background liver enhancement in the portal venous and delayed phases was different between the benign lesions versus sHCC (p=0.001). ROC analysis for the logistic model that included the T1 ratio, T2 ratio, and portal venous enhancement ratio demonstrated excellent discriminatory power with the area under the curve of 0.94. Conclusion: Multiparametric MR imaging is a useful method to help differentiate benign liver lesions from sHCC in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome.