GLL398, an oral selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), blocks tumor growth in xenograft breast cancer models.

PURPOSE: Selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) has proven clinically effective in treating advanced or metastatic breast cancer since the approval of fulvestrant by FDA in 2002. Recent expansion of indications as a first line monotherapy and as combination therapy with CDK4/6 inhibitors further extends its clinical utility as an efficacious breast cancer endocrine regimen. However, the poor pharmacokinetic properties of fulvestrant and its injection-only administration route has driven continued efforts to develop orally bioavailability SERD that could potentially improve clinical response to SERD treatment. GLL398, a boron-modified GW5638 analog, showed superior oral bioavailability, while retaining both antiestrogenic activity and ER degrading efficacy at a potency level comparable to the more active metabolite of GW5638, GW7604. METHODS: Here we used molecular modeling, ER (Y537S) binding assay, MCF-7 Xenograft tumor, and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor model to conduct further studies on the pharmacology and metabolism of GLL398. RESULTS: Consistent with GLL398's robust activities in breast cancer cells that either are tamoxifen resistant or express constitutively active, mutant ESR1 (Y537S), it was found to bind the mutant ERY537S with high affinity. Molecular modeling of the binding mode of GLL398 to ER also found its molecular interactions consistent with the experimentally determined high binding affinity towards WT ER and ERY537S. To test the in vivo efficacy of GLL398, mice bearing MCF-7-derived xenograft breast tumors and patient-derived xenograft tumors harboring ERY537S were treated with GLL398 which potently inhibited tumor growth in mice. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates GLL398 is an oral SERD that has therapeutic efficacy in clinically relevant breast tumor models.

Development of a bioavailable boron-containing PI-103 Bioisostere, PI-103BE.

PI-103 (7) is a potent dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mTOR inhibitor, but its rapid in vivo metabolism hinders its further clinical development. To improve the bioavailability of PI-103, we designed and synthesized a PI-103 bioisostere, PI-103BE (9) in which the phenolic hydroxyl group of PI-103 was replaced by a boronate, a structural modification known to enhance bioavailability of molecules containing phenolic hydroxyl moieties. In cell culture, PI-103BE is partially converted to its corresponding boronic acid (10) and to a lesser extent the active ingredient, PI-103. This mixture contributes to the in vitro activity of 9 that shows reduced potency compared to the parent compound. When administered to mice by oral gavage, 9 displays a significantly improved pharmacokinetic profile compared to PI-103, which shows no oral bioavailability at the same dose. Drug exposure of 9 as measured by the area under curve (AUC) value is 88.2 ng/mL*h for 7 and 8879.9 ng/mL*h for 10. When given by intraperitoneal injection (IP), the prodrug afforded an AUC of 32.3 ng/mL*h for 7 and 400.9 ng/mL*h for 10, compared to 9.7 ng/mL*h from PI-103 injection. In plasma from both pharmacokinetic studies, 9 is fully converted to 10 and 7, with the boronic acid metabolite (10) displaying antiproliferative activities comparable to 9, but weaker than 7. The boronic bioisostere of PI-103 thus offers an improved bioavailability that could be translated to in vivo efficacy of PI-103.

Point-of-Care Determination of Acetaminophen Levels with Multi-Hydrogen Bond Manipulated Single-Molecule Recognition (eMuHSiR).

This work aims to face the challenge of monitoring small molecule drugs accurately and rapidly for point-of-care (POC) diagnosis in current clinical settings. Overdose of acetaminophen (AP), a commonly used over the counter (OTC) analgesic drug, has been determined to be a major cause of acute liver failure in the US and the UK. However, there is no rapid and accurate detection method available for this drug in the emergency room. The present study examined an AP sensing strategy that relies on a previously unexplored strong interaction between AP and the arginine (Arg) molecule. It was found that as many as 4 hydrogen bonds can be formed between one Arg molecule and one AP molecule. By taking advantages of this structural selectivity and high tenability of hydrogen bonds, Arg, immobilized on a graphene surface via electrostatic interactions, was utilized to structurally capture AP. Interestingly, bonded AP still remained the perfect electrochemical activities. The extent of Arg-AP bonds was quantified using a newly designed electrochemical (EC) sensor. To verify the feasibility of this novel assay, based on multihydrogen bond manipulated single-molecule recognition (eMuHSiR), both pharmaceutical and serum sample were examined. In commercial tablet measurement, no significant difference was seen between the results of eMuHSiR and other standard methods. For measuring AP concentration in the mice blood, the substances in serum, such as sugars and fats, would not bring any interference to the eMuHSiR in a wide concentration range. This eMuHSiR method opens the way for future development of small molecule detection for the POC testing.

Optimization of diarylpentadienones as chemotherapeutics for prostate cancer.

Our earlier studies indicate that (1E,4E)-1,5-bis(1-alkyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-diene-3-ones and (1E,4E)-1,5-bis(1-alkyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-diene-3-ones exhibit up to 121-fold greater antiproliferative potency than curcumin in human prostate cancer cell models, but only 2-10 fold increase in mouse plasma concentrations. The present study aims to further optimize them as anti-prostate cancer agents with both good potency and bioavailability. (1E,4E)-1,5-Bis(1H-imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-diene-3-one, the potential metabolic product of (1E,4E)-1,5-bis(1-alkyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-diene-3-ones, was synthesized and evaluated for its anti-proliferative activity. The promising potency of 1,5-bis(1-alkyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-diene-3-ones was completely abolished by removing the 1-alkyl group, suggesting the critical role of an appropriate group on the N1 position. We then envisioned that N-aryl substitution to exclude the C-H bond on the carbon adjacent to the N1 position (α-H) may increase the metabolic stability. Consequently, seven (1E,4E)-1,5-bis(1-aryl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-ones and three (1E,4E)-1,5-bis(1-aryl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-ones, as well as three (1E,4E)-1,5-bis(1-aryl-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-ones, were synthesized through a three-step transformation, including N-arylation via Ullmann condensation, formylation, and Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. Six optimal (1E,4E)-1,5-bis(1-aryl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-ones exhibit 24- to 375-fold improved potency as compared with curcumin. Replacement of the imidazole with bulkier benzoimidazole and 4-azaindole results in a substantial decrease in the potency. (1E,4E)-1,5-Bis(1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one (17d) was established as an optimal compound with both superior potency and good bioavailability that is sufficient to provide the therapeutic efficacy necessary to suppress in vivo tumor growth.

Monomethyl Auristatin E Phosphate Inhibits Human Prostate Cancer Growth.

BACKGROUND: Bone metastasis from primary prostate cancer leads to markedly diminished quality of life with poor long-term survival. Bone seeking treatment options are limited with adverse consequences on rapidly proliferating tissues such as bone marrow. In the present study, we seek to determine the bone-enriching capabilities of monomethyl auristatin E phosphate (MMAEp), a derivative of the potent antimitotic monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). METHODS: The in vitro actions and mechanisms of cytotoxicity were assessed using cell viability, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis. In vivo efficacy was determined using an intratibial xenograft mouse model of human prostate cancer and live animal imaging. RESULTS: The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of MMAE and MMAEp was determined to be approximately 2 and 48 nM, respectively, in PC-3 and C4-2B cell lines. MMAEp retained the mechanism of action of MMAE in reducing microtubule polymerization and stalling cell cycle progression at the G2/M transition. MMAEp was able to bind hydroxyapatite in in vitro assays. MMAEp significantly reduced intratibial tumor growth compared to the vehicle control treatment. CONCLUSIONS: MMAEp is an antimitotic compound that binds to calcium ions in the bone and inhibits prostate tumor growth in the bone. Prostate 76:1420-1430, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Boronic prodrug of endoxifen as an effective hormone therapy for breast cancer.

As a prodrug, tamoxifen is activated by the P450 enzyme CYP2D6 that is responsible for converting it to the active metabolites, 4-hydroxytamoxifen and endoxifen. Patients with genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 may not receive the full benefit of tamoxifen therapy. There is increasing evidence that poor metabolizer patients have lower plasma concentrations of endoxifen and suffer worse disease outcome, although some clinical studies reported no correlation between CYP2D6 polymorphism and tamoxifen therapy outcome. Endoxifen is currently undergoing clinical trials as a potentially improved and more potent SERM (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator) for endocrine therapy that is independent of CYP2D6 status in patients. However, direct administration of endoxifen may present the problem of low bioavailability due to its rapid first-pass metabolism via O-glucuronidation. We have designed and synthesized ZB483, a boronic prodrug of endoxifen suitable for oral administration with greatly enhanced bioavailability by increasing the concentration of endoxifen in mouse blood. Our study demonstrated that ZB483 potently inhibited growth of ER+ breast cancer cells in vitro and was efficiently converted to endoxifen in cell culture media by oxidative deboronation. This metabolic conversion is equally efficient in vivo as indicated in the pharmacokinetic study in mice. Moreover, when administered at the same dose, oral ZB483 afforded a 30- to 40-fold higher plasma level of endoxifen in mice than oral administration of endoxifen. The significantly enhanced bioavailability of endoxifen conferred by the boronic prodrug was further validated in an in vivo efficacy study. ZB483 was demonstrated to be more efficacious than endoxifen in inhibiting xenograft tumor growth in mice at equal dosage but more so at lower dosage. Together, these preclinical studies demonstrate that ZB483 is a promising endocrine therapy agent with markedly enhanced bioavailability in systemic circulation and superior efficacy compared to endoxifen.

Boronic prodrug of 4-hydroxytamoxifen is more efficacious than tamoxifen with enhanced bioavailability independent of CYP2D6 status.

BACKGROUND: Poor initial response to tamoxifen due to CYP2D6 polymorphism and adverse side effects are two clinical challenges in tamoxifen therapy. We report the development and preclinical testing of a boronic prodrug to orally deliver 4-OHT at therapeutically effective concentrations but at a fraction of the standard tamoxifen dose. METHODS: A mouse xenograft tumor model was used to investigate the efficacy of ZB497 in comparison with tamoxifen. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted to evaluate the metabolism and bioavailability of the drug in mice. Drug and metabolites distribution in xenograft tumor tissues was determined by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The boronic prodrug, ZB497, can not only be efficiently converted to 4-OHT in mice, but also afforded over 30 fold higher plasma concentrations of 4-OHT than in mice given either the same dose of 4-OHT or tamoxifen. Further, ZB497 was more effective than tamoxifen at lowered dosage in inhibiting the growth of xenograft tumors in mice. Consistent with these observations, ZB497 treated mice accumulated over 6 times higher total drug concentrations than tamoxifen treated mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that ZB497 effectively delivers a markedly increased plasma concentration of 4-OHT in mice. The boronic prodrug was shown to have far superior bioavailability of 4-OHT compared to tamoxifen or 4-OHT administration as measured by the area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC), plasma peak concentrations, and drug accumulation in tumor tissues. Further, ZB497 proves to be a more efficacious hormone therapy than tamoxifen administered at a reduced dose in mice.

Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Niclosamide Analogs as Therapeutic Agents for Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Niclosamide effectively downregulates androgen receptor variants (AR-Vs) for treating enzalutamide and abiraterone-resistant prostate cancer. However, the poor pharmaceutical properties of niclosamide due to its solubility and metabolic instability have limited its clinical utility as a systemic treatment for cancer. A novel series of niclosamide analogs was prepared to systematically explore the structure-activity relationship and identify active AR-Vs inhibitors with improved pharmaceutical properties based on the backbone chemical structure of niclosamide. Compounds were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antiproliferative activity and downregulation of AR and AR-V7 in two enzalutamide-resistant cell lines, LNCaP95 and 22RV1. Several of the niclosamide analogs exhibited equivalent or improved anti-proliferation effects in LNCaP95 and 22RV1 cell lines (B9, IC50 LNCaP95 and 22RV1 = 0.130 and 0.0997 µM, respectively), potent AR-V7 down-regulating activity, and improved metabolic stability. In addition, both a traditional structure-activity relationship (SAR) and 3D-QSAR analysis were performed to guide further structural optimization. The presence of two -CF3 groups of the most active B9 in the sterically favorable field and the presence of the -CN group of the least active B7 in the sterically unfavorable field seem to make B9 more potent than B7 in the antiproliferative activity.

Fulvestrant-3-Boronic Acid (ZB716) Demonstrates Oral Bioavailability and Favorable Pharmacokinetic Profile in Preclinical ADME Studies.

Fulvestrant-3-boronic acid (ZB716), an oral selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) under clinical development, has been investigated in ADME studies to characterize its absorption, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics. ZB716 was found to have high plasma protein binding in human and animal plasma, and low intestinal mucosal permeability. ZB716 had high clearance in hepatocytes of all species tested. ZB716 was metabolized primarily by CYP2D6 and CYP3A. In human liver microsomes, ZB716 demonstrated relatively low inhibition of CYP1A2, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 (when testosterone was used as the substrate), and no inhibition of CYP2B6 and 3A4 (when midazolam was used as the substrate). In assays for enzyme activity, ZB716 induced CYP1A2, 2B6, and 3A4 in a concentration-dependent manner. Single-dose and repeated-dose pharmacokinetic studies in rats and dogs showed oral bioavailability, dose-proportional drug exposure, and drug accumulation as measured by maximum concentration and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC).

Lipid-mediated cell signaling protects against injury and neurodegeneration.

Deficiency in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is associated with impaired visual and neurological development, cognitive decline, macular degeneration, and other neurodegenerative diseases. DHA is concentrated in phospholipids of the brain and retina, with photoreceptor cells having the highest DHA content of all cell membranes. The discovery that neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1; 10R, 17S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid) is a bioactive mediator of DHA sheds light on the biological importance of this fatty acid. In oxidative stress-challenged human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, human brain cells, or brain ischemia-reperfusion, NPD1 synthesis is enhanced as a response for sustaining homeostasis. Thus, neurotrophins, Abeta peptide (Abeta)42, calcium ionophore A23187, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), or DHA supply enhances NPD1 synthesis. NPD1, in turn, upregulates the antiapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family and decreases the expression of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members. In human neural cells, DHA attenuates Abeta42 secretion, resulting in concomitant formation of NPD1. NPD1 repressed Abeta42-triggered activation of proinflammatory genes and upregulated the antiapoptotic genes encoding Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and Bfl-1(A1) in human brain cells in culture. Overall, NPD1 signaling regulates brain and retinal cell survival via the induction of antiapoptotic and neuroprotective gene-expression programs that suppress Abeta42-induced neurotoxicity and other forms of cell injury. These in turn support homeostasis during brain and retinal aging, counteract inflammatory signaling, and downregulate events that support the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative disease.

Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic Study of the Boron-Containing Prodrug of Belinostat (ZL277), a Pan HDAC Inhibitor with Enhanced Bioavailability.

ZL277 is a prodrug of belinostat with enhanced bioavailability and efficacy as a pan histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. In this study, we investigated the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of ZL277 in liver S9 fractions, liver microsomes, liver cytosol, and in mice. Metabolic products were identified and quantified by a combination of liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The in vitro metabolic profile of ZL277 includes ZL277-B(OH)2-452, the major oxidative metabolite ZL277-OH-424, the active ingredient belinostat, belinostat amide, belinostat acid, and methylated belinostat in liver S9 fractions. Both ZL277-OH-424 and belinostat underwent further glucuronidation in liver microsome, whereas only ZL277-OH-424, but not belinostat, underwent some level of sulfation in rat liver cytosols. These metabolites were examined in plasma and in a breast tumor model in vivo. They were also examined in urine and feces from mice treated with ZL277. The pharmacokinetic study of ZL277 showed the parameters of active drug belinostat with a half-life (t1/2) of 10.7 h, an area under curve value (AUC) of 1506.9 ng/mL*h, and a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 172 ng/mL, reached 3 h after a single dose of 10 mg/kg. The hydrolysis product of the prodrug, ZL277-B(OH)2-452 showed an AUC of 8306 ng/mL*h and Cmax of 931 ng/mL 3 h after drug administration.

Biocompatible Boron-Containing Prodrugs of Belinostat for the Potential Treatment of Solid Tumors.

Despite promising therapeutic utilities for treatment of hematological malignancies, histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) drugs have not proven as effective in the treatment of solid tumors. To expand the clinical indications of HDACi drugs, we developed novel boron-containing prodrugs of belinostat (2), one of which efficiently releases active 2 through a cascade of reactions in cell culture and demonstrates activities comparable to 2 against a panel of cancer cell lines. Importantly, prodrug 7 is more efficacious than belinostat in vivo, not only inhibiting the growth of tumor but also reducing tumor volumes in an MCF-7 xenograft tumor model owing to its superior biocompatibility, which suggests its clinical potential in the treatment of solid tumors.

Structure-activity relationship and pharmacokinetic studies of 3-O-substitutedflavonols as anti-prostate cancer agents.

Thirty-eight 3-O-substituted-3',4'-dimethoxyflavonols and twenty-five 3-O-substituted-3',4',7-trimethoxyflavonols have been synthesized for systematic investigation on the structure-activity relationships of 3-O-substituted-3',4'-dimethoxyflavonols in three human prostate cancer cell models. Our findings indicate that incorporation of an appropriate amino group to 3-OH of 3',4'-dimethoxyflavonol and 3',4',7-trimethoxyflavonol through a 3- to 5-carbon linker can substantially improve the in vitro antiproliferative potency in three human prostate cancer cell models, but not in two non-neoplastic human epithelial cell models (MCF 10A and PWR-1E). 1-Methylpiperazine, pyrrolidine, and dibutylamine are optimal terminal amine groups that, in combination with a 3- to 5-carbon linker, are notably beneficial to the anti-proliferative potency of 3-O-substituted-3',4'-dimethoxyflavonols. It is worth noting that 3-O-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl-3',4',7-trimethoxyflavonol (76) induces PC-3 cell death in a completely different way from 3-O-pyrrolidinopentyl-3',4',7-trimethoxyflavonol (81) even though they belong to 3-O-substituted-3',4',7-trimethoxyflavonols and exhibit similar potency in inhibiting PC-3 cell proliferation, suggesting that the mechanism of action for each specific 3-O-substitutedflavonol varies with different amino moiety. 3-O-(N,N-Dibutylamino)propyl-3',4'-dimethoxyflavonol (42) emerged as the most promising derivative due to its substantially improved potency in cell models, superior bioavailability in rats, and good selectivity of inhibiting prostate cancer cell proliferation over non-neoplastic human epithelial cell proliferation.

ZB716, a steroidal selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), is orally efficacious in blocking tumor growth in mouse xenograft models.

Advances in oral SERDs development so far have been confined to nonsteroidal molecules such as those containing a cinnamic acid moiety, which are in earlystage clinical evaluation. ZB716 was previously reported as an orally bioavailable SERD structurally analogous to fulvestrant. In this study, we examined the binding details of ZB716 to the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) by computer modeling to reveal its interactions with the ligand binding domain as a steroidal molecule. We also found that ZB716 modulates ERα-coregulator interactions in nearly identical manner to fulvestrant. The ability of ZB716 to inhibit cell growth and downregulate ER expression in endocrine resistant, ERα mutant breast cancer cells was demonstrated. Moreover, in both the MCF-7 xenograft and a patient derived xenograft model, orally administered ZB716 showed superior efficacy in blocking tumor growth when compared to fulvestrant. Importantly, such enhanced efficacy of ZB716 was shown to be attributable to its markedly higher bioavailability, as evidenced in the final plasma and tumor tissue concentrations of ZB716 in mice where drug concentrations were found significantly higher than in the fulvestrant treatment group.

Metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability of ZB716, a Steroidal Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulator (SERD).

ZB716 is a selective estrogen receptor downregulator (SERD) with excellent oral bioavailability and superior efficacy. In this study, we investigate the in vitro and in vivo metabolism and the pharmacokinetics of ZB716 by incubation with liver microsomes, liver cytosol, and by orally dosing rodents. Metabolic products were identified and quantified by a combination of liquid chromatography and tandem +mass spectrometry. The metabolic profile of ZB716 showed fulvestrant and ZB716-sulfone as the two major oxidative metabolites. ZB716 also underwent some degree of sulfation and glucuronidation in vitro. The major oxidative metabolites of ZB716 were found in rat plasma, feces, and urine samples. No sulfation and glucuronidation metabolites from ZB716 were found in plasma. Limited amounts of sulfate conjugates and glucuronides of ZB716 were detected in feces. The glucuronidation on 3-OH position of fulvestrant was the main metabolite found in urine, suggesting that this specific site of phase 2 metabolism is blocked in ZB716 and formation of glucuronide 3-fulvestrant must be preceded by metabolic transformation of ZB716 to fulvestrant. The pharmacokinetic study of ZB716 showed a half-life (t1/2) at 17.03 hour, the area under curve value (AUC) of 1451.82 ng/ml*h, and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) at 158.12 ng/mL reached at 2 h after a single dose of 10 mg/kg by oral gavage. Overall this study elucidated important metabolic characteristics of ZB716, an oral SERD that has demonstrated superior bioavailability and efficacy in preclinical studies conducted so far.

Rational Design of a Boron-Modified Triphenylethylene (GLL398) as an Oral Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulator.

Development of orally bioavailable nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs) provides clinical opportunities for the long-term treatment and adjuvant therapy of breast cancer at all stages. We describe the design, synthesis, and identification of a boron-modified GW7604 derivative (GLL398, 9), a SERD candidate, in which a boronic acid functional group replaces the phenolic hydroxyl group of GW7604. Compound 9 strongly binds to ERα in a fluorescence resonance energy transfer binding assay (IC50 = 1.14 nM) and potently degrades ERα in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC50 = 0.21 µM). Most importantly, the introduction of the boronic acid group confers superior oral bioavailability of 9 (AUC = 36.9 µg·h/mL) in rats as compared to GW7604 (AUC = 3.35 µg·h/mL). The strikingly favorable pharmacokinetic property of 9 makes it a promising oral SERD suitable for clinical evaluation.

Asymmetric 1,5-diarylpenta-1,4-dien-3-ones: Antiproliferative activity in prostate epithelial cell models and pharmacokinetic studies.

To further engineer dienones with optimal combinations of potency and bioavailability, thirty-four asymmetric 1,5-diarylpenta-1,4-dien-3-ones (25-58) have been designed and synthesized for the evaluation of their in vitro anti-proliferative activity in three human prostate cancer cell lines and one non-neoplastic prostate epithelial cell line. All these asymmetric dienones are sufficiently more potent than curcumin and their corresponding symmetric counterparts. The optimal dienone 58, with IC50 values in the range of 0.03-0.12 µM, is 636-, 219-, and 454-fold more potent than curcumin in three prostate cancer cell models. Dienones 28 and 49 emerged as the most promising asymmetric dienones that warrant further preclinical studies. The two lead compounds demonstrated substantially improved potency in cell models and superior bioavailability in rats, while exhibiting no acute toxicity in the animals at the dose of 10 mg/kg. Dienones 28 and 46 can induce PC-3 cell cycle regulation at the G0/G1 phase. However, dienone 28 induces PC-3 cell death in a different way from 46 even though they share the same scaffold, indicating that terminal heteroaromatic rings are critical to the action of mechanism for each specific dienone.

Fulvestrant-3 Boronic Acid (ZB716): An Orally Bioavailable Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulator (SERD).

Orally bioavailable SERDs may offer greater systemic drug exposure, improved clinical efficacy, and more durable treatment outcome for patients with ER-positive endocrine-resistant breast cancer. We report the design and synthesis of a boronic acid modified fulvestrant (5, ZB716), which binds to ERα competitively (IC50 = 4.1 nM) and effectively downregulates ERα in both tamoxifen-sensitive and tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. Furthermore, It has superior oral bioavailability (AUC = 2547.1 ng·h/mL) in mice, indicating its promising clinical utility as an oral SERD.

Structure-Activity Relationship and Pharmacokinetic Studies of 1,5-Diheteroarylpenta-1,4-dien-3-ones: A Class of Promising Curcumin-Based Anticancer Agents.

Forty-three 1,5-diheteroaryl-1,4-pentadien-3-ones were designed as potential curcumin mimics, structurally featuring a central five-carbon dienone linker and two identical nitrogen-containing aromatic rings. They were synthesized using a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction as the critical step and evaluated for their cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activities toward both androgen-insensitive and androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cell lines and an aggressive cervical cancer cell line. Most of the synthesized compounds showed distinctly better in vitro potency than curcumin in the four cancer cell lines. The structure-activity data acquired from the study validated (1E,4E)-1,5-dihereroaryl-1,4-pentadien-3-ones as an excellent scaffold for in-depth development for clinical treatment of prostate and cervical cancers. 1-Alkyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl, ortho pyridyl, 1-alkyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-yl, 4-bromo-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl, thiazol-2-yl, and 2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-5-yl were identified as optimal heteroaromatic rings for the promising in vitro potency. (1E,4E)-1,5-Bis(2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-5-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one, featuring thiazole rings and trifluoromethyl groups, was established as the optimal lead compound because of its good in vitro potency and attractive in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel pyridine-bridged analogues of combretastatin-A4 as anticancer agents.

A series of novel pyridine-bridged analogues of combretastatin-A4 (CA-4) were designed and synthesized. As expected, the 4-atom linker configuration retained little cytotoxicities in the compounds 2e, 3e, 3g, and 4i. Activities of the analogues with 3-atom linker varied widely depending on the phenyl ring substitutions, and the 3-atom linker containing nitrogen represents the more favorable linker structure. Among them, three analogues (4h, 4s, and 4t) potently inhibited cell survival and growth, arrested cell cycle, and blocked angiogenesis and vasculature formation in vivo in ways comparable to CA-4. The superposition of 4h and 4s in the colchicine-binding pocket of tubulin shows the binding posture of CA-4, 4h, and 4s are similar, as confirmed by the competitive binding assay where the ability of the ligands to replace tubulin-bound colchicine was measured. The binding data are consistent with the observed biological activities in antiproliferation and suppression of angiogenesis but are not predictive of their antitubulin polymerization activities.