Reduction characteristic of chlorobenzene by a newly isolated Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens LY from a pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plant.

A highly efficient chlorobenzene-degrading strain was isolated from the sludge of a sewage treatment plant associated with a pharmaceutical company. The strain exhibited a similarity of over 99.9% with multiple strains of Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens. Therefore, the strain was suggested to be P. ureafaciens LY. This novel strain exhibited a broad spectrum of pollutant degradation capabilities, effectively degrading chlorobenzene and other organic pollutants, such as 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene, phenol, and xylene. Moreover, P. ureafaciens LY co-metabolized mixtures of chlorobenzene with 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene or phenol. Evaluation of its degradation efficiency showed that it achieved an impressive degradation rate of 94.78% for chlorobenzene within 8 h. The Haldane-Andrews model was used to describe the growth of P. ureafaciens LY under specific pollutants and its concentrations, revealing a maximum specific growth rate (µmax ) of 0.33 h-1 . The isolation and characterization of P. ureafaciens LY, along with its ability to degrade chlorobenzene, provides valuable insights for the development of efficient and eco-friendly approaches to mitigate chlorobenzene contamination. Additionally, investigation of the degradation performance of the strain in the presence of other pollutants offers important information for understanding the complexities of co-metabolism in mixed-pollutant environments.

[Analysis of food carbon footprint and its socio-demographic disparities in China in 2018].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze food carbon footprint and its socio-demographic disparities among adults in China. METHODS: A total of 12 777 adults aged 18 years and above from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2018 who have completed dietary and socio-demographic data were analyzed. The information of food intake were collected by 24 h recalls combined with the weighing of household seasonings. Food consumption was converted into energy intake by the China Food Composition Table. Carbon footprint of 26 food groups were calculated by the food carbon footprint database based on life-cycle assessment(LCA), multinomial logit model was used to analyze the association of socio-demographic factors and food carbon footprint. RESULTS: Average food carbon footprint were decreased with increasing age while increased with increasing income and education levels, and was higher among male than that among female, was higher among urban residents than that among rural residents, was higher in the south than that in the north. Multinomial logit analysis showed that compared with people aged 18-44, the likelihood of occurring high carbon footprint in 60y and above group were 29%(OR=0.71, 95%CI 0.61-0.83) lower than that occurring low carbon footprint. Women were 11%(OR=0.89, 95%CI 0.81-0.99) and 25%(OR=0.75, 95%CI 0.67-0.84) less likely to appear medium and high carbon footprint than low carbon footprint, compared with their male counterparts. In comparison to people living in cities, rural dwellers were 24%(OR=0.76, 95%CI 0.69-0.85) and 38%(OR=0.62, 95%CI 0.55-0.70) less likely to appear medium and high carbon footprint than low carbon footprint. People in the south were 3.89 times(95%CI 3.52-4.30) and 11.35 times(95%CI 10.01-12.88) more likely to occur medium and high carbon footprint than low carbon footprint, compared with people in the north. Participants were more likely to occur medium carbon footprint and high carbon footprint with the increasing income level(OR>1), and were more likely to occur high carbon footprint with the increasing education level(OR>1). CONCLUSION: The food carbon footprint of adults in China in 2018 show different socio-demographic disparities, gender, income and education level are significant factors.

[Relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and obesity among adult residents in 15 provinces of China in 1991-2018].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and obesity in Chinese adult residents, and analyze the cut-off values of macronutrients for predicting obesity. METHODS: Data was collected in China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS)in 1991-2018. Adults who participated in at least two waves of the surveys and were not obese at baseline were selected as the study subjects. Obesity was defined as body mass index(BMI)≥28.0 kg/m~2. Generalized estimating equation was used to analyze the relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and BMI and obesity, and receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) was used to analyze the cut-off values of percentage of energy intake from macronutrients to predict obesity. RESULTS: The percentage of energy intake from protein and fat of adult residents in 15 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) in China showed an increasing trend(P<0.01), and the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate showed a decreasing trend(P<0.01) between 1991 and 2018. After adjusting for covariates, the group of percentage of energy intake from fat in 20%～30%(ß=0.05, 95%CI 0.01-0.08)and ≥30%(ß=0.15, 95%CI 0.11-0.18)were positively correlated with BMI compared with the group of percentage of energy intake from fat <20%, and the risk of obesity in 20%-30% and ≥ 30% was increased by 17%(OR=1.17, 95%CI 1.04-1.31)and 6%(OR=1.06, 95%CI 1.24-1.56), respectively. Compared with the group of the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate < 50%, the group of 50% to 65%(ß=-0.08, 95% CI-0.11--0.05) and ≥ 65%(ß=-0.17, 95%CI-0.20--0.13) was negatively correlated with BMI, and the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate ≥ 65% reduced the risk of obesity(OR=0.71, 95%CI 0.63-0.80). CONCLUSION: Carbohydrate intake was inversely correlated with the risk of obesity, and fat intake was positively correlated with the risk of obesity. Moderate intake of carbohydrates and reduced fat intake can prevent obesity.

Early-life exposure to the Great Chinese Famine and gut microbiome disruption across adulthood for type 2 diabetes: three population-based cohort studies.

BACKGROUND: The early life stage is critical for the gut microbiota establishment and development. We aimed to investigate the lifelong impact of famine exposure during early life on the adult gut microbial ecosystem and examine the association of famine-induced disturbance in gut microbiota with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We profiled the gut microbial composition among 11,513 adults (18-97 years) from three independent cohorts and examined the association of famine exposure during early life with alterations of adult gut microbial diversity and composition. We performed co-abundance network analyses to identify keystone taxa in the three cohorts and constructed an index with the shared keystone taxa across the three cohorts. Among each cohort, we used linear regression to examine the association of famine exposure during early life with the keystone taxa index and assessed the correlation between the keystone taxa index and type 2 diabetes using logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders. We combined the effect estimates from the three cohorts using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: Compared with the no-exposed control group (born during 1962-1964), participants who were exposed to the famine during the first 1000 days of life (born in 1959) had consistently lower gut microbial alpha diversity and alterations in the gut microbial community during adulthood across the three cohorts. Compared with the no-exposed control group, participants who were exposed to famine during the first 1000 days of life were associated with consistently lower levels of keystone taxa index in the three cohorts (pooled beta - 0.29, 95% CI - 0.43, - 0.15). Per 1-standard deviation increment in the keystone taxa index was associated with a 13% lower risk of type 2 diabetes (pooled odds ratio 0.87, 95% CI 0.80, 0.93), with consistent results across three individual cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal a potential role of the gut microbiota in the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, deepening our understanding about the etiology of type 2 diabetes.

Sodium content targets for pre-packaged foods, China: a quantitative study and proposal.

Objective: To determine the contribution of pre-packaged foods to population sodium intake in China, and to propose sodium content targets for food subcategories used for the World Health Organization's (WHO's) global sodium benchmarks. Methods: The impact of four different approaches to reducing the sodium content of pre-packaged foods on population sodium intake was estimated using data from national databases covering the nutrient content and ingredients of 51 803 food products and food consumption by 15 670 Chinese adults. We recategorized food products using a food categorization framework developed for WHO's global sodium benchmarks and adapted for China-specific foods. Findings: Pre-packaged foods, including condiments, contributed 1302.5 mg/day of sodium intake per adult in 2021, accounting for 30.1% of population sodium intake in China. Setting maximum sodium content levels using a 90th-percentile target would reduce sodium intake from pre-packaged foods by 96.2 mg/day, corresponding to a 1.9% reduction in population intake. Using the 75th-percentile, a fixed 20% reduction and WHO benchmark targets would further reduce intake by 262.0 mg/day (5.2% population intake), 302.8 mg/day (6.0% population intake) and 701.2 mg/day per person (13.9% population intake), respectively. Maximum sodium content levels based on revised 20% reduction targets were proposed because they should result in substantial and acceptable reductions in sodium content for most food subcategories: overall sodium intake would decline by 305.0 mg/day per person, and population intake by 6.1%. Conclusion: This study provides the scientific rationale for government policy on setting targets for food sodium content in China. Simultaneous action on discretionary salt use should also be taken.

JMJD6 protects against isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy via inhibition of NF-κB activation by demethylating R149 of the p65 subunit.

Histone modification plays an important role in pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. In this study we investigated the role of a histone arginine demethylase, Jumonji C domain-containing protein 6 (JMJD6) in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 1.2 mg·kg-1·d-1) for a week. At the end of the experiment, the rats underwent echocardiography, followed by euthanasia and heart collection. We found that JMJD6 levels were compensatorily increased in ISO-induced hypertrophic cardiac tissues, but reduced in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Furthermore, we demonstrated that JMJD6 overexpression significantly attenuated ISO-induced hypertrophy in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) evidenced by the decreased cardiomyocyte surface area and hypertrophic genes expression. Cardiac-specific JMJD6 overexpression in rats protected the hearts against ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and rescued cardiac function. Conversely, depletion of JMJD6 by single-guide RNA (sgRNA) exacerbated ISO-induced hypertrophic responses in NRCMs. We revealed that JMJD6 interacted with NF-κB p65 in cytoplasm and reduced nuclear levels of p65 under hypertrophic stimulation in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, JMJD6 bound to p65 and demethylated p65 at the R149 residue to inhibit the nuclear translocation of p65, thus inactivating NF-κB signaling and protecting against pathological cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, we found that JMJD6 demethylated histone H3R8, which might be a new histone substrate of JMJD6. These results suggest that JMJD6 may be a potential target for therapeutic interventions in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.

[Double burden of malnutrition among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in 15 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China in 1991-2015].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the status and the trends of the double burden of malnutrition among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in 15 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) of China in 1991, 2000, 2009 and 2015. METHODS: The data of China Health and Nutrition Surveys in 1991, 2000, 2009 and 2015 were used, children and adolescents aged 6-17 years were selected as the research objects. After excluding those with missing demographic, dietary data and physical measurement data, 2464, 2094, 929 and 1555 children and adolescents were included in the study in each year. The subjects were divided into lean, normal, overweight and obese groups. The dietary information was collected by 3-day 24-hour dietary recall, and edible oil and condiment intakes were collected by weighing method. The dietary micronutrient intake of children and adolescents was calculated according to the food composition table. The estimated average requirement(EAR) was used as the cut-offs of dietary micronutrient intake insufficiency to analyze the situation of micronutrient intake deficiency and double burden of malnutrition. RESULTS: The prevalence of underweight of children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in 15 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) during 1991-2015 showed a downward trend, while the prevalence of overweight and obesity showed an upward trend(all P<0.05). The prevalence of double burden of malnutrition increased from 6.5% in 1991 to 24.6% in 2015. In 1991, 2000, 2009 and 2015, 94.2%, 92.8%, 97.2% and 93.4% of children and adolescents had insufficient dietary micronutrient intake. In 1991 and 2000, 81.6% and 73.7% of children and adolescents had insufficient intake of 3-7 dietary micronutrients at the same time; In 2009 and 2015, 81.8% and 80.7% of children and adolescents had insufficient intake of 3-9 dietary micronutrients at the same time. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of overweight and obesity of children and adolescents in 15 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) of China was on the rise, the prevalence of insufficient intake of dietary micronutrients is higher, and the double burden of malnutrition was serious.

[Trajectories of body mass index and risk of hypertension and blood pressure among Chinese adults].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between trajectories of body mass index(BMI) and the risk of hypertension and blood pressure among Chinese adults. METHODS: The current study was based on data from 10 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1991 to 2018. A multistage stratified random sample was used in this study.11885 adults whose BMI had been measured at least three times were included in the study. Group-based trajectory modeling(GBTM) was used to identify the BMI trajectories in different genders, Cox regression model was used to analyze the association between BMI trajectories and the risk of incident hypertension. Generalized linear model was used to analyze the association between BMI trajectories and the blood pressure level. RESULTS: Three distinct BMI trajectories were determined for both genders: normal-stable group, normal-overweight group, obesity-stable group. The numbers of each group among males were 3595(63.23%), 1412(24.83%) and 679(11.94%), and the numbers of each group among females were 4566(73.66%), 1214(19.58%) and 419(6.76%). Taking the normal-stable group as a reference, after adjusting for confounding factors, the normal-overweight group, obesity-stable group had 1.14(1.03-1.25), P=0.01 and 1.42(1.24-1.63), P<0.01 increased risk(HR(95% CI)) of developing hypertension in male. The normal-overweight group, obesity-stable group had 1.29(1.13-1.46), P<0.01 and 1.58(1.23-2.03), P<0.01 increased risk of developing hypertension in female. Taking the normal-stable group as a reference, after adjusting for confounding factors, the systolic blood pressure[ß(95% CI)] in the male normal-overweight group and obesity-stable group increased by 3.01(1.88-4.14)mmHg, P<0.01 and 5.44(3.85-7.03)mmHg, P<0.01 respectively. The diastolic blood-pressure level was increased by 2.20(1.48-2.91)mmHg, P<0.01 and 4.04(3.04-5.04)mmHg, P<0.01 respectively. The systolic blood pressure in the female normal-overweight group and obesity-stable group were increased by 3.65(2.44-4.85)mmHg, P<0.01 and 2.96(0.97-4.94)mmHg, P<0.01 respectively. The diastolic blood pressure level was increased by 3.11(2.38-3.86)mmHg, P<0.01 and 1.25(0.03-2.47)mmHg, P=0.05 respectively. CONCLUSION: Both the trajectory of BMI increasing with age and the trajectory of maintaining a high BMI level increased the risk of hypertension, and blood pressure also increased significantly compared with those who maintained normal BMI.

[Analysis of differentiated regional dietary structures of adults aged 18-64 years in 15 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China in 2018].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the status of energy and macronutrient intake among adults aged 18 to 64 years old in 15 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) of China. METHODS: A sample of 9481 adults aged 18-64 years from the data of the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2018 was analyzed. Three consecutive days of 24 h recalls combined with the weighing of household seasonings were used to collect information on food intake and condiment intake. Food consumption was converted into energy and various nutrient intakes by the China Food Composition Table. RESULTS: The median daily intakes of energy were 1942.28 kcal and 1951.14 kcal in urban and rural areas, 1796.94 kcal, 1972.89 kcal, 1989.61 kcal and 1908.98 kcal in northwest, southwest, southeast and northern regions, respectively. The energy supply ratio of protein and fat were 13.61% and 35.85%, respectively, higher than 12.31% and 34.45% in rural areas, while the energy supply ratio of carbohydrates in urban(49.62%) was lower than that in rural areas(52.18%). The energy supply ratios of fat in the southwest and southeast regions were 38.90% and 36.80%, respectively, while the energy supply ratios of carbohydrates were 47.70% and 47.93%. The main food sources of energy, protein, and fat are different in different regions. The percentage of energy, protein, and fat from animal foods decreased with increasing age groups. The adults with low-income levels had a high intake of carbohydrates but a low intake of protein, and the adults with high-income levels had high proportions of energy, protein and fat from animal food sources. CONCLUSION: The total energy intakes of residents in different regions are relatively ideal, but the dietary structures are still unreasonable, and the energy supply ratios of fat are relatively high, especially in the southwest and southeast regions. The intake and food sources of the three macronutrients are varied in different regions and urban and rural areas. Age and income level affect the food choices of residents.

[Designing effective front-of-package warning labels for prepackaged food in China:based on Delphi method].

OBJECTIVE: To design front-of-package warning labels for prepackaged food adapted to the Chinese context. METHODS: Delphi method was used to evaluate the first graft of indicatorsof the front-of-package warning labels. The front-of-package warning labels suitable for China's national conditions was selected according to the direct scoring method. RESULTS: 4 sets of front-of-package warning labels for prepackaged food were selected after two rounds of Delphi expert method. CONCLUSION: The final draft of the front-of-package warning labels for prepackaged food is in line with expectations.

[Evaluation of the front-of-package warning labels of prepackaged food in China based on focus group discussion].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the public's perceptions and preferences on the designed front-of-package warning labels of prepackaged food, and to evaluate and identify the effective warning label. METHODS: A total of 116 participants were recruited from six provinces(autonomous regions/municipalities) in China. Focus group discussions were conducted with four types of warning labels on prepackaged food. And the score of attitude on different warning labels were compared. RESULTS: There was no difference in the total score of the four warning labels. Total score of black shield label was higher in citizen participants and college education level participants than in their respective counterparts(P<0.05). Parents or primary caregiver of children under 16 years old gave higher scores to each labels than their respective counterparts(P<0.05). The black shield label was most likely to attract the attention of the respondents, most likely to influence the decision on eating and drinking, and most likely to have an unhealthy warning effect. The yellow hexagonal label was least likely to attract the attention of the respondents, least likely to affect the decision to eat and drink food, and least likely to have an unhealthy warning effect. CONCLUSION: Black shield warning label is the most effective.

[Development and validation of the nutrient-rich food index for China].

OBJECTIVE: To select the nutrient-rich food(NRF) index applicable to the food characteristics of Chinese residents through population-based dietary quality validation. METHODS: Sixteen NRF indices were constructed based on the Chinese Food Composition Table and the Chinese Food Labelling Nutrient Reference Values, using 100 g as the base amount of food for calculation. The NRF indices were validated by the China Prime Diet Quality Score(CPDQS), a dietary quality assessment index, using food intake data collected from 14 068 adult residents in 15 provinces in 2018 under the China Health and Nutrition Survey. The CPDQS was used as the dependent variable and the dietary NRF index score was used as the independent variable. The multiple linear regression models were performed after adjusting the covariates and the NRF index with the largest coefficient of determination R~2 was used as the most appropriate index. RESULTS: Regression analysis showed that the R~2 of NRF8.2 index was the largest, which was 0.16. Dried legumes, fungi and algae, nuts, vegetables, eggs and aquatic products scored higher on the NRF8.2 index. The high scoring subgroups had higher average daily intakes of cereals and potatoes, vegetables, fruits, soybeans and nuts, dairy, eggs and aquatic products, as well as lower consumption of livestock and poultry meat, beverages, salt and cooking oil, compared to the low scoring subgroup on the Dietary NRF8.2 Index. In terms of nutrient intake, the medium and high NRF8.2 subgroups had relatively high intakes of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals and relatively low intakes of fat and sodium. CONCLUSION: The NRF8.2 index explains the maximum variation in CPDQS and is a relatively suitable NRF index for the Chinese population.

[Expert knowledge-based strategies for ventilator parameter setting and stepless adaptive adjustment].

The setting and adjustment of ventilator parameters need to rely on a large amount of clinical data and rich experience. This paper explored the problem of difficult decision-making of ventilator parameters due to the time-varying and sudden changes of clinical patient's state, and proposed an expert knowledge-based strategies for ventilator parameter setting and stepless adaptive adjustment based on fuzzy control rule and neural network. Based on the method and the real-time physiological state of clinical patients, we generated a mechanical ventilation decision-making solution set with continuity and smoothness, and automatically provided explicit parameter adjustment suggestions to medical personnel. This method can solve the problems of low control precision and poor dynamic quality of the ventilator's stepwise adjustment, handle multi-input control decision problems more rationally, and improve ventilation comfort for patients.

Association of gut microbiota with glycaemic traits and incident type 2 diabetes, and modulation by habitual diet: a population-based longitudinal cohort study in Chinese adults.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The gut microbiome is mainly shaped by diet, and varies across geographical regions. Little is known about the longitudinal association of gut microbiota with glycaemic control. We aimed to identify gut microbiota prospectively associated with glycaemic traits and type 2 diabetes in a geographically diverse population, and examined the cross-sectional association of dietary or lifestyle factors with the identified gut microbiota. METHODS: The China Health and Nutrition Survey is a population-based longitudinal cohort covering 15 provinces/megacities across China. Of the participants in that study, 2772 diabetes-free participants with a gut microbiota profile based on 16S rRNA analysis were included in the present study (age 50.8 ± 12.7 years, mean ± SD). Using a multivariable-adjusted linear mixed-effects model, we examined the prospective association of gut microbiota with glycaemic traits (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c and HOMA-IR). We constructed a healthy microbiome index (HMI), and used Poisson regression to examine the relationship between the HMI and incident type 2 diabetes. We evaluated the association of dietary or lifestyle factors with the glycaemic trait-related gut microbiota using a multivariable-adjusted linear regression model. RESULTS: After follow-up for 3 years, 123 incident type 2 diabetes cases were identified. We identified 25 gut microbial genera positively or inversely associated with glycaemic traits. The newly created HMI (per SD unit) was inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes (risk ratio 0.69, 95% CI 0.58, 0.84). Furthermore, we found that several microbial genera that were favourable for the glycaemic trait were consistently associated with healthy dietary habits (higher consumption of vegetable, fruit, fish and nuts). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our results revealed multiple gut microbiota prospectively associated with glycaemic traits and type 2 diabetes in a geographically diverse population, and highlighted the potential of gut microbiota-based diagnosis or therapy for type 2 diabetes. DATA AVAILABILITY: The code for data analysis associated with the current study is available at https://github.com/wenutrition/Microbiota-T2D-CHNS.

Gut microbiota signatures of long-term and short-term plant-based dietary pattern and cardiometabolic health: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The interplay among the plant-based dietary pattern, gut microbiota, and cardiometabolic health is still unclear, and evidence from large prospective cohorts is rare. We aimed to examine the association of long-term and short-term plant-based dietary patterns with gut microbiota and to assess the prospective association of the identified microbial features with cardiometabolic biomarkers. METHODS: Using a population-based prospective cohort study: the China Health and Nutrition Survey, we included 3096 participants from 15 provinces/megacities across China. We created an overall plant-based diet index (PDI), a healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI), and an unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). The average PDIs were calculated using repeat food frequency questionnaires collected in 2011 and 2015 to represent a long-term dietary pattern. Short-term dietary pattern was estimated using 3-day 24-h dietary recalls collected in 2015. Fecal samples were collected in 2015 and measured using 16S rRNA sequencing. We investigated the association of long-term and short-term plant-based dietary patterns with gut microbial diversity, taxonomies, and functional pathways using linear mixed models. Furthermore, we assessed the prospective associations between the identified gut microbiome signatures and cardiometabolic biomarkers (measured in 2018) using linear regression. RESULTS: We found a significant association of short-term hPDI with microbial alpha-diversity. Both long-term and short-term plant-based diet indices were correlated with microbial overall structure, whereas long-term estimates explained more variance. Long-term and short-term PDIs were differently associated with microbial taxonomic composition, yet only microbes related to long-term estimates showed association with future cardiometabolic biomarkers. Higher long-term PDI was associated with the lower relative abundance of Peptostreptococcus, while this microbe was positively correlated with the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: We found shared and distinct gut microbial signatures of long-term and short-term plant-based dietary patterns. The identified microbial genera may provide insights into the protective role of long-term plant-based dietary pattern for cardiometabolic health, and replication in large independent cohorts is needed.

Modifiable factors of 20-year blood pressure trajectories among normotensives and their associations with hypertension : a prospective study.

Little is known about the impact of modifiable risk factors on blood pressure (BP) trajectories and their associations with hypertension (HTN). We aimed to identify BP trajectories in normotensive Chinese adults and explore their influencing factors and associations with HTN. We used data from 3436 adults with at least four BP measurements between 1989 and 2018 in the China Health and Nutrition Survey, an ongoing cohort study. We measured BP using mercury sphygmomanometers with appropriate cuff sizes in all surveys. We used group-based trajectory modelling to identify BP trajectories between 1989 and 2009 and multiple logistic and Cox regression models to analyse their influencing factors and associations with HTN in 2011-2018. We identified five systolic blood pressure (SBP) trajectories, 'Low-increasing (LI)', 'Low-stable (LS)', 'Moderate-increasing (MI)', 'High-stable (HS)' and 'Moderate-decreasing (MD)', and four diastolic blood pressure (DBP) trajectories classified as 'Low-increasing (LI)', 'Moderate-stable (MS)', 'Low-stable (LS)' and 'High-increasing (HI)'. People with higher physical activity (PA) levels and lower waist circumferences (WC) were less likely to be in the SBP LI, MI, HS and MD groups (P < 0·05). People with higher fruit and vegetable intakes, lower WCs and salt intakes and higher PA levels were less likely to be in the DBP LI, MS and HI groups (P < 0·05). Participants in the SBP HS group (hazard ratio (HR) 2·01) or the DBP LI, MS and HI groups (HR 1·38, 1·40, 1·71, respectively) had higher risks of HTN (P < 0·05). This study suggests that BP monitoring is necessary to prevent HTN in the Chinese population.

Trajectories of energy intake distribution and subsequent risk of hyperglycemia among Chinese adults: findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997-2018).

AIMS: Few studies have examined the secular trend of the energy intake distribution, and its effect on future risk of hyperglycemia. This study aims to describe trajectories of energy intake distribution over 12 years and relate them to subsequent risk of hyperglycemia over 9 years of follow-up. METHODS: Our study used ten waves of data from the CHNS survey, a population-based longitudinal survey in China, ongoing since 1989. We examined a cohort of adult participants who were free from diabetes but had at least three waves of dietary data from 1997 to 2009. We assessed energy intake using three consecutive 24 h recalls. We used these data to identify trajectory groups of energy intake distribution by multi-trajectory model based on energy intake proportions of breakfast, lunch, and dinner. We followed up participants for hyperglycemia, diabetes, and impaired fasting glucose for 9 years from 2009 to 2018. Outcomes were ascertained with fasting glucose, serum HbA1c, and self-report of diabetes and/or glucose-lowering medication. We estimated relative risk (RR) for hyperglycemia, diabetes, and impaired fasting glucose by identified trajectory groups using multilevel mixed-effects modified Poisson regression with robust (sandwich) estimation of variance. Gender difference was additionally examined. RESULTS: A total of 4417 participants were included. Four trajectory groups were identified, characterized and labeled by "Energy evenly distributed with steady trend group" (Group 1), "Dinner and lunch energy dominant with relatively steady trend group" (Group 2), "Dinner energy dominant with increasing trend and breakfast energy with declining trend group" (Group 3), and "breakfast and dinner energy dominant with increasing trend group" (Group 4). During 48,091 person-years, 1053 cases of incident hyperglycemia occurred, 537 cases of incident diabetes occurred, and 516 cases of impaired fasting glucose occurred. Compared with Group 1, Group 3 was associated with higher subsequent risk of incident hyperglycemia in 9 years of follow-up (RR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.61). No association was found for incident diabetes and impaired fasting glucose. Among males, Group 3 was associated with higher risk of incident hyperglycemia in 9 years of follow-up (RR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.94). No relationship was found in females. CONCLUSIONS: Energy intake distribution characterized by over 40% of energy intake from dinner with a rising trend over years was associated with higher long-term risk of hyperglycemia in Chinese adults.

Sodium content of restaurant dishes in China: a cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Sodium intake in China is extremely high and eating in restaurants is increasingly popular. Little research has explored the sodium level of restaurant dishes. The present study aims to assess the content and sources of sodium in Chinese restaurants. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were obtained from the baseline survey of the Restaurant-based Intervention Study (RIS) in 2019. A total of 8131 best-selling restaurant dishes with detailed recipes from 192 restaurants in China were included. Sodium content per 100 g and per serving were calculated according to the Chinese Food Composition Table. The proportion of restaurant dishes exceeding the daily sodium reference intake level in a single serving and the major sources of sodium were determined. RESULTS: Median sodium content in restaurant dishes were 487.3 mg per 100 g, 3.4 mg per kcal, and 2543.7 mg per serving. For a single serving, 74.9% of the dishes exceeded the Chinese adults' daily adequate intake for sodium (AI, 1500 mg per day), and 62.6% of dishes exceeded the proposed intake for preventing non-communicable chronic diseases (PI, 2000 mg per day). Cooking salt was the leading source of sodium in Chinese restaurant dishes (45.8%), followed by monosodium glutamate (17.5%), food ingredients (17.1%), soy sauce (9.4%), and other condiments/seasonings (10.2%). More types of salted condiments/seasonings use were related to higher sodium level. CONCLUSIONS: The sodium levels in Chinese restaurant dishes are extremely high and variable. In addition to cooking salt, other salted condiments/seasonings also contribute a large proportion of sodium. Coordinated sodium reduction initiatives targeting the main sources of sodium in restaurant dishes are urgently needed.

Disparities in fresh fruit and vegetable intake by sociodemographic and behavioural factors among adults in China.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the associations of sociodemographic and behavioural factors with fruit and vegetable consumption among adults in China. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: A 2015 wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. PARTICIPANTS: Totally, 11 910 adults aged 18 to 64 years. RESULTS: Adjusted log binomial regression analyses showed that adults with higher income levels had higher fruit intake than those with low income levels (medium income group, risk ratio (RR): 1·28; 95 % CI: 1·16, 1·41; high income group, RR: 1·58; 95 % CI: 1·43, 1·74). Current smokers had lower fruit intake than non-smokers (RR: 0·86; 95 % CI: 0·77, 0·96). Adults living in southern China had higher vegetable intake (RR: 1·88; 95 % CI: 1·76, 2·01) but lower fruit intake (RR: 0·85; 95 % CI: 0·79, 0·91) than adults in northern China. With increasing age, adults had higher fruit intake (50-64 years, RR: 1·20; 95 % CI: 1·09, 1·33; reference category 18-34 years) and higher vegetable intake (35-49 years, RR: 1·13; 95 % CI: 1·05, 1·22; 50-64 years, RR: 1·22; 95 % CI: 1·13, 1·31). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings identify a range of sociodemographic and behavioural factors associated with fruit and vegetable consumption among Chinese adults. They also point to the need for public health nutrition interventions for socially disadvantaged populations in China.

Sensing Leakage of Electrolytes from Magnesium Batteries Enabled by Natural AIEgens.

The potential for leakage of liquid electrolytes from magnesium (Mg) batteries represents a large hurdle to future application. Despite this, there are no efficient sensing technologies to detect the leakage of liquid electrolytes. Here, we developed a sensor using laccaic acid (L-AIEgen), a naturally occurring aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgens) isolated from the beetle Laccifer lacca. L-AIEgen showed good selectivity and sensitivity for Mg2+, a universal component of electrolytes in Mg batteries. Using L-AIEgen, we then produced a smart film (L-AIE-F) that was able to sense leakage of electrolytes from Mg batteries. L-AIE-F showed a strong "turn-on" AIE-active fluorescence at the leakage point of electrolyte from model Mg batteries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that AIE technology has been used to sense the leakage of electrolytes.