Boosting the Electrical Performance of PLA-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Sustainable Power Sources and Self-Powered Sensing.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a promising technology for harvesting mechanical energy from the ambient environment. However, developing tribopositive materials with strong piezoelectric effects and high electron-donating ability still remains a challenge. Herein, poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (mPEG) to soft poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is adopted, then PLA/mPEG nanofibers are fabricated under electrospinning and used as the tribopositive material for fabricating robust power density TENGs. The crystallinity and dynamic mechanical properties of PLA/mPEG nanofibers are investigated. The results revealed that the incorporation of mPEG provided an effective approach to elevate the electron-donating ability and charge transfer efficiency in PLA. The PLA/mPEG-based TENGs achieved a high open-circuit voltage of 342.8 V, a short-circuit current of 38.5 µA, and a maximum power density of 116.21 W m-2 over a 2 cm2 contact area at an external load of 106 Ω, respectively. Strikingly, excellent stability and durability are demonstrated after continuous cycles up to 104 cycles. Noteworthy, the TENGs are explored for self-powered sensing applications, with seven TENG units integrated to act as self-powered sensors playing music through buzzers when pressed by fingers. Eventually, this work provides new insights into tuning the structures and properties of electrospun polymers to reinforce the TENG output and self-powered systems.

Ultrastrong and Reusable Solar‒Thermal‒Electric Generators by Economical Starch Vitrimers.

In frigid regions, it is imperative to possess functionality materials that are ultrastrong, reusable, and economical, providing self-generated heat and electricity. One promising solution is a solar‒thermal‒electric (STE) generator, composed of solar‒thermal conversion phase change composites (PCCs) and temperature-difference power-generation-sheets. However, the existing PCCs face challenges with conflicting requirements for solar‒thermal conversion efficiency and mechanical robustness, mainly due to monotonous functionalized aerogel framework. Herein, a novel starch vitrimer aerogel is proposed that incorporates orientational distributed carboxylated carbon nanotubes (CCNT) to create PCC. This innovative design integrates large through-holes, mechanical robustness, and superior solar‒thermal conversion. Remarkably, PCC with only 0.8 wt.% CCNT loading achieves 85.8 MPa compressive strength, 102.4 °C at 200 mW cm-2 irradiation with an impressive 92.9% solar-thermal conversion efficiency. Noteworthy, the STE generator assembled with PCC harvests 99.1 W m-2 output power density, surpassing other reported STE generators. Strikingly, even under harsh conditions of -10 °C and 10 mW cm‒2 irradiation, the STE generator maintains 20 °C for PCC with 325 mV output voltage and 45 mA current, showcasing enhanced electricity generation in colder environments. This study introduces a groundbreaking STE generator, paving the way for self-sufficient heat and electricity supply in cold regions.

Low-Temperature Rapid Polymerization of Intrinsic Conducting PAD/OC Hydrogels with a Self-Adhesive and Sensitive Sensor for Outdoor Damage Repair and Detection.

Intrinsic conducting hydrogels fabricated in situ at low temperatures with self-adhesive properties and excellent flexibility hold significant promise for energy applications and outdoor damage repair. However, challenges such as low polymerization rate and self adhesion, insufficient ionic conductivity, inflexibility, and poor stability under extreme cold conditions have hindered their utilization as high-performance sensors. In this study, we designed an intrinsic conducting hydrogel (PADOC) composed of acrylic acid, acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride, N,N'-methylenebis(2-propenamide), self-fabricated oxidized curdlan (OC), and a water/glycerol binary solvent. The novel hydrogel exhibited rapid gelation (30 s) at 0 °C facilitated by the promotion of OC, without the need for external energy input. Our findings from FT-IR, NMR, XPS, XRD, EPR spectra, MS, and DSC analyses revealed that OC underwent selective oxidation via the evolved Fenton reaction at 30 °C, serving as bioaccelerators for PAD polymerization. Due to OC's reductive structure and increased solubility, the reaction activation energy of the PAD polymerization reaction significantly reduced from 103.2 to 54.4 kJ/mol. PADOC ionic hydrogels demonstrated an electrical conductivity of 1.00 S/m, 0.7% low hysteresis, 39.6 kPa self-adhesive strength, and 923% strain-at-break and kept even at -20 °C owing to dense hydrogen and ionic bonds between PAD and OC chains. Furthermore, PADOC ionic hydrogels exhibited antifatigue properties for 10 cycles (0-100%) due to electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Remarkably, using a self-designed device, the rapid polymerization of PADOC effectively repaired copper pipeline leakage under 86 kPa pressure and detected 1% strain variation as a strain sensor. This study opens a new avenue for the rapid gelation of self-adhesive and flexible intrinsic conducting hydrogels with robust sensor performance.

Reactive extrusion fabrication of thermoplastic starch with Ca2+ heterodentate coordination structure for harvesting multiple-reusable PBAT/TPS films.

Creating multiple-reusable PBAT/TPS (PT) films presents a novel solution to reduce carbon emissions from disposable packaging, addressing challenges like the high creep of PBAT and the glycerol migration of TPS. Consequently, adopting reactive extrusion to fabricate reversible cross-linking TPS with high shape memory performance, low migration, and homogeneous dispersion in PBAT matrix was a fascinating strategy. Herein, starch, glycerol and CaCl2 (calcium chloride) were extruded to fabricate TPS-Ca with Ca2+ heterodentate coordination structure and confirmed by XPS, 1H NMR and temperature-dependent FTIR. The results of DMA, dynamic rheology, flow activation energy and SEM revealed that TPS-Ca exhibited significant temperature-sensitive reversible properties and robust melt flow capability, enabling micro-nano scale dispersion in PBAT. Noteworthy, PBAT/TPS-Ca (PT-Ca) would recover 100 % length within 20 s by microwave heating after being loaded under the hygrothermal environment. Meanwhile, the migration weight of glycerol decreased from 2.5 % to 1.2 % for the heat-moisture-treated PBAT/TPS (HPT) and PBAT/TPS-Ca (HPTCa). Remarkably, the tensile strength and elongation at the break of HPT-Ca increased to 20.0 MPa and 924 %, respectively, due to reduced stress concentration sites in the phase interface. In summary, our study provides a streamlined strategy for fabricating multiple-reusable PT, offering a sustainable solution to eliminate carbon emissions linked to disposable plastic.

Adopting the "Missile boats-Aircraft carrier" strategy via human-contact friendly oxidized starch to achieve rapid-sustainably antibacterial paperboards.

Polysaccharide-based antibacterial agents have received tremendous attention for the facile fabrication, low toxicity, and high compatibility with carbohydrate polymers. However, the antimicrobial mechanism, activity, and cytotoxicity for human-contact paperboards of oxidized starch (OST) with high carboxyl content, has not been explored. Herein, OST-27- 75 with 27- 75 wt% carboxyl contents were fabricated by H2O2 and coated on paperboards. Strikingly, OST-55 coating layer (16 g/m2) did not exfoliate from paperboard and possessed the rapid-sustainable antibacterial performance against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The soluble and insoluble components of OST-55 (OST55-S: OST55-IS mass ratio = 1: 2.1) presented different antimicrobial features and herein they were characterized by GC-MS, FT-IR, H-NMR, XRD, bacteriostatic activities, biofilm formation inhibition and intracellular constituent leakage to survey the antibacterial mechanism. The results revealed OST55-S displayed an amorphous structure and possessed superior antibacterial activity against S. aureus (MIC = 4 mg/mL) and E. coli (MIC = 8 mg/mL). Distinctively, OST55-S could rapidly ionize [H+] like "missile boats" from small molecule saccharides, while OST55-IS polyelectrolyte could continuously and slowly release for [H+] like an "aircraft carrier" to inhibit biofilm formation and disrupt cell structure. Eventually, the "Missile boats-Aircraft carrier" strategy provided a green methodology to fabricate polymeric antibacterial agents and expanded the use of cellulose-based materials.

Stretch-Induced Robust Intrinsic Antibacterial Thermoplastic Gelatin Organohydrogel for a Thermoenhanced Supercapacitor and Mono-gauge-factor Sensor.

Sustainable organohydrogel electronics have shown promise in resolving the electronic waste (e-waste) evoked by traditional chemical cross-linking hydrogels. Herein, thermoplastic-recycled gelatin/oxidized starch (OST)/glycerol/ZnCl2 organohydrogels (GOGZs) were fabricated by introducing the anionic polyelectrolyte OST and solvent exchange strategy to construct noncovalently cross-linking networks. Benefiting from the electrostatic interaction and hydrogen and coordination bonds, GOGZ possessed triple-supramolecular interactions and a continuous ion transport pathway, which resulted in excellent thermoplasticity and high ionic conductivities and mechanical and antibacterial properties. Because of the thermally induced phase transition of gelatin, GOGZ exhibited isotropic-ionic conductivity with a positive temperature coefficient and realized intrinsic affinity with the activated carbon electrode for fabricating a double-layer structure supercapacitor. These novel features significantly decreased the impedance (3.71 Ω) and facilitated the flexible supercapacitors to achieve thermoenhanced performance with 4.89 Wh kg-1 energy density and 49.2 F g-1 specific mass capacitance at 65 °C. Fantastically, the GOGZ-based stress sensor exhibited a monolinear gauge factor (R2 = 0.999) at its full-range strain (0 to 350%), and its sensitivity increased with the thermoplastic-recycled times. Consequently, this sustainable and temperature-sensitive sensor (-40 to 60 °C) could serve as health monitoring wearable devices with excellent reliability (R2 = 0.999) at tiny strain. Moreover, GOGZ could achieve efficient self-enhancement by stretch-induced alignment. The sustained weighted load, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the stretch-induced GOGZ were 6 kg/g, 2.37 MPa, and 300%, respectively. This self-enhanced feature indicated that GOGZ can be utilized as an artificial muscle. Eventually, GOGZ obtained high intrinsic antibiosis (Dinhibition circle > 25 mm) by a binding species (-COO-NH3+-) from COOH in OST and NH2 in gelatin, freezing resistance, and water retention. In summary, this study provided an effective strategy to fabricate thermoplastic-recycled organohydrogels for multifunctional sustainable electronics with novel performance.

Facile fabrication of reusable starch sponge with adjustable crosslinked networks for efficient nest-trap and in situ photodegrade methylene blue.

The fabrication of reusable natural polysaccharide sponges with nanoscale dispersed photocatalysts to achieve robust photocatalytic efficiency is desirable yet challenging. Herein, inspired by the nesting behavior when fishing, we designed reusable starch sponge with chemically anchored nano-ZnO into carboxylated starch matrix by thermoplastic interfacial reactions and solvent replacement for absorbing and photodegrading methylene blue (MB) in situ. The plasticization and interfacial reactions promoted a simultaneous increase in the reactivity of the starch hydroxyl/carboxyl groups and the specific surface area of ZnO. Meanwhile, the crosslinked networks of starch sponge could be adjusted by varying the ZnO and carboxylic groups contents. The results of photodegradation experiments revealed the recyclable closed-loop process of attraction-trapping-photodegradation of MB was successfully realized, achieving the effect of killing three birds with one stone. The reusable starch sponge with homogeneous dispersion of nano-ZnO by constructing three-dimensional porous channels possessed the high enrichment capacity and the remarkable photocatalysis efficiency with 150 mg/L ZnO. Under UV irradiation, the starch sponge degraded 97 % of MB with 1.67 × 10-3 min-1 photodegradation rate constant even after five cycles, which exceeded most existing photocatalytic systems. Overall, the reusable starch sponge with adjustable structure provided new insights for multifunctional bio-based photocatalyst loading systems.

Extrusion-blown oxidized starch/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) biodegradable active films with adequate material properties and antimicrobial activities for chilled pork preservation.

Food safety concerns from spoilage and non-degradable packaging risk human health. Progress made in biodegradable plastic films, but limited study on biomass composite films with favorable morphological, mechanical, and inherent antibacterial properties for fresh meat preservation. Herein, we present a versatile packaging film created through the extrusion blowing process, combining oxidized starch (OST) with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). SEM analysis revealed even distribution of spherical OST particles on film's surface. FTIR spectra revealed new intermolecular hydrogen bonds between OST and PBAT. While combining OST slightly reduced tensile properties, all composite films met the required strength of 16.5 ± 1.39 MPa. Notably, films with 40 % OST showed over 98 % antibacterial rate against Staphylococcus aureus within 2 h. pH wasn't the main cause of bacterial growth inhibition; OST hindered growth by interfering with nutrient absorption and metabolism due to its carboxyl groups. Additionally, OST disrupted bacterial membrane integrity and cytoplasmic membrane potential. Remarkably, the OST/PBAT film excellently preserved chilled fresh pork, maintaining TVB-N level at 12.6 mg/100 g on day 6, microbial count at 105 CFU/g within 6-10 days, and sensory properties for 8 days. It extended pork's shelf life by two days compared to polyethylene film, suggesting an alternative to a synthetic material.

Multifunction E-Skin Based on MXene-PA-Hydrogel for Human Behavior Monitoring.

Hydrogels have attracted significant attention in various fields, such as smart sensing, human-machine interaction, and biomedicines, due to their excellent flexibility and versatility. However, current hydrogel electronic skins are still limited in stretchability, and their sensing functionality is often single-purpose, making it difficult to meet the requirements of complex environments and multitasking. In this study, we developed an MXene nanoplatelet and phytic acid-coreinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite, denoted as MXene-PA-PVA. The strong hydrogen bonds formed by the interaction of the different components and the enhancement of chain entanglement result in a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the PVA/PA/MXene composite hydrogel. This improvement is reflected in an increase of 271.43% in the maximum tensile strain and 35.29% in the maximum fracture stress. Moreover, the composite hydrogel exhibits excellent adhesion, water retention, heat resistance, and conductivity properties. The PVA/PA composite material combined with MXene demonstrates great potential for use as multifunctional sensors for strain and temperature detection with a strain-sensing sensitivity of 3.23 and a resistance temperature coefficient of 8.67. By leveraging the multifunctional characteristics of this composite hydrogel, electronic skin can accurately monitor human behavior and physiological reactions. This advancement opens up new possibilities for flexible electronic devices and human-machine interactions in the future.

Adjusting hydrogen bond by Lever Principle to achieve high performance starch-based biodegradable films with low migration quantity.

To adopt carbohydrate polymers as biodegradable plastic is a promising strategy to eliminate the pollution evoked by oil-based plastics. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) with different glycerol and tartaric acid (TA) contents were prepared by twin-screw extrusion, then extruded with poly (butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) to obtain PBAT/TPS. A "Lever Principle" was adopted for adjusting the hydrogen bond strength of TPS by varying TA and glycerol contents which influenced the blocking force, mechanical properties and migration quantity of PBAT/TPS (PT) films manufactured by film blowing. Noteworthy, as the glycerol content decreased from 27.5 to 15 %, with 25 times "Lever Principle" for increasing TA content, the migration weight and blocking force decreased from 5.8 % and 58.4 × 10-4 N/mm for HPT0.5-27.5 to 1.7 % and 29.1 × 10-4 N/mm for HPT0.5-15 with 15.2 MPa tensile strength. This study adopted "Lever Principle" to adjust hydrogen bond strength, which could realize the good performance with low migration quantity for biodegradable PT films.

Ultrasound-activable piezoelectric membranes for accelerating wound healing.

Ultrasonic energy harvesting technologies have gained much attention for biomedical applications due to their several desirable features including low-energy attenuation and strong penetration capability. In this work, flexible piezoelectric poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE))/barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) membranes, capable of converting ultrasound energy to electric energy, were fabricated by an electrospinning process and their effects on the wound healing behaviors with/without ultrasonic stimulation were investigated. The piezoelectric membranes showed excellent electric outputs and can be used as a sustainable power source to quickly charge LEDs and capacitors. The penetration capability of ultrasound waves was investigated by implanting the membranes at different depths of porcine tissue. The membrane was able to generate a high voltage of 8.22 V even at a depth of 4.5 cm. Furthermore, ultrasonic stimulation on the piezoelectric membranes facilitated the proliferation and migration of the fibroblasts, and a cell migration rate of 92.6% was obtained after 24 h in the cell migration test. Under ultrasonic vibration, the electric field generated from the membranes accelerated the wound closure rate in an animal wound model. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of the flexible piezoelectric membranes in stimulating cellular behaviors, which may provide a new therapeutic strategy for wound care.

Improved antibacterial and mechanical performances of carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber via interface reaction of oxidized starch.

To fabricate antibacterial activity and simultaneous strengthened and toughened carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) composites, starch was oxidized by H2O2 to achieve oxidized starch (OST) with different carboxyl content, meanwhile, ZnO were utilized to promote the in-situ interfacial reaction for improving compatibility of starch and XNBR. The formation of ionic cross-link networks and "Zinc-carboxylate polymers" in the XNBR/OST/ZnO composites were confirmed by FT-IR, XRD, XPS, SEM-EDS and TEM. Interestingly, because of the carboxyl groups of OSTs which provided a low pH surroundings to inhibit the growth of bacteria, XNBR/OST/ZnO composites achieved a significant antibacterial activity. Noteworthy, the sulfur-free XNBR composites achieved 3.04 and 1.99 times increase for tensile strength and elongation at break compared with neat XNBR. The mechanism of simultaneous strengthened and toughened for composites had been proposed. These new sustainable, green and facile fabricated XNBR/OST/ZnO could be utilized as the medical protective appliance to against the bacteria.

Using cellulose nanocrystals as sustainable additive to enhance mechanical and shape memory properties of PLA/ENR thermoplastic vulcanizates.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) show great potential in polymers due to their sustainability and excellent mechanical properties, etc. Herein, we used CNC as sustainable additive to improve mechanical and shape memory properties of polylactide (PLA)/epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs). A method of combining latex mixing and melt mixing was used to achieve homogeneous dispersion of CNC. With only 5 phr (relative to ENR) CNC, tensile strength, Young's modulus and dynamic storage modulus at 20 ℃ increased by 22 %, 64 % and 78 % compared with unfilled sample. The shape recovery behavior also improved with the incorporation of CNC, which increased from 87.4 % of unfilled TPV to 91.7 % of sample with 5 phr CNC. Moreover, the decline of Rr in the subsequent cycles also reduced with incorporation of CNC. These results indicate that the enhanced cross-linked rubber network and increased crystallinity of PLA contributed to the enhanced properties.

Fabrication of bimodal open-porous poly (butylene succinate)/cellulose nanocrystals composite scaffolds for tissue engineering application.

The design of porous tissue engineering scaffold with multiscale open-pore architecture (i.e., bimodal structure) promotes cell attachment and growth, which facilitates nutrient and oxygen diffusion. In this study, a porous poly (butylene succinate) (PBS)/cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) composite scaffold with a well-defined controllable bimodal open-pore interconnected structure was successfully fabricated. The bimodal open-porous scaffold architecture was designed by synergistic control of temperature variation and a two-step depressurization in a supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) foaming process. The microstructure and properties of the bimodal open-porous PBS/CNCs scaffold, such as morphology, open porosity, hydrophilic and degradation performance, and mechanical compression properties, were analyzed. In the experiments, the scaffold with unimodal pore structure was used for comparison. The results showed that the bimodal open-porous PBS5 scaffold displayed a well-defined bimodal open-pore structure composed of large pore (~68.9 µm in diameter) and small pore (~11.0 µm in diameter), with a high open porosity (~95.2%). In addition, the scaffolds exhibited good mechanical compressive properties (compressive strength of 2.76 MPa at 50% strain), hydrophilicity (water contact angle of 71.7 °C) and in vitro degradation rate. Moreover, in vitro biocompatibility was determined with NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells using MTT assay and live/dead cell viability assay. Results indicated that the obtained bimodal open-porous scaffolds had a good biocompatibility and the viability of cells grown on the scaffolds reached up to 98% after 7th day of culture. Therefore, our work provides new insights into the use of biodegradable polymeric composite scaffolds with bimodal open-pore structure and balanced properties in tissue engineering.

Fabrication of innovative thermoplastic starch bio-elastomer to achieve high toughness poly(butylene succinate) composites.

Sustainable biodegradable polymers with high performances is the optimized alternatives for resolving environmental key issues evoked by petroleum-based polymer. A novel bio-based elastomer was designed and developed using reactive extrusion for the mixtures of starch, glycerol and tartaric acid (TPS-TA). Then TPS-TA was extruded with PBS (30:70, wt%) to fabricate the bio-composites and the impact strength of PBS/TPS-TA was superior to that of PBS. The toughness mechanism was explored by analyzing the properties variations for the TPS-TA and PBS matrix, and their interfacial adhesion, systematically. Effects of TA on the structure of TPS and compatibility for PBS were evaluated by FT-IR, viscosity measurement, DSC, DMA and SEM, respectively. They revealed that TA reduced the molecular weight of starch and shear viscosity of TPS were beneficial for TPS-TA uniformly dispersing in PBS matrix as ellipse feature with 0.5 um averaged diameter. Simultaneously, TA also served as coupling effect to improve the compatibility of TPS and PBS matrix, and induce the morphology of bio-composites to transform from "sea-island" structure to homogeneous phase. Interesting, TPS-TA could depress the crystallization capability of PBS by the results of DSC, XRD and POM, which evidenced that the variations in the crystallization properties of PBS matrix are not responded to the impact strength improvement of PBS/TPS-TA. This study proposed a facile approach to fabricate low-cost PBS bio-composites with significant improved mechanical properties.

Superhydrophobic SiC/CNTs Coatings with Photothermal Deicing and Passive Anti-Icing Properties.

For faster and greener anti-icing/deicing, a new generation of anti-icing materials are expected to possess both passive anti-icing properties and active deicing properties. The photothermal effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is used in the field of photothermal cancer therapy, while the application in anti-icing/deicing is seldom investigated. Superhydrophobic SiC/CNTs coatings with photothermal deicing and passive anti-icing properties were first prepared by a simple spray-coating method. The results of 3D profile and microstructure observed via scanning electron microscopy demonstrate that the micronanostructure combined with peaklike SiC microstructure and villiform CNTs nanostructure makes the coatings surface superhydrophobic, exhibiting a water contact angle of up to 161° and a roll angle as low as 2°. This micronanostructure can also reduce ice anchoring and ice adhesion strength. Utilizing the photothermal effect of CNTs, the surface temperature of the coatings is rapidly increased upon near-infrared light (808 nm) irradiation. The heat is transferred rapidly to the surroundings by highly thermal conductive CNTs. The light-to-heat conversion efficiency in deicing tests is approximately 50.94%, achieving a highly efficient remote deicing effect. This superhydrophobic coating combining photothermal deicing and passive anti-icing properties is expected to be further used in various practical applications and in development of a new generation of anti-icing/deicing coatings.

Ultrathin Beta-Nickel hydroxide nanosheets grown along multi-walled carbon nanotubes: A novel nanohybrid for enhancing flame retardancy and smoke toxicity suppression of unsaturated polyester resin.

Novel nanohybrid (ß-Ni(OH)2-CNTs) obtained by ultrathin Beta-Nickel hydroxide (ß-Ni(OH)2) nanosheets grown along multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was successfully synthesized and then incorporated into UPR to prepare UPR/ß-Ni(OH)2-CNTs nanocomposites. Structure of ß-Ni(OH)2-CNTs nanohybrid was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy measurements. Compared with single CNTs or ß-Ni(OH)2, the dispersion of ß-Ni(OH)2-CNTs in UPR was improved greatly. And the UPR/ß-Ni(OH)2-CNTs nanocomposites exhibited significant improvements in flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties, including decreased peak heat release rate by 39.79%, decreased total heat release by 44.87%, decreased smoke release rate by 29.86%, and increased tensile strength by 12.1%. Moreover, the amount of toxic volatile from UPR nanocomposites decomposition was dramatically reduced, and smoke generation was effectively inhibited during combustion. The dramatical reduction of fire hazards can be ascribed to the good dispersion, the catalytic charring effect of ß-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets and physical barrier effect of stable network structure consisted of ß-Ni(OH)2 and CNTs.