Topographic metabolism-function relationships in Alzheimer's disease: A simultaneous PET/MRI study.

Disruptions of neural metabolism and function occur in parallel during Alzheimer's disease (AD). While many studies have shown diverse metabolic-functional relationships in specific brain regions, much less is known about how large-scale network-level functional activity is associated with the topology of metabolism in AD. In this study, we took the advantages of simultaneous PET/MRI and multivariate analyses to investigate the associations between AD-related stereotypical spatial patterns (topographies) of glucose metabolism, measured by fluorodeoxyglucose PET, and functional connectivity, measured by resting-state functional MRI. A total of 101 participants, including 37 patients with AD, 25 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 39 cognitively normal controls, underwent PET/MRI scans and cognitive assessments. Three pairs of distinct but optimally correlated metabolic and functional topographies were identified, encompassing large-scale networks including the default-mode, executive and control, salience, attention, and subcortical networks. Importantly, the metabolic-functional associations were not only limited to one-to-one-corresponding regions, but also occur in remote and non-overlapping regions. Furthermore, both glucose metabolism and functional connectivity, as well as their linkages, exhibited various degrees of disruptions in patients with MCI and AD, and were correlated with cognitive decline. In conclusion, our results support distributed and heterogeneous topographic associations between metabolism and function, which are jeopardized by AD. Findings of this study may deepen our understanding of the pathological mechanism of AD through the perspectives of both local energy efficiency and long-term interactions between synaptic disruption and functional disconnection contributing to the clinical symptomatology in AD.

Integrating TSPO PET imaging and transcriptomics to unveil the role of neuroinflammation and amyloid-ß deposition in Alzheimer's disease.

PURPOSE: Despite the revealed role of immunological dysfunctions in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through animal and postmortem investigations, direct evidence regarding the impact of genetic factors on microglia response and amyloid-ß (Aß) deposition in AD individuals is lacking. This study aims to elucidate this mechanism by integrating transcriptomics and TSPO, Aß PET imaging in clinical AD cohort. METHODS: We analyzed 85 patients with PET/MR imaging for microglial activation (TSPO, [18F]DPA-714) and Aß ([18F]AV-45) within the prospective Alzheimer's Disease Immunization and Microbiota Initiative Study Cohort (ADIMIC). Immune-related differentially expressed genes (IREDGs), identified based on AlzData, were screened and verified using blood samples from ADIMIC. Correlation and mediation analyses were applied to investigate the relationships between immune-related genes expression, TSPO and Aß PET imaging. RESULTS: TSPO uptake increased significantly both in aMCI (P < 0.05) and AD participants (P < 0.01) and showed a positive correlation with Aß deposition (r = 0.42, P < 0.001). Decreased expression of TGFBR3, FABP3, CXCR4 and CD200 was observed in AD group. CD200 expression was significantly negatively associated with TSPO PET uptake (r =-0.33, P = 0.013). Mediation analysis indicated that CD200 acted as a significant mediator between TSPO uptake and Aß deposition (total effect B = 1.92, P = 0.004) and MMSE score (total effect B =-54.01, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: By integrating transcriptomics and TSPO PET imaging in the same clinical AD cohort, this study revealed CD200 played an important role in regulating neuroinflammation, Aß deposition and cognitive dysfunction.

Prediction of M3 B4 -type MBenes as Promising Catalysts for CO2 Capture and Reduction.

The rational design of novel catalysts with high activity and selectivity for carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2 RR) is highly desired. In this work, we have extensive investigations on the properties of two-dimensional transition metal borides (MBenes) to achieve efficient CO2 capture and reduction through first-principles calculations. The results show that all the investigated M3 B4 -type MBene exhibit remarkable CO2 capture and activation abilities, which proved to be derived from the lone pair of electrons on the MBene surface. Then, we emphasize that the investigated MBenes can further selectively reduce activated CO2 to CH4 . Moreover, a new linear scaling relationship of the adsorption energies of potential-determining intermediates (*OCH2 O and *HOCH2 O) versus ΔG(*OCHO) has been established, where the CO2 RR limiting potentials on MBenes are determined by the different fitting slopes of ΔG(*OCH2 O) and ΔG(*HOCHO), allowing significantly lower limiting potentials to be achieved compared to transition metals. Especially, two promising CO2 RR catalysts (Mo3 B4 and Cr3 B4 MBene) exist quite low limiting potentials of -0.48 V and -0.66 V, as well as competitive selectivity concerning hydrogen evolution reactions have been identified. Our research results make future advances in CO2 capture by MBenes easier and exploit the applications of Mo3 B4 and Cr3 B4 MBenes as novel CO2 RR catalysts.

Neurometabolic topography and associations with cognition in Alzheimer's disease: A whole-brain high-resolution 3D MRSI study.

INTRODUCTION: Altered neurometabolism, detectable via proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI), is spatially heterogeneous and underpins cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the spatial relationships between neurometabolic topography and cognitive impairment in AD remain unexplored due to technical limitations. METHODS: We used a novel whole-brain high-resolution 1H-MRSI technique, with simultaneously acquired 18F-florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, to investigate the relationship between neurometabolic topography and cognitive functions in 117 participants, including 22 prodromal AD, 51 AD dementia, and 44 controls. RESULTS: Prodromal AD and AD dementia patients exhibited spatially distinct reductions in N-acetylaspartate, and increases in myo-inositol. Reduced N-acetylaspartate and increased myo-inositol were associated with worse global cognitive performance, and N-acetylaspartate correlated with five specific cognitive scores. Neurometabolic topography provides biological insights into diverse cognitive dysfunctions. DISCUSSION: Whole-brain high-resolution 1H-MRSI revealed spatially distinct neurometabolic topographies associated with cognitive decline in AD, suggesting potential for noninvasive brain metabolic imaging to track AD progression. HIGHLIGHTS: Whole-brain high-resolution 1H-MRSI unveils neurometabolic topography in AD. Spatially distinct reductions in NAA, and increases in mI, are demonstrated. NAA and mI topography correlates with global cognitive performance. NAA topography correlates with specific cognitive performance.

An artificial-intelligence-based age-specific template construction framework for brain structural analysis using magnetic resonance images.

It is an essential task to construct brain templates and analyze their anatomical structures in neurological and cognitive science. Generally, templates constructed from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a group of subjects can provide a standard reference space for analyzing the structural and functional characteristics of the group. With recent development of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, it is desirable to explore AI registration methods for quantifying age-specific brain variations and tendencies across different ages. In this article, we present an AI-based age-specific template construction (called ASTC) framework for longitudinal structural brain analysis using T1-weighted MRIs of 646 subjects from 18 to 82 years old collected from four medical centers. Altogether, 13 longitudinal templates were constructed at a 5-year age interval using ASTC, and tissue segmentation and substructure parcellation were performed for analysis across different age groups. The results indicated consistent changes in brain structures along with aging and demonstrated the capability of ASTC for longitudinal neuroimaging study.

Photocatalytic Oxidative Coupling of Methane to Ethane Using Water and Oxygen on Ag3PO4-ZnO.

Photocatalytic oxidative coupling is an effective way of converting CH4 to high-value-added multi-carbon chemicals under mild conditions, where the breaking of the C-H bond is the main rate-limiting step. In this paper, the Ag3PO4-ZnO heterostructure photocatalyst was synthesized for photocatalytic oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to C2H6. In addition, an excellent C2H6 yield (16.62 mmol g-1 h-1) and a remarkable apparent quantum yield (15.8% at 350 nm) at 49:1 CH4/Air and 20% RH are obtained, which is more than three times that of the state-of-the-art photocatalytic systems. Ag3PO4 improves the adsorption and dissociation ability of O2 and H2O, benefiting the formation of surface hydroxyl species. As a result, the C-H bond activation energy of CH4 on ZnO was obviously reduced. Meanwhile, the improved separation of photogenerated carriers on the Ag3PO4-ZnO heterostructure also accelerates the OCM process. Moreover, Ag nanoparticles (NPs) derived from Ag3PO4 reduction by photoelectrons promote the coupling of *CH3, which can inhibit the overoxidation of CH4 and increase C2H6 selectivity. This research provides a guide for the design of catalyst and reaction systems in the photocatalytic OCM process.

Simultaneous Generation of Ammonia during Nitrile Waste Gas Purification over a Silver Single-Atom-Doped Ceria Catalyst.

Catalytic elimination of toxic nitrile waste gas is of great significance for preserving the atmospheric environment, but achieving resource utilization during its destruction has been less explored. Herein, this study proposed a universal strategy for nitrile waste gas purification and NH3 generation simultaneously. The developed silver single-atom-doped ceria nanorod (Ag1/R-CeO2) was endowed with near complete mineralization and around 90% NH3 yield at 300-350 °C for the catalytic oxidation of both acetonitrile and acrylonitrile. The introduction of the Ag single atom created more surface oxygen vacancies, thereby promoting water activation to form abundant surface hydroxyl groups. As a benefit from this, the hydrolysis reaction of nitrile to generate NH3 was accelerated. Meanwhile, the electron transfer effect from the Ag atom to Ce and hydroxyl species facilitated NH3 desorption, which inhibited the oxidation of NH3. Moreover, the increased surface oxygen vacancies also promoted the mineralization of hydrolysis carbonaceous intermediates to CO2. In contrast, the Ag nanoparticle-modified sample possessed stronger reducibility and NH3 adsorption, leading to the excessive oxidation of NH3 to N2 and NOx. This work provided a useful guidance for resourceful purification of nitrile waste gas.

Highly Selective Nitrite Hydrogenation to Ammonia over Iridium Nanoclusters: Competitive Adsorption Mechanism.

Wet denitrification is a promising approach to control nitrogen oxides (NOx) produced in fossil fuel combustion. Yet, the highly concentrated nitrite (NO2-) wastewater generated poses a major threat to the aqueous environment. Here, iridium nanoclusters (d = 1.63 nm) deposited on TiO2 were applied for NO2- reduction to ammonia (NRA), showing an exceptional NH4+ selectivity of 95% and a production rate of 20.51 mgN·L-1·h-1, which held significant potential for NO2- wastewater purification and ammonia resource recovery. Notably, an interesting non-first-order NO2- hydrogenation kinetics was observed, which was further confirmed to result from the competitive adsorption mechanism between H2 and NO2- over iridium. The NRA pathways on the Ir(111) surface were explored via density functional theory calculations with the NO2-* → NO* → HNO* → HNOH* → H2NOH* → NH2* → NH3* identified as the most energetically favorable pathway and the NO* → HNO* confirmed as the rate-determining step. In situ DRIFTS further experimentally verified the generation of HNO* intermediate during NO* hydrogenation on Ir(111). To verify NRA kinetics at varied NO2- concentrations or H2 pressures, a kinetic model was derived based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood competitive adsorption mechanism. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the NRA pathways on Ir nanocatalysts, which will be beneficial for wet denitrification waste stream decontamination and valorization.

Photocatalytic Oxidative Coupling of Methane over Au1 Ag Single-Atom Alloy Modified ZnO with Oxygen and Water Vapor: Synergy of Gold and Silver.

C-H dissociation and C-C coupling are two key steps in converting CH4 into multi-carbon compounds. Here we report a synergy of Au and Ag to greatly promote C2 H6 formation over Au1 Ag single-atom alloy nanoparticles (Au1 Ag NPs)-modified ZnO catalyst via photocatalytic oxidative coupling of methane (POCM) with O2 and H2 O. Atomically dispersed Au in Au1 Ag NPs effectively promotes the dissociation of O2 and H2 O into *OOH, promoting C-H activation of CH4 on the photogenerated O- to form *CH3 . Electron-deficient Au single atoms, as hopping ladders, also facilitate the migration of electron donor *CH3 from ZnO to Au1 Ag NPs. Finally, *CH3 coupling can readily occur on Ag atoms of Au1 Ag NPs. An excellent C2 H6 yield of 14.0 mmol g-1 h-1 with a selectivity of 79 % and an apparent quantum yield of 14.6 % at 350 nm is obtained via POCM with O2 and H2 O, which is at least two times that of the photocatalytic system. The bimetallic synergistic strategy offers guidance for future catalyst design for POCM with O2 and H2 O.

Application of neutral-density filters to nonuniformity correction.

Two-point nonuniformity correction (NUC) is the most effective and commonly used algorithm for scientific and commercial infrared imagers. However, conventional two-point NUC requires two references at different levels of flux, which are sometimes difficult to obtain. To overcome this drawback, a neutral-density filter based solution for two-point NUC of cooled infrared focal plane arrays is proposed in this paper. Benefiting from the specially designed filters and an additional concave mirror, NUC can be conducted by using a single reference at ambient temperature. Several experiments were conducted to validate the performance of the proposed NUC method. The results indicate that it yields excellent performance compared with conventional NUC methods; moreover it is more economical and convenient in various applications.

Perturbation of longitudinal relaxation rate in rotating frame (PLRF) analysis for quantification of chemical exchange saturation transfer signal in a transient state.

PURPOSE: To develop a novel analytical method for quantification of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) in the transient state. The proposed method aims to reduce the effects of non-chemical-exchange (non-CE) parameters on the CEST signal, emphasizing the effect of chemical exchange. METHODS: The difference in the longitudinal relaxation rate in the rotating frame ( ΔR1ρ) was calculated based on perturbation of the Z-value by R1ρ, and a saturation-pulse-amplitude-compensated exchange-dependent relaxation rate (SPACER) was determined with a high-exchange-rate approximation. In both phantom and human subject experiments, MTRasym (representative of the traditional CEST index), ΔR1ρ, and SPACER were measured, evaluated, and compared by altering the non-CE parameters in a transient-state continuous-wave CEST sequence. RESULTS: In line with the theoretical expectation, our experimental data demonstrate that the effects of the non-CE parameters can be more effectively reduced using the proposed indices (  ΔR1ρ and SPACER) than using the traditional CEST index ( MTRasym). CONCLUSION: The proposed method allows for the chemical exchange weight to be better emphasized in the transient-state CEST signal, which is beneficial, in practice, for quantifying the CEST signal. Magn Reson Med 78:1711-1723, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

Direct detection of optogenetically evoked oscillatory neuronal electrical activity in rats using SLOE sequence.

The direct detection of neuronal electrical activity is one of the most challenging goals in non-BOLD fMRI research. Previous work has demonstrated its feasibility in phantom and cell culture studies, but attempts in in vivo studies remain few and far between. Most recent in vivo studies used T2*-weighted sequences to directly detect neuronal electrical activity evoked by sensory stimulus. As neuronal electrical signal is usually comprised of a series of spectrally distributed oscillatory waveforms rather than being a direct current, it is most likely to be detected using oscillatory current sensitive sequences. In this study, we explored the potential of using the spin-lock oscillatory excitation (SLOE) sequence with spiral readout to directly detect optogenetically evoked oscillatory neuronal electrical activity, whose main spectral component can be manipulated artificially to match the resonance frequency of spin-lock RF field. In addition, experiments using the stimulus-induced rotary saturation (SIRS) sequence with spiral readout were also performed. Electrophysiological recording and MRI data acquisition were conducted on separate animals. Robust optogenetically evoked oscillatory LFP signals were observed and significant BOLD signals were acquired with the GE-EPI sequence before and after the whole SLOE and SIRS acquisitions, but no significant neuronal current MRI (ncMRI) signal changes were detected. These results indicate that the sensitivity of oscillatory current sensitive sequences needs to be further improved for direct detection of neuronal electrical activity.

3D interslab echo-shifted FLASH sequence for susceptibility weighted imaging.

PURPOSE: To develop a novel three-dimensional (3D) sequence for susceptibility weighted imaging that is able to reduce scan time substantially while maintaining high image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). METHODS: The proposed fast T2 *-weighted sequence was based on a 3D full-balanced gradient frame and a pair of crusher gradients. The pair of crusher gradients were used to shift MR signal from the repetition time where the MR signal was originated to a later repetition time to enhance T2 * weighting. To avoid image SNR reduction due to the repeated signal excitations by later RF pulses, as it would occur for typical echo-shifted (ES) FLASH, an interslab scan mode for the fast T2 *-weighted sequence was introduced for signal acquisition. The effectiveness of this novel sequence was evaluated by comparing it with 3D FLASH and ES-FLASH sequences. RESULTS: The proposed interslab ES T2 *-weighted sequence was able to reduce the scan time by half with a SNR comparable to the typical multislab FLASH. Besides, it yielded a higher image SNR than the traditional multislab ES-FLASH and was more flexible than the whole-volume ES-FLASH. CONCLUSION: An interslab ES sequence was developed with high time efficiency and relatively high image SNR compared with the conventional acquisition sequences. Magn Reson Med 76:222-228, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

ReMAR: a preoperative CT angiography guided metal artifact reduction framework designed for follow-up CTA of endovascular coiling.

Objective. Follow-up computed tomography angiography (CTA) is necessary for ensuring occlusion effect of endovascular coiling. However, the implanted metal coil will introduce artifacts that have a negative spillover into radiologic assessment.Method. A framework named ReMAR is proposed in this paper for metal artifacts reduction (MARs) from follow-up CTA of patients with coiled aneurysms. It employs preoperative CTA to provide the prior knowledge of the aneurysm and the expected position of the coil as a guidance thus balances the metal artifacts removal performance and clinical feasibility. The ReMAR is composed of three modules: segmentation, registration and MAR module. The segmentation and registration modules obtain the metal coil knowledge via implementing aneurysms delineation on preoperative CTA and alignment of follow-up CTA. The MAR module consisting of hybrid convolutional neural network- and transformer- architectures is utilized to restore sinogram and remove the artifact from reconstructed image. Both image quality and vessel rendering effect after metal artifacts removal are assessed in order to responding clinical concerns.Main results. A total of 137 patients undergone endovascular coiling have been enrolled in the study: 13 of them have complete diagnosis/follow-up records for end-to-end validation, while the rest lacked of follow-up records are used for model training. Quantitative metrics show ReMAR significantly reduced the metal-artifact burden in follow-up CTA. Qualitative ranks show ReMAR could preserve the morphology of blood vessels during artifact removal as desired by doctors.Significance. The ReMAR could significantly remove the artifacts caused by implanted metal coil in the follow-up CTA. It can be used to enhance the overall image quality and convince CTA an alternative to invasive follow-up in treated intracranial aneurysm.

Artificial heart valve reinforced with silk woven fabric and poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels composite.

The present study describes the preparation of woven silk fabric (WSF) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel composite reinforced artificial heart valve (SPAHV). Interestingly, the longitudinal and latitudinal elastic modulus of the SPAHV composite can achieve at 54.08 ± 3.29 MPa and 23.96 ± 2.18 MPa, respectively, while its volume/mass swelling ratio and water permeability was 1.9 %/2.8 % and 3 mL/(cm2∙min), respectively, revealing remarkable anisotropic mechanical properties, low water swelling property and water permeability. The in vitro & in vivo biocompatibility and anti-calcification ability of SPAHV were further examined using L929 mouse fibroblasts and Sprague Dawley (SD) male rat model under 8 weeks of subcutaneous implantation. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was determined by immunohistochemical staining, as well as the H&E staining and alizarin red staining were accessed. The results showed that the composites possess better biocompatibility, resistance to degradation and anti-calcification ability compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Thus, the SPAHV composite with robust mechanical properties and biocompatibility has potential application for artificial heart valves.

Rational design of bimetallic MBene for efficient electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction.

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is one of the most promising approaches to achieving green and efficient NH3 production. However, the designs of efficient NRR catalysts with high activity and selectivity still are severely hampered by inherent linear scaling relations among the adsorption energies of NRR intermediates. Herein, the properties of ten M3B4 type MBenes have been initially investigated for efficient N2 activation and reduction to NH3via first-principles calculations. We highlight that Cr3B4 MBene possesses remarkable NRR activity with a record-low limiting potential (-0.13 V). Then, this work proposes descriptor-based design principles that can effectively evaluate the catalytic activity of MBenes, which have been further employed to design bimetallic M2M'B4 MBenes. As a result, 5 promising candidates including Ti2YB4, V2YB4, V2MoB4, Nb2YB4, and Nb2CrB4 with excellent NRR performance have been extracted from 20 bimetallic MBenes. Further analysis illuminates that constructing bimetallic MBenes can selectively tune the adsorption strength of NHNH2** and NH2NH2**, and break the linear scaling relations between their adsorption energies, rendering them ideal for NRR. This work not only pioneers the application of MBenes as efficient NRR catalysts but also proposes rational design principles for boosting their catalytic performance.

Quinolone antibiotics stimulate bacterial mercury methylation by Geobacter metallireducens GS-15.

Bacterial mercury (Hg) methylation is critical for bioremediating Hg pollution, but the impact of emerging antibiotics on this process has rarely been reported. This study innovatively investigated the interactions between Hg-methylating bacteria of Geobacter metallireducens GS-15 and two quinolone antibiotics: lomefloxacin (LOM) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) at 5 µg/L. Short-term LOM exposure increased methylmercury (MeHg) yield by 36 % compared to antibiotic-free conditions, caused by hormesis to alter bioactivities of single GS-15 cells. Long-term CIP exposure led to more antibiotic resistance and mercury tolerance in GS-15 cells, doubling MeHg productivity and significantly increasing expression of Hg methylation (hgcA by 95 folds) and antibiotic resistance (gyrA by 54 folds) genes, while mercury resistance gene merA only increased by 2.5 folds than without selective pressure. These results suggest quinolone antibiotics at environmentally contaminated concentrations stimulate bacterial Hg methylation to form highly toxic MeHg, raising considerable concern for the Hg-antibiotic complex in contaminated environments.

Study on the phase transformation mechanism and influencing factors of inorganic condensable particulate matter from coal-fired power plants.

In this study, the concentration of inorganic ions (SO42-, NH4+, NO3- and NO2-) and morphological characteristics of condensable particulate matter (CPM) were investigated to elucidate the formation mechanism of inorganic CPM from ultra-low emission coal-fired power plants. The concentration of inorganic ions increased with the increase of H2O content and concentration of inorganic gaseous contaminants (SO2, NOX and NH3), and decrease of condensation temperature, indicating the enhancement of heterogenous reaction in the saturated flue gas. Furthermore, NOX and SO2 could undergo redox reactions, leading to an elevation in the concentration of SO42- and NO3-. Additionally, the introduction of NH3 resulted in increased concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, and NO2-, highlighting the significant role of NH3 neutralization in CPM nucleation. The condensation of SO3/sulfuric acid aerosols was enhanced under saturation conditions, and SO2 and SO3/sulfuric acid aerosols could contribute synergistically to the formation of SO42-. Moreover, morphological analysis revealed the presence of both well-aggregated solid CPM and dispersed liquid CPM, confirming the formation of inorganic CPM during fast condensation. Furthermore, the detected CPM were composed of S and O, which identified the significant role of sulfates in the inorganic CPM. These findings provide valuable insights for the control of inorganic CPM in flue gas systems.

Bacterial mercury methylation modulated by vitamin B9: An overlooked pathway leads to increased environmental risks.

There has been a serious health and environmental concern in conversion of inorganic mercury (Hg) to the neurotoxin, methylmercury (MeHg) by anaerobic microbes, while very little is known about the potential role of vitamin B9 (VB9) regulator in the biochemical generation of MeHg. This study innovatively investigated bacterial Hg methylation by Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA in the presence of VB9 under two existing scenarios. In the low-complexing scenario, the bacterial MeHg yield reached 68 % higher than that without VB9 within 72 h, which was attributed to free VB9-protected PCA cells relieving oxidative stress, as manifested by the increased expression of Hg methylation gene (hgcAB cluster by 19-48 %). The high-complexing scenario emphasized the intracellular Hg accumulation (38-45 %) after 12 h, as indicated by the increased expression of outer membrane protein-related and mercuric reductase-encoding genes, indicating the inefficient bioavailability of Hg due to a gradual shift from Hg reduction toward Hg0 re-oxidation controlled by competitive ligand exchange. These results suggested that VB9 application significantly raised the potential for bacterial Hg methylation and cellular accumulation, thus proposing insights into the biochemical behaviors of hazardous Hg in farming environments where vulnerable organisms are more possibly co-exposed to higher levels of Hg and VB9.