RETICULON-LIKE PROTEIN B2 is a proviral factor co-opted for the biogenesis of viral replication organelles in plants.

Endomembrane remodeling to form a viral replication complex (VRC) is crucial for a virus to establish infection in a host. Although the composition and function of VRCs have been intensively studied, host factors involved in the assembly of VRCs for plant RNA viruses have not been fully explored. TurboID-based proximity labeling (PL) has emerged as a robust tool for probing molecular interactions in planta. However, few studies have employed the TurboID-based PL technique for investigating plant virus replication. Here, we used Beet black scorch virus (BBSV), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-replicating virus, as a model and systematically investigated the composition of BBSV VRCs in Nicotiana benthamiana by fusing the TurboID enzyme to viral replication protein p23. Among the 185 identified p23-proximal proteins, the reticulon family of proteins showed high reproducibility in the mass spectrometry data sets. We focused on RETICULON-LIKE PROTEIN B2 (RTNLB2) and demonstrated its proviral functions in BBSV replication. We showed that RTNLB2 binds to p23, induces ER membrane curvature, and constricts ER tubules to facilitate the assembly of BBSV VRCs. Our comprehensive proximal interactome analysis of BBSV VRCs provides a resource for understanding plant viral replication and offers additional insights into the formation of membrane scaffolds for viral RNA synthesis.

The MAPK-Alfin-like 7 module negatively regulates ROS scavenging genes to promote NLR-mediated immunity.

Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptor-mediated immunity includes rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and transcriptional reprogramming, which is controlled by transcription factors (TFs). Although some TFs have been reported to participate in NLR-mediated immune response, most TFs are transcriptional activators, and whether and how transcriptional repressors regulate NLR-mediated plant defenses remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the Alfin-like 7 (AL7) interacts with N NLR and functions as a transcriptional repressor. Knockdown and knockout of AL7 compromise N NLR-mediated resistance against tobacco mosaic virus, whereas AL7 overexpression enhances defense, indicating a positive regulatory role for AL7 in immunity. AL7 binds to the promoters of ROS scavenging genes to inhibit their transcription during immune responses. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK), and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK) directly interact with and phosphorylate AL7, which impairs the AL7-N interaction and enhances its DNA binding activity, which promotes ROS accumulation and enables immune activation. In addition to N, AL7 is also required for the function of other Toll interleukin 1 receptor/nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeats (TNLs) including Roq1 and RRS1-R/RPS4. Our findings reveal a hitherto unknown MAPK-AL7 module that negatively regulates ROS scavenging genes to promote NLR-mediated immunity.

Transcription factor PbNAC71 regulates xylem and vessel development to control plant height.

Dwarfism is an important agronomic trait in fruit breeding programs. However, the germplasm resources required to generate dwarf pear (Pyrus spp.) varieties are limited. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying dwarfism remain unclear. In this study, "Yunnan" quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) had a dwarfing effect on "Zaosu" pear. Additionally, the dwarfism-related NAC transcription factor gene PbNAC71 was isolated from pear trees comprising "Zaosu" (scion) grafted onto "Yunnan" quince (rootstock). Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana and pear OHF-333 (Pyrus communis) plants overexpressing PbNAC71 exhibited dwarfism, with a substantially smaller xylem and vessel area relative to the wild-type controls. Yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase, chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that PbNAC71 downregulates PbWalls are thin 1 expression by binding to NAC-binding elements in its promoter. Yeast two-hybrid assays showed that PbNAC71 interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase PbRING finger protein 217 (PbRNF217). Furthermore, PbRNF217 promotes the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of PbNAC71 by the 26S proteasome, thereby regulating plant height as well as xylem and vessel development. Our findings reveal a mechanism underlying pear dwarfism and expand our understanding of the molecular basis of dwarfism in woody plants.

Deciphering the pivotal role of people with high-frequency occupational animal exposure in antibiotic resistance transmission between humans and animals.

BACKGROUND: The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) among humans and food-producing animals has been widely reported. However, the transmission routes and associated risk factors remain incompletely understood. METHODS: Here, we used commensal Escherichia coli bacteria strains from faeces of pigs and local citizens [HEG: high exposure group (pig breeders, butchers or restaurant chefs) and LEG: low exposure group (other occupations)] to explore the dynamics of ARB and ARG transmission between animals and humans. RESULTS: Most ARGs (96%) present in pigs were shared with humans. Carriage rates of the shared ARGs suggest two transmission patterns among pigs, the HEG and LEG: one pattern was highest in pigs, gradually decreasing in the HEG and LEG (e.g. floR and cmlA1); the other pattern was increasing from pigs to the HEG but then decreasing in the LEG (e.g. mcr-1.1). Carriage rates of the HEG were higher than in the LEG in both patterns, implicating the HEG as a crucial medium in transmitting ARB and ARGs between food-producing animals and humans. Moreover, frequent inter/intragroup transmission via strains, plasmids and/or mobile elements was evident. Carriage of mcr-1.1 on human-gut-prevalent plasmids possibly promoted its enrichment in the HEG. CONCLUSIONS: The HEG is a crucial factor in transmitting ARB and ARGs between food-producing animals and humans. Rational measures to contain the risks of occupational exposure are urgently needed to keep dissemination of antibiotic resistance in check and safeguard public health.

Calling small variants using universality with Bayes-factor-adjusted odds ratios.

The application of next-generation sequencing in research and particularly in clinical routine requires highly accurate variant calling. Here we describe UVC, a method for calling small variants of germline or somatic origin. By unifying opposite assumptions with sublation, we discovered the following two empirical laws to improve variant calling: allele fraction at high sequencing depth is inversely proportional to the cubic root of variant-calling error rate, and odds ratios adjusted with Bayes factors can model various sequencing biases. UVC outperformed other variant callers on the GIAB germline truth sets, 192 scenarios of in silico mixtures simulating 192 combinations of tumor/normal sequencing depths and tumor/normal purities, the GIAB somatic truth sets derived from physical mixture, and the SEQC2 somatic reference sets derived from the breast-cancer cell-line HCC1395. UVC achieved 100% concordance with the manual review conducted by multiple independent researchers on a Qiagen 71-gene-panel dataset derived from 16 patients with colon adenoma. UVC outperformed other unique molecular identifier (UMI)-aware variant callers on the datasets used for publishing these variant callers. Performance was measured with sensitivity-specificity trade off for called variants. The improved variant calls generated by UVC from previously published UMI-based sequencing data provided additional insight about DNA damage repair. UVC is open-sourced under the BSD 3-Clause license at https://github.com/genetronhealth/uvc and quay.io/genetronhealth/gcc-6-3-0-uvc-0-6-0-441a694.

SERS detection of volatile gas in spoiled pork with the Ag/MoS2 nano-flower cavity/PVDF micron-bowl cavity (FIB) substrate.

Putrescine and cadaverine are significant volatile indicators used to assess the degree of food spoilage. Herein, we propose a micro-nano multi cavity structure for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to analyze the volatile gas putrescine and cadaverine in decomposing food. The MoS2 nano-flowers are inserted into a PVDF micro-cavity through in-situ growth, followed by vacuum evaporation technology of Ag nanoparticles to form an Ag/MoS2 nano-flower cavity/PVDF micron-bowl cavity (FIB) substrate. The micro-nano multi cavity structure can improve the capture capacity of both light and gas, thereby exhibiting high sensitivity (EF = 7.71 × 107) and excellent capability for gas detection of 2-naphthalenethiol. The SERS detections of the putrescine and cadaverine are achieved in the spoiled pork samples with the FIB substrate. Therefore, this substrate can provide an efficient, accurate, and feasible method for the specific and quantitative detection in the food safety field.

Flavin-containing monooxygenases FMOGS-OXs integrate flowering transition and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Salt stress substantially leads to flowering delay. The regulation of salt-induced late flowering has been studied at the transcriptional and protein levels; however, the involvement of secondary metabolites has rarely been investigated. Here, we report that FMOGS-OXs (EC 1.14.13.237), the enzymes that catalyze the biosynthesis of glucosinolates (GSLs), promote flowering transition in Arabidopsis thaliana. It has been reported that WRKY75 is a positive regulator, and MAF4 is a negative regulator of flowering transition. The products of FMOGS-OXs, methylsulfinylalkyl GSLs (MS GSLs), facilitate flowering by inducing WRKY75 and repressing the MAS-MAF4 module. We further show that the degradation of MS GSLs is involved in salt-induced late flowering and salt tolerance. Salt stress induces the expression of myrosinase genes, resulting in the degradation of MS GSLs, thereby relieving the promotion of WRKY75 and inhibition of MAF4, leading to delayed flowering. In addition, the degradation products derived from MS GSLs enhance salt tolerance. Previous studies have revealed that FMOGS-OXs exhibit alternative catalytic activity to form trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) under salt stress, which activates multiple stress-related genes to promote salt tolerance. Therefore, FMOGS-OXs integrate flowering transition and salt tolerance in various ways. Our study shed light on the functional diversity of GSLs and established a connection between flowering transition, salt resistance, and GSL metabolism.

Promising Mass-Productive 4-Inch Commercial SERS Sensor with Particle in Micro-Nano Porous Ag/Si/Ag Structure Using in Auxiliary Diagnosis of Early Lung Cancer.

The construction of commercial surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors suitable for clinical applications is a pending problem, which is heavily limited by the low production of high-performance SERS bases, because they usually require fine or complicated micro/nano structures. To solve this issue, herein, a promising mass-productive 4-inch ultrasensitive SERS substrate available for early lung cancer diagnosis is proposed, which is designed with a special architecture of particle in micro-nano porous structure. Benefitting from the effective cascaded electric field coupling inside the particle-in-cavity structure and efficient Knudsen diffusion of molecules within the nanohole, the substrate exhibits remarkable SERS performance for gaseous malignancy biomarker, with the limit of detection is 0.1 ppb and the average relative standard deviation value at different scales (from cm2 to µm2 ) is ≈16.5%. In practical application, this large-sized sensor can be further divided into small ones (1 × 1 cm2 ), and more than 65 chips will be obtained from just one 4-inch wafer, greatly increasing the output of commercial SERS sensor. Further, a medical breath bag composed of this small chip is designed and studied in detail here, which suggested high-specificity recognition for lung cancer biomarker in mixed mimetic exhalation tests.

Nanowire-in-bowl-shaped piezoelectric cavity structure for SERS directional detection of nanoplastics less than 50†nm.

The accurate detection of nanoplastics is crucial due to their harmful effects on the environment and human beings. However, there is a lack of detection methods for nanoplastics smaller than 50 nm. In this research, we successfully constructed an Ag/CuO nanowire (NW)/BaTiO3@Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) Bowl-shaped substrate with a nanowire-in-Bowl-shaped piezoelectric cavity structure that can modulate surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by the piezoelectric effect by the virtue of the tip effect of the CuO NW and light focusing effect of the Bowl-shaped cavity. Due to its unique nanowire-in-Bowl-shaped structure and piezoelectrically modifiable ability, nanoplastics less than 50 nm were successfully detected and quantitatively analyzed. We believe that the Ag/CuO NW/BaTiO3@PVDF Bowl-shaped substrate can provide an efficient, accurate, and feasible way to achieve qualitative and quantitative detection of nanoplastics.

Antibody-Mediated Nanodrug of Proteasome Inhibitor Carfilzomib Boosts the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy. For relapsed and refractory MM, a proteasome inhibitor, carfilzomib (CFZ), has become one of the few clinical options. CFZ suffers, nevertheless, metabolic instability and poor bioavailability and may induce severe cardiovascular and renal adverse events. Here, we report that daratumumab (Dar)-decorated polypeptide micelles (Dar-PMs) mediate the targeted delivery of CFZ to CD38-positive MM, effectively boosting its anti-MM efficacy. CFZ-loaded Dar-PMs (Dar-PMs-CFZ) exhibited an average diameter of ca. 80 nm and Dar density-dependent cell endocytosis and anti-MM activity, in which over 6-fold greater inhibitory effect to LP-1 and MM.1S MM cells than nontargeted PMs-CFZ control was achieved at a Dar density of 3.2 (Dar3.2-PMs-CFZ). Interestingly, Dar3.2-PMs-CFZ markedly enhanced the growth inhibition of orthotopic LP-1 MM in mice and significantly extended the median survival time compared with PMs-CFZ and free CFZ (95 days vs 60 and 54 days, respectively). In line with its high MM targetability and anti-MM efficacy, Dar3.2-PMs-CFZ revealed little toxic effects and effectively prevented osteolytic lesions. The antibody-targeted nanodelivery of a proteasome inhibitor appears to be an appealing strategy to treat multiple myeloma.

Permeability enhancement of Kv1.2 potassium channel by a terahertz electromagnetic field.

As biomolecules vibrate and rotate in the terahertz band, the biological effects of terahertz electromagnetic fields have drawn considerable attention from the physiological and medical communities. Ion channels are the basis of biological electrical signals, so studying the effect of terahertz electromagnetic fields on ion channels is significant. In this paper, the effect of a terahertz electromagnetic field with three different frequencies, 6, 15, and 25 THz, on the Kv1.2 potassium ion channel was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that an electromagnetic field with a 15 THz frequency can significantly enhance the permeability of the Kv1.2 potassium ion channel, which is 1.7 times higher than without an applied electric field. By analyzing the behavior of water molecules, it is found that the electromagnetic field with the 15 THz frequency shortens the duration of frozen and relaxation processes when potassium ions pass through the channel, increases the proportion of the direct knock-on mode, and, thus, enhances the permeability of the Kv1.2 potassium ion channel.

Wound size and location affect the prognosis of penetrating ocular injury.

BACKGROUND: Ocular trauma is a leading cause of vision loss. Penetrating ocular injury is a major type of open globe injury(OGI), while its epidemiology and clinical characteristics are still uncertain. The aim of this study is to reveal the prevalence and prognostic factors of penetrating ocular injury in the Shandong province. METHODS: A retrospective study of penetrating ocular injury was performed at the Second Hospital of Shandong University, from January 2010 to December 2019. Demographic information, injury causes, ocular trauma types, and initial and final visual acuity(VA) were analyzed. To obtain more precise characteristics of penetrating injury, the eye global was divided into three zones and analyzed. RESULTS: Among 210 OGI, there are 83 penetrating injuries which account for 39.5% of all. In addition, the final VA of 59 penetrating injuries recovered to 0.1 or better, which possesses the highest frequency among OGI. In order to research the relationship between the wound location and the final VA, we took 74 cases of penetrating injuries without retina or optic nerve damage for analysis. Results show that 62 were male and 12 were female. The average age was 36.01 ± 14.15. The most frequent occupation is the worker followed by the peasant. Statistics show that there is an obvious deviation in the Ocular trauma score (OTS) predicting the final VA and the actual final VA in the 45-65 score group (p < 0.05). Results suggest that the commonest penetrating injury zone is zone III (32 cases, 43.8%). Zone III, which is farthest from the center of the visual axis, has the largest improvement of the final VA (p = 0.0001). On the contrary, there is no statistical difference in the visual improvement in zone I and zone I + II that involves the injury of the central visual axis. CONCLUSION: This study describes the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized for penetrating ocular injury without retina damage in Shandong province. It can be concluded that larger size and closer location to the visual axis of damage are accompanied by worse prognosis improvement. The study provides a better understanding of the disease and enlightenment for the prediction of visual prognosis.

Effect of THz Waves of Different Orientations on K+ Permeation Efficiency in the KcsA Channel.

Potassium (K) channels show the highest variability and most frequent alterations in expression in many tumor types, and modulation of K+ channels may represent a new window for cancer therapy. In previous work, we found that a terahertz (THz) field incident along the z-axis with a frequency of 51.87 THz increased the ion flux through K+ channels. In practice, it is difficult to ensure that the incident electromagnetic (EM) wave is strictly parallel to the direction of channel ion flow. In this paper, we found by changing the direction of the applied electric field that the EM wave of a specific frequency has the largest ion flux when the incident direction is along the ion flow, and the smallest ion flux when the incident direction is perpendicular to the ion flow, and that overall the EM wave of this frequency enhances the ion flow of the K+ channel. Changes in the direction of the applied field at a specific frequency affect the stability of the φ dihedral angle of the GLY77 residue and alter the ion permeation mechanism in the selectivity filter (SF) region, thus affecting the ion flux. Therefore, this frequency can be used to modulate K+ fluxes by THz waves to cause rapid apoptosis in potassium-overloaded tumor cells. This approach consequently represents an important tool for the treatment of cancer and is expected to be applied in practical therapy.

Effect of Terahertz Electromagnetic Field on the Permeability of Potassium Channel Kv1.2.

In this paper, the influence of external terahertz electromagnetic fields with different frequencies of 4 THz, 10 THz, 15 THz, and 20 THz on the permeability of the Kv1.2 voltage-gated potassium ion channel on the nerve cell membrane was studied using the combined model of the "Constant Electric Field-Ion Imbalance" method by molecular dynamics. We found that although the applied terahertz electric field does not produce strong resonance with the -C=O groups of the conservative sequence T-V-G-Y-G amino acid residue of the selective filter (SF) of the channel, it would affect the stability of the electrostatic bond between potassium ions and the carbonyl group of T-V-G-Y-G of SF, and it would affect the stability of the hydrogen bond between water molecules and oxygen atoms of the hydroxyl group of the 374THR side chain at the SF entrance, changing the potential and occupied states of ions in the SF and the occurrence probability of the permeation mode of ions and resulting in the change in the permeability of the channel. Compared with no external electric field, when the external electric field with 15 THz frequency is applied, the lifetime of the hydrogen bond is reduced by 29%, the probability of the "soft knock on" mode is decreased by 46.9%, and the ion flux of the channel is activated by 67.7%. Our research results support the view that compared to "direct knock-on", "soft knock-on" is a slower permeation mode.

The CC-NB-LRR protein BSR1 from Brachypodium confers resistance to Barley stripe mosaic virus in gramineous plants by recognising TGB1 movement protein.

Although some nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat immune receptor (NLR) proteins conferring resistance to specific viruses have been identified in dicot plants, NLR proteins involved in viral resistance have not been described in monocots. We have used map-based cloning to isolate the CC-NB-LRR (CNL) Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) resistance gene barley stripe resistance 1 (BSR1) from Brachypodium distachyon Bd3-1 inbred line. Stable BSR1 transgenic Brachypodium line Bd21-3, barley (Golden Promise) and wheat (Kenong 199) plants developed resistance against BSMV ND18 strain. Allelic variation analyses indicated that BSR1 is present in several Brachypodium accessions collected from countries in the Middle East. Protein domain swaps revealed that the intact LRR domain and the C-terminus of BSR1 are required for resistance. BSR1 interacts with the BSMV ND18 TGB1 protein in planta and shows temperature-sensitive antiviral resistance. The R390 and T392 residues of TGB1ND (ND18 strain) and the G196 and K197 residues within the BSR1 P-loop motif are key amino acids required for immune activation. BSR1 is the first cloned virus resistance gene encoding a typical CNL protein in monocots, highlighting the utility of the Brachypodium model for isolation and analysis of agronomically important genes for crop improvement.

Plasmonic enhanced piezoelectric photoresponse with flexible PVDF@Ag-ZnO/Au composite nanofiber membranes.

The coordination of piezoelectric and plasmonic effects to regulate the separation and migration of photo-generated carriers is still a significant method to improve the performance of visible-light photoresponse. Herein, we propose the PVDF@Ag-ZnO/Au composite nanofiber membranes utilizing the piezoelectric and plasmonic effects to promote the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Here, ZnO nanorods can generate a built-in electric field under vibration to separate electron-hole pairs. The Schottky junction formed by noble metal/semiconductor can not only inhibit the recombination of photo-generated carriers and accelerate the migration of carriers, but also enhance the utilization of visible light. In addition, the structure has excellent flexibility and easy recycling characteristics. We demonstrate that the plasmonic effect of noble metal can enhance the light response of membranes and broaden light absorption from ultraviolet to visible light region. With the help of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), modulation effects of the piezoelectric effect on light response is proved. For catalytic processes, rhodamine B (98.8%) can be almost completely degraded using PVDF@Ag-ZnO/Au within 120 minutes in the piezoelectric photocatalysis process, which is 2.2 and 2.8 times higher than photocatalysis and piezoelectric catalysis, respectively. This work provides a promising strategy for harnessing solar and mechanical energy.

Phenylboronic Acid-Functionalized Copolypeptides: Facile Synthesis and Responsive Dual Anticancer Drug Release.

The incorporation of a phenylboronic acid group has appeared as an attractive strategy to build smart drug delivery systems. Here, we report novel synthesis of phenylboronic acid-functionalized copolypeptides based on an l-boronophenylalanine N-carboxyanhydride (BPA-NCA) monomer and their application for robust co-encapsulation and responsive release of dual anticancer drugs. By employing different poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) initiators and copolymerizing with varying NCA monomers, linear and star PEG-poly(l-boronophenylalanine) copolymers (PEG-PBPA, star-PEG-PBPA), PEG-poly(l-tyrosine-co-l-boronophenylalanine) [PEG-P(Tyr-co-BPA)], PEG-poly(l-lysine-co-l-boronophenylalanine) [PEG-P(Lys-co-BPA)], and PEG-poly(ß-benzyl-l-aspartate-co-l-boronophenylalanine) [PEG-P(BLA-co-BPA)] were obtained with controlled compositions. Interestingly, PEG-PBPA self-assembled into uniform micellar nanoparticles that mediated robust co-encapsulation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and acid-responsive release of dual antitumor drugs, curcumin (Cur) and sorafenib tosylate (Sor). These dual drug-loaded nanoparticles (PBN-Cur/Sor) exhibited a greatly enhanced anticancer effect toward U87 MG-luciferase glioblastoma cells. The facile synthesis of phenylboronic acid-functionalized copolypeptides from BPA coupled with their robust drug loading and responsive drug release behaviors make them interesting for construction of smart cancer nanomedicines.

Preparation and luminescence properties of CaMoO4 :Eu3+ /Sm3+ phosphors.

Eu3+ and/or Sm3+ -doped CaMoO4 phosphors were prepared using a hydrothermal method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the sample is in a tetragonal CaMoO4 phase, the space group is I41/a (88), the lattice constants are a = b = 5.226 Å, c = 11.430 Å, and V = 312.2 Å3 . We explored the effects of Eu3+ doping concentration, reaction temperature, preparation time, and the energy transfer relationship between Eu3+ and Sm3+ on the phosphors. The Commission Internationale de l'éclairage (CIE) calculation results indicated that under excitation by ultraviolet light at 283 nm, the CIE coordinates of some CaMoO4 :Eu3+ /Sm3+ materials are located in the near-white light region, and could be used as potential candidates for single-matrix white phosphors.

Regulation of Ion Permeation of the KcsA Channel by Applied Midinfrared Field.

Ion transport molecules are involved in many physiological and pathological processes and are considered potential targets for cancer treatment. In the large family of ion transport molecules, potassium (K) ion channels, as surface-expressed proteins, show the highest variability and most frequent expression changes in many tumor types. The key to exploring the permeation of K+ through potassium channels lies in the conserved sequence TVGYG, which is common in the selectivity filter (SF) region of all potassium channels. We found that the K+ flux significantly increased with the help of a specific frequency terahertz electromagnetic wave (51.87 THz) in the KcsA channel using a molecular dynamics combined model through the combined simulation of the constant electric field method and ion imbalance method. This frequency has the strongest absorption peak in the infrared spectrum of -C=O groups in the SF region. With the applied electric field of 51.87 THz, the Y78 residue at the S1 site of the SF has a smaller vibration amplitude and a more stable structure, which enables the K+ to bind closely with the carbonyl oxygen atoms in the SF and realize ion conduction in a more efficient direct Coulomb knock-on.

[Chemical constituents of cyclic peptides from fibrous roots of Pseudostellaria heterophylla].

Four cyclic peptides were isolated from the 75% ethanol extract of the fibrous roots of Pseudostellaria heterophylla by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and semi-preparative HPLC. Through mass spectrometry, NMR and other methods, they were identified as pseudostellarin L(1), heterophyllin B(2), pseudostellarin B(3), and pseudostellarin C(4). Among them, compound 1 was a new cyclic peptide, and compounds 2-4 were isolated from the fibrous roots of P. heterophylla for the first time. None of these compounds displayed cytotoxic activities against MCF-7, A549, HCT-116, and SGC-7901 cells.