The feasibility and safety of disposable endoscope vs. conventional endoscope for upper gastrointestinal tract examination: a multicenter, randomized, parallel, non-inferiority trial.

BACKGROUND: A disposable upper gastrointestinal endoscope can effectively decrease infectious outbreaks associated with endoscope reuse. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of a disposable endoscope for upper gastrointestinal examination. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized trial, 144 upper endoscopic procedures were allocated to either the disposable endoscope group or the conventional endoscope group. The primary outcomes were rates of excellent and good image qualities and maneuverability satisfaction. The second outcome included procedure duration, endoscopic diagnosis, and adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 144 subjects were enrolled in the present analysis and prospectively randomized to 2 study groups. Finally, 70 and 69 subjects were enrolled in the novel disposable endoscope group and the conventional endoscope group, respectively, due to the schedule cancellation of 5 subjects. The baseline characteristics of the patients were similar in both groups. The excellent and good image quality rates and maneuverability satisfaction of the novel disposable endoscope were not inferior to the conventional endoscope (p = 0.99 and p = 0.99, respectively). Moreover, no significant between-group difference was observed in the endoscopic results and adverse events (p = 0.30 and p = 1, respectively). However, the procedure duration in the novel disposable endoscope was longer compared with the conventional endoscope (8.40 ± 4.28 min vs. 5.12 ± 2.65 min, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The novel disposable endoscope was as safe, effective, and maneuverable as a conventional endoscope. However, the novel disposable endoscope was associated with a longer procedure duration.

[Improvement of the function of islet beta and alpha cells by intervention against glucotoxicity: experiment with rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of intervention against glucotoxicity on improvement of the function and pathological changes of islet beta and alpha cells. METHODS: Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: normal control (NC) group, fed with standard chow, high-fat (HF) group, fed with extra high-fat chow; diabetes mellitus (DM) control group, fed with high-fat chow for 8 weeks followed by 30 mg/kg streptozotocin injection to establish DM models; and insulin (INS) group, treated with subcutaneous injection of long-acting insulin (glargine, 0.5 U x kg(-1) x d(-1)) for 4 weeks after the establishment of DM models. 48 h, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after the STZ injection to the 2 DM groups oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to all rats. Peripheral blood samples were collected from the caudal vein. Serum insulin level was assayed by radioimmunoassay. Total serum cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were measured by enzyme-colorimetric method. By the end of experiment the rats were killed with their pancreases taken out. Immunohistochemistry was used to observe the morphological changes of the islet beta and alpha cells. Beta cell and alpha cell masses were calculated by the proportions of positive area in the islet. Proinsulin mRNA level was detected by RT-PCR. Insulin protein content in islets was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: Four weeks after the insulin intervention against glucotoxicity, the fasting blood glucose and blood glucose 2 h after sugar-taking of the INS group were both significantly lower than those of the DM group (both P < 0.01). The relative beta cell mass of the INS group was 0.38 +/- 0.08, significantly bigger, 2.45 times, that of the DM group (0.11 +/- 0.05, P < 0.01). The relative alpha cells mass in islets of the INS group was 0.16 +/- 0.04, significantly lower, by 43%, than that of the DM group (0.28 +/- 0.15, P < 0.01). The insulin contents in beta cells of the INS group was 0.58 +/- 0.03, significantly higher, by 70.6%, than that of the DM group (0.34 +/- 0.14, P < 0.01). The proinsulin mRNA level of the INS group was 1.52 +/- 0.14, significantly higher, by 20.6%, than that of the DM group. CONCLUSION: The morphology of islet beta, alpha cells in diabetic rats was improved by four weeks of Intervention against glucotoxicity improves the pathology of islet beta and alpha cells in diabetic and insulin synthesis.

[The medical cost of diabetic patients with foot problems due to peripheral artery disease].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the medical cost of diabetic patients with foot problems and peripheral artery disease. METHODS: Type 2 diabetic patients with foot problems admitted into the endocrinology departments of 14 teaching hospitals from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 2004 were surveyed for their type and phase of foot ulcers, diabetic complications, medical cost and general personal characteristics. RESULTS: The average medical cost of the hospitalization of these patients was RMB yen 14,906 +/- 7072 (about US $ 1640 +/- 873); medication and examination cost was separately 56% and 19% of the total cost. There was obviously higher medical cost for these patients with longer diabetes duration of over 20 years and with the occupation of laborer and retired worker. Patients with kidney disease had significantly higher medical cost than those without (RMB yen 11 690.7 vs yen 9493.0; P = 0.0013), even if the hospital stay was nearly the same (21 days vs 20 days). The medical cost increase with the severity of diabetic foot problems based on the classification of Wagner System or Texas System. Patients with infection, ischemic foot and gangrene foot stayed in the hospitals longer and had much higher medical cost. CONCLUSION: The medical cost is higher for diabetic patients with foot problems and is related with the presence of complicating kidney disease, infection and ischemia as well as the severity of foot ulcers.

[Differences in risk factors of diabetic foot in the patients in South and North China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differences on the diabetic foot problems and its risk factors in south and north of China. METHODS: Patients with foot problems were surveyed from January 1 to December 31, 2004 in 14 teaching hospitals located in different cities in China, including demographic data, present and past history of the foot problems and peripheral artery disease (PAD), the classification of the foot ulcers based on the Wagner' system, control of the hyperglycemia and lipids disorder, medical cost in hospital and the diabetic complications. All the patients were divided into two groups due to their geographical data, south and north. RESULTS: There were 285 and 349 patients for the group south and group north. No significant differences were found for duration of diabetes or foot problems, fasting or post-meal glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, and the numbers of patients with smoke, hypertension, nephropathy or neuropathy between the two groups. There were significant differences for the age (70 yrs vs 66 yrs), percentage of the patients with average person income with over RMB 1000 per month (57.7% vs 45.6%), coronary heart disease (42.6% vs 61.0%) and retinopathy (35.7% vs 49.5%), HbA1c (7.90% vs 8.80 %), LDL-C (2.75 mmol/L vs 2.98 mmol/L), WBC (6.70 x 10(9) vs 7.40 x 10(9)/L), HCT (0.37 vs 0.38), creatinine (87 micromol/L vs 76 micromol/L) and uric acid (333 mmol/L vs 271 mmol/L), and amputation rate (2.6% vs 9.7%) between south and north groups. Logistic analysis showed that severity of the foot problems was associated with ABI and WBC in south group, and with ABI, PLT and HCT in north group. CONCLUSION: Diabetic foot problems were more severe, with more risk factors and with more medical cost in north patients.

[A multicenter survey on the diabetic foot and its neuropathy in China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of diabetic foot with neuropathy and its related factors. METHODS: 530 out- and in-patients in 14 grade A class 3 comprehensive hospitals in China with foot problems were surveyed. 337 of the 500 patients (63.58%) suffered from neuropathy, 172 (32.45%) with diabetic foot with simple neuropathy and 165 (31.13%) with simple neuropathy combined with peripheral artery disease (PAD). 193 of the 500 patients (36.42%) suffered from peripheral artery disease (PAD). 77.7% of ulcer were caused by physical factors. Questionnaire survey was conducted to collect the demographic data, present and past history, history of the hyperglycemia and lipid disorders, classification and phases of the foot ulcers based on Wagner' system and Texas system, characteristics of neuropathy and other diabetic complications, and relative risk factors. Detailed physical examination was performed, including 10 g nylon filament sensation examination. RESULTS: The duration of diabetic foot of the patients with simple neuropathy was 3 (1, 60) months, significantly shorter than that of the diabetic foot patients with PAD [5 (1, 96) months, P < 0.001]. The Wagner degree of ulcer was related to the duration of diabetes, economic income, foot deformity, nerve reflection, diapason vibration sensation of foot, sensation point of 10 g nylon filament, ankle/brachial index (ABI), foot artery pulse, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that ABI of left posterior tibial artery, vibration detection threshold and economic income were the most significant influencing factors of the degree of ulcer. CONCLUSION: Neuropathy ulcer is common in diabetic foot patients. The prognosis of healing in diabetic foot with neuropathy is prior to that of diabetic foot with PAD. The neuropathy and PAD of foot influence each other and aggravate the condition of diabetic foot. The examinations of diapason vibration sensation of foot, sensation point of 10 g nylon filament, and Achilles tendon reflex are simple and practical, and are worth recommending.

Effects of timely insulin treatment on protection of beta cells in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Insulin treatment plays a key role in management of diabetes mellitus. Clinical researches showed that extra improvements in restoration of insulin secretion of pancreatic beta cells were found in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of early insulin treatment on insulin mRNA expression and morphological alterations of beta cells in a Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced by a high fat diet (high energy, HE) and low doses of streptozotoxin (STZ, 40 mg/kg). A group of diabetic rats was then injected with protamine zinc insulin [PZI, 1 - 2 U x kg(-1) x d(-1)] for one week. Insulin mRNA expression, morphological features of pancreatic islets, and metabolic parameters were examined in rats using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and other techniques. RESULTS: In insulin-treated diabetic rats, insulin mRNA levels prominently increased by 81.3% (P < 0.05), as compared with untreated diabetic rats. Moreover, timely insulin treatment noticeably improved the insulin content of beta cells, with an increase of 10.2% (P < 0.05), despite a slight reduction in fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) levels, as compared to an untreated diabetic group. CONCLUSION: Insulin treatment at the onset of T2DM effectively improves insulin synthesis, as confirmed by morphological changes to beta cells in a rat model of type 2 diabetes.