Characteristics of China's coal mine methane emission sources at national and provincial levels.

Methane (CH4) is the second most abundant greenhouse gas. China is the largest CH4 emitter in the world, with coal mine methane (CMM) being one of the main anthropogenic contributions. Thus, there is an urgent need for comprehensive estimates and strategies for reducing CMM emissions in China. However, the development of effective strategies is currently challenged by a lack of information on temporal variations in the contributions of different CMM sources and the absence of provincial spatial analysis. Here, considering five sources and utilization, we build a comprehensive inventory of China's CMM emissions from 1980-2022 and quantify the contributions of individual sources to the overall CMM emissions at the national and provincial levels. Our results highlight a significant shift in the source contributions of CMM emissions, with the largest contributor, underground mining, decreasing from 89% in 1980 to 69% in 2022. Underground abandoned coal mines, which were ignored or underestimated in past inventories, have become the second source of CMM emissions since 1999. From 2011 to 2022, we identified Shanxi, Guizhou, and Shaanxi as the three largest CMM-emitting provinces, while the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) v8 overestimated emissions from Inner Mongolia, ranking it third. Notably, we observed a substantial decrease (exceeding 1 Mt) in CMM emissions in Sichuan, Henan, Liaoning, and Hunan between 2011 and 2022, which was not captured by EDGAR v8. To develop targeted CMM emission reduction strategies at the provincial level, we classified 31 provinces into four groups based on their CMM emission structures. In 2022, the number of provinces with CMM emissions mainly from abandoned coal mines has exceeded that of provinces with mainly underground mines, which requires attention. This study reveals the characteristics of the source of CMM emissions in China and provides emission reduction directions for four groups of provinces.

Computer holography using deep neural network with Fourier basis.

The use of a deep neural network is a promising technique for rapid hologram generation, where a suitable training dataset is vital for the reconstruct quality as well as the generalization of the model. In this Letter, we propose a deep neural network for phase hologram generation with a physics-informed training strategy based on Fourier basis functions, leading to orthonormal representations of the spatial signals. The spatial frequency characteristics of the reconstructed diffraction fields can be regulated by recombining the Fourier basis functions in the frequency domain. Numerical and optical results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively improve the generalization of the model with high-quality reconstructions.

Amelioration of oxidative kidney damage in offspring by maternal trans-fatty acid exposure in mice by secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. / äºšéº»æœ¨é šç´ å¯¹æ¯é¼ åå¼è„‚è‚ªé ¸æš´éœ²è‡´å­ä»£è‚¾æ°§åŒ–æŸä¼¤çš„ä¿æŠ¤ä½œç”¨.

OBJECTIVES: Trans-fatty acids (TFAs), primarily derived from the food industry's production processes, have become a globally recognized public health issue due to the detrimental impact they have on human well-being. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is a polyphenolic compound derived from flax lignans, possessing antioxidative properties. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of SDG on kidney oxidative damage in offspring of mice caused by maternal exposure to TFA during pregnancy and lactation. METHODS: A total of 30 c57BL/6 female rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: a control group, a TFA-exposed group, a low-(TFA+LSDG) group, a medium-(TFA+MSDG) group, and a high-(TFA+HSDG) group (n=6 in each group). With the exception of the control group, the maternal mice in the remaining 4 groups received a daily oral gavage of TFA at a dosage of 60 mg/(kg·BW) throughout the experimental period. The mothers in the control group were administered physiological saline via oral gavage once daily. Meanwhile, the 3 SDG intervention groups were provided with ad libitum access to SDG feed containing 10 mg/kg (low), 20 mg/kg (medium), and 30 mg/kg (high) of SDG. The female mice were conceived overnight. If the vaginal plug appeared in the next morning, the female mice were conceived and included in the experimental stage until the end of the 21th day lactation period. The body weight and kidney mass of offspring were recorded, and the kidney coefficient was calculated. The kidney was detected by HE staining to observe the histopathological changes, and the level of reactive oxidative species (ROS) was detected by fluorescence probe-dihydroethidium (DHE) staining; the expression levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in renal homogenate were detected, and the expression of nuclear factor E2-related fator2 (Nrf2) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were detected by real-time PCR, and the protein expression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), Nrf2 and HO-1 were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the kidney coefficient in the TFA-exposed group was increased, the morphology and structure of kidney tissue was abnormal; the activity of T-SOD enzyme was decreased, and the content of MDA was increased, the level of ROS was increased; the expressions of Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, GPx1 protein were decreased, and the mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were decreased, there were all significant difference (all P<0.05). Compared with the TFA-exposed group, the ROS levels were reduced, and the T-SOD enzyme activity as well as the protein expression of Cu/Zn-SOD, GPx-1, Mn-SOD, Nrf2 and HO-1 were up-regulated in the low, middle and high dose SDG intervention groups; the kidney coefficient and MDA content were decreased in the middle and high dose SDG groups; the Nrf2 mRNA expression in the high dose SDG group was up-regulated, there were all significant difference (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal exposure to TFA during pregnancy and lactation can lead to oxidative damage in the kidney of offspring, and the SDG intervention may alleviate TFA-induced oxidative damage by up-regulating the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 signal pathway.

Speckle-free compact holographic near-eye display using camera-in-the-loop optimization with phase constraint.

We present a compact holographic near-eye display system with high-quality speckle-free optical reconstructions using camera-in-the-loop (CITL) optimization with phase constraint strategy. The CITL optimization with phase constraint is used to iteratively synthesize the computer-generated holograms (CGHs) based on the in-system optical feedback. The phase constraint embedded into the whole CGH optimization process can effectively smooth the phase profile of reconstructed wave field, which helps to suppress the speckle noise caused by the phase singularities in CGH reconstruction. Numerical and optical experiments have been performed to demonstrate that the proposed method can provide speckle-free optical reconstructions with excellent image fidelity for holographic near-eye display in a compact setup.

Endoscopic displacement measurement based on fiber optic bundles.

In-line monitoring and routine inspection are essential for using and maintaining complex equipment. The simultaneous implementation of visual positioning and displacement measurement allows the accurate acquisition of characteristics, including object dimensions and mechanical vibrations, while rapidly locking the target position. However, the internal structure of equipment is frequently obscured, making direct visual inspection challenging; therefore, flexible and bendable fiber optic-based endoscopes are extremely valuable in harsh conditions. This study enables all-fiber visual displacement measurement using a single-mode fiber and an imaging fiber bundle. Based on optical triangulation and spot centers extraction method from fiber bundle images, 0.07 mm precision at a measurement distance of 40.12 mm is achieved vertically for rough objects. We demonstrate its surface reconstruction and vibration measurement functions. Factors that affect measurement accuracy, such as light source and object roughness, are also discussed.

Compact fiber-integrated scattering device based on mixed-phase TiO2 for speckle spectrometer.

A universal, repeatable, and controllable integration of single-mode optical fiber and mixed-phase TiO2 is used to manufacture a compact fiber-integrated scattering device. Based on the device, we achieve a high-performance and compact fiber-based speckle spectrometer, which has a resolution of 20 pm over a bandwidth of 15 nm, in the 1550 nm range. We test the capability of our proposed spectrometer to reconstruct narrow linewidth and broadband optical spectrums, and compare the performance with that of a traditional optical spectrum analyzer.

Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Primary Meige Syndrome: A 1-Year Follow-Up Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients with Meige syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen consecutive patients who underwent STN-DBS at the Peking University People's Hospital between September 2017 and June 2018 were included in this study. The Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) movement score and the BFMDRS disability score were obtained prior to surgery, and at specific time points after surgery. Patients' sleep status was also assessed before and after surgery. RESULTS: The BFMDRS movement scores decreased from 15.3 ± 4.6 to 5.2 ± 6.2 after STN-DBS, with a mean improvement of 68.6% (p < 0.05). The BFMDRS disability scores were also significantly decreased, from 6.9 ± 3.3 to 3.5 ± 2.9, with a mean improvement of 51.7% (p < 0.05). The eye, mouth, speech, and swallowing movement scores also decreased significantly after STN-DBS compared to baseline (p < 0.05). The sleep quality of the patients was also improved after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that the STN is an effective brain target for the treatment of patients with Meige syndrome. STN-DBS was not only able to improve patients' motor symptoms, but also their sleep status.

Global fungal-host interactome mapping identifies host targets of candidalysin.

Candidalysin, a cytolytic peptide toxin secreted by the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, is critical for fungal pathogenesis. Yet, its intracellular targets have not been extensively mapped. Here, we performed a high-throughput enhanced yeast two-hybrid (HT-eY2H) screen to map the interactome of all eight Ece1 peptides with their direct human protein targets and identified a list of potential interacting proteins, some of which were shared between the peptides. CCNH, a regulatory subunit of the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) complex involved in DNA damage repair, was identified as one of the host targets of candidalysin. Mechanistic studies revealed that candidalysin triggers a significantly increased double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), as evidenced by the formation of γ-H2AX foci and colocalization of CCNH and γ-H2AX. Importantly, candidalysin binds directly to CCNH to activate CAK to inhibit DNA damage repair pathway. Loss of CCNH alleviates DSBs formation under candidalysin treatment. Depletion of candidalysin-encoding gene fails to induce DSBs and stimulates CCNH upregulation in a murine model of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Collectively, our study reveals that a secreted fungal toxin acts to hijack the canonical DNA damage repair pathway by targeting CCNH and to promote fungal infection.

Twisted black phosphorus-based van der Waals stacks for fiber-integrated polarimeters.

The real-time, in-line analysis of light polarization is critical in optical networks, currently suffering from complex systems with numerous bulky opto-electro-mechanical elements tandemly arranged along the optical path. Here, we design and fabricate a fiber-integrated polarimeter by vertically stacking three photodetection units based on six-layer van der Waals materials, including one bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) layer for power calibration, two twisted black phosphorus (BP) layers for polarization detection, and three hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) layers for encapsulation. The self-power-calibrated, self-driven, and unambiguous detection of both linearly polarized (LP) and circularly polarized (CP) light is realized by the broken symmetry-induced linear photogalvanic effects (LPGEs) and circular photogalvanic effects (CPGEs) in the two BP units. Moreover, the device enables single-pixel polarimetric imaging to acquire spatial polarization information. The ultracompact device structure, free from external optical and mechanical modules, may inspire the development of miniaturized optical and optoelectronic systems.

Dietary fatty acids and risk for Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and mild cognitive impairment: A prospective cohort meta-analysis.

The association between dietary fatty acid intake and Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) risk is inconsistent. This meta-analysis examined the effect of dietary fatty acid intake in prospective cohort studies including patients with AD, dementia, and MCI. PubMed, China Biology Medicine (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, and VIP Database were systematically searched through September 2020. The random-effects model was used to combine the highest and lowest categories of multivariable adjusted relative risk (RR). Prospective cohort studies that included associations between dietary fatty acid intake and the risk for AD, dementia, or MCI were included. Fourteen studies were included, comprising 54 177 participants: 1696 patients with AD, 1118 patients with dementia, and 2889 with MCI. The pooled RR showed a significant association only between ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and MCI risk (RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75-0.98), with no heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 0%). The intake of total fatty acids, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), cholesterol, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), PUFAs, ω-3 PUFAs, ω-6 PUFAs, docosahexaenoic acids (DHAs), and eicosapentaenoic acids (EPAs) was not significantly associated with AD risk. The intake of total fatty acids, SFAs, MUFAs, PUFAs, and ω-3 PUFAs was not significantly associated with dementia risk. This meta-analysis provided evidence that ω-3 PUFA intake may be negatively associated with MCI risk.