Prognostic implications of the EGFR polymorphism rs763317 and clinical variables among young Chinese lung cancer population.

The 5-year survival rate for patients with lung cancer, the world's second most frequent malignant tumor, is less than 20%, and its prognosis cannot be clearly predicted. Our aim was to analyze the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) rs763317 (G>A) single nucleotide polymorphism and its association with prognosis in Chinese Han lung cancer patients. 839 patients with primary lung cancer were recruited, and genomic DNA was extracted and genotyped by SNPscan. Kaplan-Meier technique and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model were used to analyze the association between prognosis and EGFR polymorphism rs763317. A significant association after stratification by age, significantly increased lung cancer risk was associated with the AA homozygous genotype of rs763317 (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.31-4.88, p=0.005), and conferred a poor survival for lung cancer patients (MST: median survival time: 13.6 months) compared with GG genotype (MST: 41.5 months), and in the recessive model AA genotype (AA vs. GG + GA; adjusted hazard ratio = 2.57, 95% CI: 1.34-4.93, p=0.004) who were young (<60 years) had a significantly increased risk of death. The EGFR polymorphism rs763617 might serve as a significant genetic marker for predicting the prognosis of lung cancer.

Boosting Electrochemical Water Oxidation on NiFe (oxy) Hydroxides by Constructing Schottky Junction toward Water Electrolysis under Industrial Conditions.

The practical deployment of promising NiFe-based oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is heavily limited due to the constrain in both stability and activity under industrial conditions. Herein, a 3D free-standing NiFe(oxy)hydroxide-based electrode with Schottky junction is constructed, in which NiFe(oxy)hydroxide (NiFe(OH)x ) nanosheets are chemically assembled on the top of metal-like Ni3 S2 scaffold that are in situ formed on commercial Ni mesh. Such an assembly enhances the binding strength of each components, promotes the charge transfer across the interfaces, and modulates the electronic and nanostructural features of NiFe(OH)x . Consequently, the electrode delivers current densities of as high as 500 and 1000 mA cm-2 for OER at overpotentials of only 248 and 270 mV with long-term stability in 1 m KOH. When it was paired with a NiMo hydrogen evolution cathode in a practical two-electrode system, a current density of 1000 mA cm-2 is achieved at a low cell voltage of ≈1.61 V at 80 °C in 30% KOH without losing performance for at least 1500 h. This is the best performance reported thus far for alkaline water electrolysis under industrial conditions, demonstrating its great potential for practical applications.

Mechanistic Understanding of Efficient Photocatalytic H2 Evolution on Two-Dimensional Layered Lead Iodide Hybrid Perovskites.

Three-dimensional (3D) organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have demonstrated excellent capability in solar fuel production, while the two-dimensional (2D) counterparts are generally considered inferior candidates due to the high exciton binding energy and weak light absorption. Herein, contrary to our common understanding, we find that 2D perovskites can perform photocatalytic H2 production from HI splitting more efficiently than their 3D counterparts. We observed sharp difference between 2D perovskites crystals with organic phenylalkylammonium cations of different lengths and the 3D counterparts in their stabilization behavior in aqueous solution. Moreover, we show that the organic cations length of the 2D perovskites affects the nanostructures, optoelectronic properties, and the charge transfer process significantly, which determines the photocatalytic activity of the 2D perovskites. Among the 2D perovskites under investigation, phenylmethylammonium lead iodide with the shortest organic cations achieved the best solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency of ca. 1.57 %, which is the highest value ever reported for hybrid perovskites.

Photo-thermo Catalytic Oxidation over a TiO2 -WO3 -Supported Platinum Catalyst.

Photo-thermo catalysis, which integrates photocatalysis on semiconductors with thermocatalysis on supported nonplasmonic metals, has emerged as an attractive approach to improve catalytic performance. However, an understanding of the mechanisms in operation is missing from both the thermo- and photocatalytic perspectives. Deep insights into photo-thermo catalysis are achieved via the catalytic oxidation of propane (C3 H8 ) over a Pt/TiO2 -WO3 catalyst that severely suffers from oxygen poisoning at high O2 /C3 H8 ratios. After introducing UV/Vis light, the reaction temperature required to achieve 70 % conversion of C3 H8 lowers to a record-breaking 90 °C from 324 °C and the apparent activation energy drops from 130 kJ mol-1 to 11 kJ mol-1 . Furthermore, the reaction order of O2 is -1.4 in dark but reverses to 0.1 under light, thereby suppressing oxygen poisoning of the Pt catalyst. An underlying mechanism is proposed based on direct evidence of the in-situ-captured reaction intermediates.

Achieving Simultaneous CO2 and H2 S Conversion via a Coupled Solar-Driven Electrochemical Approach on Non-Precious-Metal Catalysts.

Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) are generally concomitant with methane (CH4 ) in natural gas and traditionally deemed useless or even harmful. Developing strategies that can simultaneously convert both CO2 and H2 S into value-added products is attractive; however it has not received enough attention. A solar-driven electrochemical process is demonstrated using graphene-encapsulated zinc oxide catalyst for CO2 reduction and graphene catalyst for H2 S oxidation mediated by EDTA-Fe2+ /EDTA-Fe3+ redox couples. The as-prepared solar-driven electrochemical system can realize the simultaneous conversion of CO2 and H2 S into carbon monoxide and elemental sulfur at near neutral conditions with high stability and selectivity. This conceptually provides an alternative avenue for the purification of natural gas with added economic and environmental benefits.

The Rice Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor TDR INTERACTING PROTEIN2 Is a Central Switch in Early Anther Development.

In male reproductive development in plants, meristemoid precursor cells possessing transient, stem cell-like features undergo cell divisions and differentiation to produce the anther, the male reproductive organ. The anther contains centrally positioned microsporocytes surrounded by four distinct layers of wall: the epidermis, endothecium, middle layer, and tapetum. Here, we report that the rice (Oryza sativa) basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein TDR INTERACTING PROTEIN2 (TIP2) functions as a crucial switch in the meristemoid transition and differentiation during early anther development. The tip2 mutants display undifferentiated inner three anther wall layers and abort tapetal programmed cell death, causing complete male sterility. TIP2 has two paralogs in rice, TDR and EAT1, which are key regulators of tapetal programmed cell death. We revealed that TIP2 acts upstream of TDR and EAT1 and directly regulates the expression of TDR and EAT1. In addition, TIP2 can interact with TDR, indicating a role of TIP2 in later anther development. Our findings suggest that the bHLH proteins TIP2, TDR, and EAT1 play a central role in regulating differentiation, morphogenesis, and degradation of anther somatic cell layers, highlighting the role of paralogous bHLH proteins in regulating distinct steps of plant cell-type determination.

Diversity and human perceptions of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in Southeast Asian megacities.

Urbanization requires the conversion of natural land cover to cover with human-constructed elements and is considered a major threat to biodiversity. Bee populations, globally, are under threat; however, the effect of rapid urban expansion in Southeast Asia on bee diversity has not been investigated. Given the pressing issues of bee conservation and urbanization in Southeast Asia, coupled with complex factors surrounding human-bee coexistence, we investigated bee diversity and human perceptions of bees in four megacities. We sampled bees and conducted questionnaires at three different site types in each megacity: a botanical garden, central business district, and peripheral suburban areas. Overall, the mean species richness and abundance of bees were significantly higher in peripheral suburban areas than central business districts; however, there were no significant differences in the mean species richness and abundance between botanical gardens and peripheral suburban areas or botanical gardens and central business districts. Urban residents were unlikely to have seen bees but agreed that bees have a right to exist in their natural environment. Residents who did notice and interact with bees, even though being stung, were more likely to have positive opinions towards the presence of bees in cities.

Spatially Separated Photosystem II and a Silicon Photoelectrochemical Cell for Overall Water Splitting: A Natural-Artificial Photosynthetic Hybrid.

Integrating natural and artificial photosynthetic platforms is an important approach to developing solar-driven hybrid systems with exceptional function over the individual components. A natural-artificial photosynthetic hybrid platform is formed by wiring photosystem II (PSII) and a platinum-decorated silicon photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell in a tandem manner based on a photocatalytic-PEC Z-scheme design. Although the individual components cannot achieve overall water splitting, the hybrid platform demonstrated the capability of unassisted solar-driven overall water splitting. Moreover, H2 and O2 evolution can be separated in this system, which is ascribed to the functionality afforded by the unconventional Z-scheme design. Furthermore, the tandem configuration and the spatial separation between PSII and artificial components provide more opportunities to develop efficient natural-artificial hybrid photosynthesis systems.

Redescription of three Hippasa species from China (Araneae: Lycosidae), with a proposed species group-division and diagnosis.

The genus Hippasa is a group of web-weaving lycosids, whose web is funnel-like, quite similar to those of the Agelenidae. In this paper, based on published papers and specimens from China, we diagnose and discuss the composition of this genus. Two species groups are recognised, the Hippasa greenalliae-group (12 species and a subspecies) mainly from Asia and the Hippasa partita-group (17 species), which is distributed in both South Asia and Africa. In China, there are three Hippasa species: H. holmerae Thorell, 1895, H. lingxianensis Yin & Wang, 1980 (revalidated) and H. lycosina Pocock, 1900. The Japanese species, H. babai Tanikawa, 2007 is newly synonymised with H. lingxianensis. Two Hippasa species, H. agelenoides (Simon, 1884) and H. greenalliae (Blackwall, 1867) have never been found in China. Morphological illustrations, photos and redescriptions of H. holmerae, H. lingxianensis and H. lycosina are provided, based on Chinese specimens.

Scalable low-cost SnS(2) nanosheets as counter electrode building blocks for dye-sensitized solar cells.

A new type of semitransparent SnS2 nanosheet (NS) films were synthesized using a simple and environmentally friendly solution-processed approach, which were subsequently used as a counter electrode (CE) alternative to the noble metal Pt for triiodide reduction in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The resultant SnS2 -based CE with a thickness of about 300 nm exhibited excellent electrochemical catalytic activity for catalyzing the reduction of triiodide and demonstrated comparable power conversion efficiency of 7.64 % with that of expensive Pt-based CE in DSSCs (7.71 %). When functionalized with a small amount of carbon nanoparticles, the SnS2 NS-based CE showed even better performance of 8.06 % than Pt under the same conditions. Considering the facile fabrication method, optical transparency, low cost, and remarkable catalytic property, this study on SnS2 NSs may shed light on the large-scale production of electrocatalytic electrode materials for low-cost photovoltaic devices.

A hematite photoanode with gradient structure shows an unprecedentedly low onset potential for photoelectrochemical water oxidation.

Ultra-high onset potential hinders the application of hematite for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Herein, a hematite photoanode with an unprecedentedly low onset potential of 0.50 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode for PEC water oxidation is reported. The drastically reduced onset potential is mainly ascribed to the passivation of the hematite surface states and the gradient structure made by H2-O2 flame at high temperature.

Energetic requirements of iridium(III) complex based photosensitisers in photocatalytic hydrogen generation.

A new family of Ir(III) complexes were synthesised and employed as light-induced hydrogen-production photosensitisers in aqueous systems, where hydrogen evolution was observed only when the PS* was reduced by the sacrificial agent, NEt3, signifying that a minimum potential difference of >0.2 V between E(PS*/PS(-)) and E(NEt3(+)/NEt3) is required for efficient hydrogen production [i.e., E(PS*/PS(-)) >1.19 V versus NHE]. The analytical method developed here is demonstrated to be useful for screening new photosensitisers for light-driven hydrogen generation.

An integrated photoelectrochemical-chemical loop for solar-driven overall splitting of hydrogen sulfide.

Abundant and toxic hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) from industry and nature has been traditionally considered a liability. However, it represents a potential resource if valuable H2 and elemental sulfur can be simultaneously extracted through a H2 S splitting reaction. Herein a photochemical-chemical loop linked by redox couples such as Fe(2+) /Fe(3+) and I(-) /I3 (-) for photoelectrochemical H2 production and H2 S chemical absorption redox reactions are reported. Using functionalized Si as photoelectrodes, H2 S was successfully split into elemental sulfur and H2 with high stability and selectivity under simulated solar light. This new conceptual design will not only provide a possible route for using solar energy to convert H2 S into valuable resources, but also sheds light on some challenging photochemical reactions such as CH4 activation and CO2 reduction.

Water-Stable High-Entropy Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising platforms for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to their fascinating physiochemical properties. Rationally engineering the compositions and structures of MOFs can provide abundant opportunities for their optimization. In recent years, high-entropy materials (HEMs) have demonstrated great potential in the energy and environment fields. However, there is still no report on the development of high-entropy MOFs (HE-MOFs) for photocatalytic HER in aqueous solution. Herein, the authors report the synthesis of a novel p-type HE-MOFs single crystal (HE-MOF-SC) and the corresponding HE-MOFs nanosheets (HE-MOF-NS) capable of realizing visible-light-driven photocatalytic HER. Both HE-MOF-SC and HE-MOF-NS exhibit higher photocatalytic HER activity than all the single-metal MOFs, which are supposed to be ascribed to the interplay between the different metal nodes in the HE-MOFs that enables more efficient charge transfer. Moreover, impressively, the HE-MOF-NS demonstrates much higher photocatalytic activity than the HE-MOF-SC due to its thin thickness and enhanced surface area. At optimum conditions, the rate of H2 evolution on the HE-MOF-NS is ≈13.24 mmol h-1 g-1, which is among the highest values reported for water-stable MOF photocatalysts. This work highlights the importance of developing advanced high-entropy materials toward enhanced photocatalysis.

[Analysis and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution in Farmland Soil in China：A Meta-analysis].

In this study, a Meta-analysis was used to investigate the pollution status of eight farmland soil heavy metal elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in China. Meanwhile, their spatiotemporal changes and differences between different types of cultivated land were explored. The research data were chosen from 449 relevant literature data collected by CNKI and Web of Science from 2005 to 2021, and the Meta-analysis used a weighted method based on "sampling numbers", "study area", and "standard deviation". The results showed that the national average values of the eight heavy metal elements in Chinese farmland soil were ω(As)11.00 mg·kg-1, ω(Cd)0.350 2 mg·kg-1, ω(Cr)62.91 mg·kg-1, ω(Cu)28.87 mg·kg-1, ω(Hg)0.135 1 mg·kg-1, ω(Ni)28.91 mg·kg-1, ω(Pb)34.67 mg·kg-1,and ω(Zn)90.24 mg·kg-1. Compared with their background values, all elements except As accumulated to some extent, and Cd and Hg accumulated the most, exceeding their background values by 177.9% and 340.3%, respectively. The research results indicated that Cd and Hg were the main pollution elements in farmland soil in China, and their accumulation was mainly influenced by human activities. In terms of their temporal and spatial changes, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the eastern coast were the most concentrated areas of pollution cases, and the pollution center shifted from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River to the southwest over time. The accumulation of heavy metals in farmland soil was affected by crop planting types, and the accumulation of heavy metals in vegetable and paddy soil was significantly greater than that in other cultivated land types.

A high-resolution cucumber cytogenetic map integrated with the genome assembly.

BACKGROUND: High-resolution cytogenetic map can provide not only important biological information on genome organization but also solid foundation for genetic and genomic research. The progress in the molecular and cytogenetic studies has created the basis for developing the cytogenetic map in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). RESULTS: Here, the cytogenetic maps of four cucumber chromosomes (chromosomes 1, 3-5) were constructed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis on cucumber pachytene chromosomes. Together with our previously constructed cytogenetic maps of three cucumber chromosomes (chromosomes 2, 6-7), cucumber has a complete cytogenetic map with 76 anchoring points between the genetic, the cytogenetic and the draft genome assembly maps. To compare our pachytene FISH map directly to the genetic linkage and draft genome assembly maps, we used a standardized map unit-relative map position (RMP) to produce the comparative map alignments. The alignments allowed a global view of the relationship of genetic and physical distances along each cucumber chromosome, and accuracy and coverage of the draft genome assembly map. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated a good correlation between positions of the markers in the linkage and physical maps, and essentially complete coverage of chromosome arms by the draft genome assembly. Our study not only provides essential information for the improvement of sequence assembly but also offers molecular tools for cucumber genomics research, comparative genomics and evolutionary study.

Hydrothermal synthesis of a crystalline rutile TiO2 nanorod based network for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells.

One-dimensional (1D) TiO2 nanostructures are desirable as photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) due to their superior electron-transport capability. However, making use of the DSSC performance of 1D rutile TiO2 photoanodes remains challenging, mainly due to the small surface area and consequently low dye loading. Herein, a new type of photoanode with a three-dimensional (3D) rutile-nanorod-based network structure directly grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates was developed by using a facile two-step hydrothermal process. The resultant photoanode possesses oriented rutile nanorod arrays for fast electron transport as the bottom layer and radially packed rutile head-caps with an improved large surface area for efficient dye adsorption. The diffuse reflectance spectra showed that with the radially packed top layer, the light-harvesting efficiency was increased due to an enhanced light-scattering effect. A combination of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), dark current, and open-circuit voltage decay (OCVD) analyses confirmed that the electron-recombiantion rate was reduced on formation of the nanorod-based 3D network for fast electron transport. As a resut, a light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 6.31% was achieved with this photoanode in DSSCs, which is comparable to the best DSSC efficiencies that have been reported to date for 1D rutile TiO2 .

A scalable colloidal approach to prepare hematite films for efficient solar water splitting.

The development of technologically and economically viable strategies for large-scale fabrication of photoelectrodes is crucial for solar H2 production from photoelectrochemical water splitting. Herein, a low-cost and facile colloidal electrophoretic deposition approach was developed for scalable fabrication of hematite (α-Fe2O3) films. Large-sized uniform films (e.g. 80 mm × 70 mm) with tailored thickness and nanostructures can be easily prepared on conductive substrates within 2 minutes. The resultant films showed a high photocurrent of ∼1.1 mA cm(-2) at 1.23 V(RHE) under standard AM 1.5G illumination, which is among the highest reported values achieved on hematite films prepared using other complex colloidal approaches. The present work will pave a new avenue for fabrication of efficient photoelectrodes toward practically viable solar H2 production.

Ruthenium nanoclusters modified by zinc species towards enhanced electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction.

Ruthenium (Ru) has been considered a promising electrocatalyst for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) while its performance is limited due to the problems of particle aggregation and competitive adsorption of the reaction intermediates. Herein, we reported the synthesis of a zinc (Zn) modified Ru nanocluster electrocatalyst anchored on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Ru-Zn/MWCNTs). The Ru-Zn catalysts were found to be highly dispersed on the MWCNTs substrate. Moreover, the Ru-Zn/MWCNTs exhibited low overpotentials of 26 and 119 mV for achieving current intensities of 10 and 100 mA cm-2 under alkaline conditions, respectively, surpassing Ru/MWCNTs with the same Ru loading and the commercial 5 wt% Pt/C (47 and 270 mV). Moreover, the Ru-Zn/MWCNTs showed greatly enhanced stability compared to Ru/MWCNTs with no significant decay after 10,000 cycles of CV sweeps and long-term operation for 90 h. The incorporation of Zn species was found to modify the electronic structure of the Ru active species and thus modulate the adsorption energy of the Had and OHad intermediates, which could be the main reason for the enhanced HER performance. This study provides a strategy to develop efficient and stable electrocatalysts towards the clean energy conversion field.

High-throughput novel microsatellite marker of faba bean via next generation sequencing.

BACKGROUND: Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important food legume crop, grown for human consumption globally including in China, Turkey, Egypt and Ethiopia. Although genetic gain has been made through conventional selection and breeding efforts, this could be substantially improved through the application of molecular methods. For this, a set of reliable molecular markers representative of the entire genome is required. RESULTS: A library with 125,559 putative SSR sequences was constructed and characterized for repeat type and length from a mixed genome of 247 spring and winter sown faba bean genotypes using 454 sequencing. A suit of 28,503 primer pair sequences were designed and 150 were randomly selected for validation. Of these, 94 produced reproducible amplicons that were polymorphic among 32 faba bean genotypes selected from diverse geographical locations. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 8, the expected heterozygocities ranged from 0.0000 to 1.0000, and the observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.0908 to 0.8410. The validation by UPGMA cluster analysis of 32 genotypes based on Nei's genetic distance, showed high quality and effectiveness of those novel SSR markers developed via next generation sequencing technology. CONCLUSIONS: Large scale SSR marker development was successfully achieved using next generation sequencing of the V. faba genome. These novel markers are valuable for constructing genetic linkage maps, future QTL mapping, and marker-assisted trait selection in faba bean breeding efforts.