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1.
World J Urol ; 42(1): 450, 2024 Jul 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39066902

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Urothelial bladder cancer (UCB) care requires frequent follow-up cystoscopy and surgery. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is a probe-based optical technique that can provide real-time microscopic evaluation with the potential for outpatient grading of UCB. This study aims to investigate the diagnostic accuracy and interobserver variability for the grading of UCB with CLE during flexible cystoscopy (fCLE). METHODS: Participants scheduled for transurethral resection of papillary bladder tumors were prospectively included for intra-operative fCLE. Exclusion criteria were flat lesions, fluorescein allergy or pregnancy. Two independent observers evaluated fCLE, classifying tumors as low- or high-grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC/HGUC) or benign. Interobserver agreement was calculated with Cohens kappa (κ) and diagnostic accuracy with 2 × 2 tables. Histopathology was the reference test. RESULTS: Histopathology of 34 lesions revealed 14 HGUC, 14 LGUC and 6 benign tumors. Diagnostic yield for fCLE was 80-85% with a κ of 0.75. Respectively, sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV were: for benign tumors 0-20%, 96-100%, unmeasureable-50% and 87%, for LGUC 57-64%, 41-58%, 44-53% and 54-69% and for HGUC 38-57%, 56-68%, 38-57% and 56-68%, with an interobserver agreement of κ 0.61. CONCLUSION: fCLE is currently insufficient to grade UCB.


Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células de Transição , Cistoscopia , Microscopia Confocal , Gradação de Tumores , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Humanos , Microscopia Confocal/métodos , Cistoscopia/métodos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Feminino , Idoso , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Variações Dependentes do Observador
2.
Cent European J Urol ; 77(1): 129-135, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38645810

RESUMO

Introduction: There are three common treatment options for kidney stones: extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureterorenoscopy (URS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL). The choice of treatment is based on stone- and patient-related characteristics. However, some stones are eligible for several approaches and the decision is made based on patient and urologist's preferences. This study evaluates which approach has the highest workload. Material and methods: Between March and August 2022, five members of the Amsterdam Endourology Research Group collected data from 22 ESWL, 31 URS and 22 PNL procedures. After each procedure, the SURG-TLX questionnaire was completed by the surgeon to evaluate workload. Six dimensions were scored for each procedure, including: mental demands, physical demands, temporal demands, task complexity, situational stress, and distractions. The total workload, and the median for each dimension, was calculated and compared for the three treatments. Results: ESWL scored significantly lower than URS for mental demands, physical demands, temporal demands, situational stress, distraction and total workload. However, task complexity did not differ significantly between the two techniques. Compared with PNL, ESWL scored significantly lower for all dimensions. Finally, PNL received significantly higher scores for mental demands, physical demands, temporal demands, situational stress, distractions and total workload than URS. Only task complexity showed no significant difference between both groups. Conclusions: Urologists perceive the highest workload during PNL, followed by URS and finally ESWL. A follow-up study is needed to identify stressors that increase perceived workload with the purpose to address these variables and as final objective to improve urologists' workload, patient safety and treatment outcomes.

3.
Lasers Med Sci ; 25(3): 439-47, 2010 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20145968

RESUMO

Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) is commonly used to treat saphenous varicosities. Very high temperatures at the laser fibre tip have been reported during EVLA. We hypothesized that the laser irradiation deposits a layer of strongly absorbing carbonized blood of very high temperature on the fibre tip. We sought to prove the existence of these layers and study their properties by optical transmission, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and microscopy. We analysed 23 EVLA fibres, 8 used at 810 nm, 7 at 940 nm and 8 at 1,470 nm. We measured the transmission of these fibres in two wavelength bands (450-950 nm; 950-1,650 nm). We used 1,310 nm OCT to assess the thickness of the layers and the attenuation as a function of depth to determine the absorption coefficient. Microscopy was used to view the tip surface. All fibres showed a slightly increasing transmission with wavelength in the 450-950 nm band, and a virtually wavelength-independent transmission in the 950-1,650 nm band. OCT scans showed a thin layer deposited on all 13 fibres investigated, 6 used at 810 nm, 4 at 940 nm and 3 at 1,470 nm, some with inhomogeneities over the tip area. The average absorption coefficient of the 13 layers was 72 +/- 16 mm(-1). The average layer thickness estimated from the transmission and absorption measurements was 8.0 +/- 2.7 microm. From the OCT data, the average maximal thickness was 26 +/- 6 microm. Microscopy of three fibre tips, one for each EVLA wavelength, showed rough, cracked and sometimes seriously damaged tip surfaces. There was no clear correlation between the properties of the layers and the EVLA parameters such as wavelength, except for a positive correlation between layer thickness and total delivered energy. In conclusion, we found strong evidence that all EVLA procedures in blood filled veins deposit a heavily absorbing hot layer of carbonized blood on the fibre tip, with concomitant tip damage. This major EVLA mechanism is unlikely to have much wavelength dependence at similar delivered energies per centimetre of vein. Optical-thermal interaction between the vein wall and the transmitted laser light depends on wavelength.


Assuntos
Terapia a Laser/métodos , Varizes/cirurgia , Sangue/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Terapia a Laser/instrumentação , Fibras Ópticas , Fenômenos Ópticos , Veia Safena/patologia , Veia Safena/cirurgia , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica , Varizes/sangue , Varizes/patologia
4.
Med Hypotheses ; 129: 109234, 2019 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31371083

RESUMO

Abnormal growth of infants may indicate disease of the children, thus methods to identify growth disorders are wanted in medicine. We previously showed that two-time-points weight growth velocities at age t, calculated by a commercial software product as [Weight(t) - Weight(t - X)]/X, with X = 448 days, were erroneous due to the long separation of 448 days. We were convinced that shorter X-values would solve this accuracy problem. However, our hypothesis is that: "shorter time separations than 448 days cause a decreased accuracy of numerical weight velocity equations in realistic infant weights until an age of about three years". Supporting evidence comes from analyzing how shorter X-values will affect the accuracy of two-time-points weight velocity calculations. We systematically varied X between 1 and 448 days of various P50/0SD-related standard weight curves: (a) P50/0SD with the weights separated by 1 day and X = 1,28,224,448 days; (b) P50/0SD with the weights at variable ages and X = 14-448 days; and (c) case (b) and incorporating weight fluctuations typically occurring in infants. Cases (b) and (c) include details observed in a clinical case. Our results show that the combination of weight fluctuations and varying time intervals between consecutive weights make weight velocity predictions worse for shorter X values in children younger than three years. Because these two causes of failure occur naturally in infants whose weight is regularly measured, other weight velocity equations face the same causes for inaccuracy. In conclusion, our hypothesis suggests that any software that predicts weight velocities should be abandoned in infants < 3 years. Practically, it should require that when (commercial) software weight velocity prediction suggests a medical problem, careful clinical checking should be mandatory, e.g. by linking predicted and exact weight velocities at age t (the latter from the mathematical first derivative at age t of standard weight curves).


Assuntos
Peso Corporal , Transtornos do Crescimento/fisiopatologia , Pediatria/normas , Antropometria , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Masculino , Modelos Teóricos , Software
5.
JMIR Res Protoc ; 7(2): e34, 2018 Feb 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29415874

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Visual confirmation of a suspicious lesion in the urinary tract is a major corner stone in diagnosing urothelial carcinoma. However, during cystoscopy (for bladder tumors) and ureterorenoscopy (for tumors of the upper urinary tract) no real-time histopathologic information can be obtained. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an optical imaging technique that allows for in vivo high-resolution imaging and may allow real-time tumor grading of urothelial lesions. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of both studies is to develop descriptive criteria for in vivo CLE images of urothelial carcinoma (low-grade, high-grade, carcinoma in situ) and normal urothelium by comparing CLE images with corresponding histopathology. METHODS: In these two prospective clinical trials, CLE imaging will be performed of suspicious lesions and normal tissue in the urinary tract during surgery, prior to resection or biopsy. In the bladder study, CLE will be performed in 60 patients using the Cystoflex UHD-R probe. In the upper urinary tract study, CLE will be performed in 25 patients during ureterorenoscopy, who will undergo radical treatment (nephroureterectomy or segmental ureter resection) thereafter. All CLE images will be analyzed frame by frame by three independent, blinded observers. Histopathology and CLE-based diagnosis of the lesions will be evaluated. Both studies comply with the IDEAL stage 2b recommendations. RESULTS: Presently, recruitment of patients is ongoing in both studies. Results and outcomes are expected in 2018. CONCLUSIONS: For development of CLE-based diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma in the bladder and the upper urinary tract, a structured conduct of research is required. This study will provide more insight in tissue-specific CLE criteria for real-time tumor grading of urothelial carcinoma. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03013894; https://clinicaltrials.gov /ct2/show/NCT03013894?term=NCT03013894&rank=1 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6wiPZ378I); and Dutch Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects NL55537.018.15; https://www.toetsingonline.nl /to/ccmo_search.nsf/fABRpop?readform&unids=6B72AE6EB0FC3C2FC125821F001B45C6 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6wwJQvqWh). Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy in the upper urinary tract: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03013920; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03013920? term=NCT03013920&rank=1 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6wiPkjyt0); and Dutch Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects NL52989.018.16; https://www.toetsingonline.nl/to/ccmo_search.nsf/fABRpop?readform&unids=D27C9C3E5755CFECC12581690016779F (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6wvy8R44C).

6.
Med Oncol ; 34(10): 172, 2017 Sep 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28866819

RESUMO

A significant number of patients with intermediate- or high-risk bladder cancer treated with intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy are non-responders to this treatment. Since we cannot predict in which patients BCG therapy will fail, markers for responders are needed. UroVysion® is a multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test for bladder cancer detection. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether FISH can be used to early identify recurrence during treatment with BCG. In a multicenter, prospective study, three bladder washouts at different time points during treatment (t 0 = week 0, pre-BCG, t 1 = 6 weeks following TURB, t 2 = 3 months following TURB) were collected for FISH from patients with bladder cancer treated with BCG between 2008 and 2013. Data on bladder cancer recurrence and duration of BCG maintenance therapy were recorded. Thirty-six (31.6%) out of 114 patients developed a recurrence after a median of 6 months (range 2-32). No significant association was found between a positive FISH test at t 0 or t 1 and risk of recurrence (p = 0.79 and p = 0.29). A positive t 2 FISH test was associated with a higher risk of recurrence (p = 0.001). Patients with a positive FISH test 3 months following TURB had a 4.0-4.6 times greater risk of developing a recurrence compared to patients with a negative FISH. Patients with a positive FISH test 3 months following TURB and induction BCG therapy have a higher risk of developing tumor recurrence. FISH can therefore be a useful additional tool for physicians when determining a treatment strategy.


Assuntos
Vacina BCG/uso terapêutico , Imunoterapia/métodos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente/métodos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Estudos Prospectivos , Análise de Sobrevida , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia
7.
J Endourol ; 30(5): 602-8, 2016 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26743929

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the variation of interpretation of the same bladder urothelium image in different Storz Professional Image Enhancement System (SPIES) modalities. SPIES contains a White light (WL), Spectra A (SA), Spectra B (SB), and Clara and Chroma combined (CC) modality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An App for the iPAD retina was developed to study evaluation of images. A total of 80 images from 20 bladder areas acquired in four modalities were included. Seventy-three participants completed the study. Images were analyzed on differences in delineated tumor margin variation, perceived quality of the image, and delineation time. RESULTS: A separation between high agreement (n = 14) and low agreement (n = 6) images was found. In high agreement images, no difference in root mean square (RMS) was found between modalities. In low agreement images, WL (26.5 pixels) and SA (33.4 pixels) had a higher RMS than CC (18 pixels) and SB (21.4 pixels). The quality of SPIES modalities images was rated significantly higher. Delineation time was similar. CONCLUSION: In low agreement cases, images in CC and SB have less variation in interpretation than WL and SA. The image quality in SPIES modalities is graded significantly higher than WL. There is no difference in delineation time between modalities.


Assuntos
Aumento da Imagem/métodos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/diagnóstico por imagem , Urotélio/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Idoso , Computadores de Mão , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aplicativos Móveis , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Software , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
8.
J Endourol ; 29(2): 113-23, 2015 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25178057

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Developments in optical diagnostics have potential for less invasive diagnosis of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUT-UC). This systematic review provides an overview of technology, applications, and limitations of recently developed optical diagnostics in the upper urinary tract and outlines their potential for future clinical applications. In addition, current evidence was evaluated. LITERATURE SEARCH: A PubMed literature search was performed and articles on narrow band imaging (NBI), photodynamic diagnosis (PDD), Storz professional imaging enhancement system (SPIES), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) regarding UUT-UC were reviewed for data extraction. Study quality was reviewed according to Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies and Innovation, Development, Exploration, Assessment, and Long-term follow-up (IDEAL) standards. RESULTS: Four articles available for quality assessment, demonstrated high level of evidence, but low level of IDEAL stage. NBI and SPIES enhance contrast of mucosal surface and vascular structures, improving tumor detection rate. A first in vivo study showed promising results. PDD uses fluorescence to improve tumor detection rate. However, due to the acute angle of the ureterorenoscopes there is an increased risk of false positives. OCT produces cross-sectional high-resolution images, providing information on tumor grade and stage. A pilot study showed promising diagnostic accuracy. CLE allows ultrahigh-resolution microscopy of tissue resulting in images of the cellular structure. CLE cannot be applied in vivo in the upper urinary tract yet, due to technical limitations. CONCLUSIONS: NBI, SPIES, and PDD aim at improving visualization of UUT-UC through contrast enhancement. OCT and CLE aim at providing real-time predictions of histopathological diagnosis. For all techniques, more research has to be conducted before these techniques can be implemented in the routine management of UUT-UC. All techniques might be of value in specific clinical scenarios and allow for integration, for example, OCT with NBI, and could therefore improve tumor detection and staging and help in selecting the optimal treatment for the individual patient.


Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células de Transição/diagnóstico , Sistema Urinário/patologia , Neoplasias Urológicas/diagnóstico , Urotélio/patologia , Humanos , Microscopia Confocal , Imagem de Banda Estreita/métodos , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/métodos , Ureteroscopia
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