Non-inferiority randomized controlled trial comparing CricOid pressure and para-laryngeal pressure in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery: NiCOP trial.

BACKGROUND: Cricoid pressure has been surrounded with controversies regarding its effectiveness. Application of ultrasound-guided para-laryngeal (PL) force has been shown to occlude the esophagus effectively compared with cricoid pressure (CP) in awake patients. We hypothesized that there would be no meaningful difference in the change in antero-posterior esophageal diameter from with application of cricoid or para-laryngeal pressure in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery under general anesthesia. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, non-inferiority trial, 40 parturients scheduled for elective cesarean delivery under general anesthesia were randomized to receive rapid sequence induction with either cricoid pressure (n = 20) or para-laryngeal pressure (n = 20). The antero-posterior diameter of the esophagus, measured by sonography, was the primary outcome. Visualization of the esophagus, its position in relation to the glottic aperture, esophageal occlusion, percentage of glottic opening (POGO), time to intubation, first pass success rate, overall success rate and adverse events like desaturation or bronchospasm were secondary outcomes. RESULTS: The mean change in anterior-posterior diameter in the CP group was 0.17 ±0.1 cm vs. 0.28 ±0.1 cm in the PL group. The mean difference (CP-para-laryngeal pressure) between the groups was -0.11 (95% CI -0.17 to -0.1) cm. As the upper limit of the 95% CI was lower than the prespecified non-inferiority margin (δ = -0.2), non-inferiority was established (P <0.001]. There was no significant difference in the POGO score (P = 0.818), time to intubation (P =0.55), or intubation attempts (P = 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Para-laryngeal pressure was non-inferior to CP in occluding the esophagus in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery under general anesthesia and furthermore, no significant deterioration in intubation parameters was seen.

Peripartum management of a parturient with type 1C (clearance) von Willebrand disease.

Peripartum replacement of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor is not usually required in type 1 von Willebrand disease, as the levels of endogenous factors tend to increase to within the normal range as a physiological change of pregnancy. However, there is wide heterogeneity of genotypes and phenotypes associated with type 1 von Willebrand disease. Here, we describe the anesthetic management of a parturient with type 1C von Willebrand disease, a subtype characterized by decreased plasma von Willebrand factor survival.

Anesthetic management of super-morbidly obese parturients for cesarean delivery with a double neuraxial catheter technique: a case series.

Parturients with super-morbid obesity, defined as body mass index greater than 50kg/m(2), represent a growing segment of patients who require anesthetic care for labor and delivery. Severe obesity and its comorbid conditions place the parturient and fetus at greater risk for pregnancy complications and cesarean delivery, as well as surgical and anesthetic complications. The surgical approach for cesarean delivery in these patients may require a supra-umbilical vertical midline incision due to a large pannus. The dense T4-level of spinal anesthesia can cause difficulties with ventilation for the obese patient during the procedure, which can be prolonged. Patients also may have respiratory complications in the postoperative period due to pain from the incision. We describe the anesthetic management of three parturients with body mass index ranging from 73 to 95kg/m(2) who had a cesarean delivery via a supra-umbilical vertical midline incision. Continuous lumbar spinal and low thoracic epidural catheters were placed in each patient for intraoperative anesthesia and postoperative analgesia, respectively. Continuous spinal catheters were dosed with incremental bupivacaine boluses to achieve surgical anesthesia. In one case, the patient required respiratory support with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation. Two cases were complicated by intraoperative hemorrhage. All patients had satisfactory postoperative analgesia with a thoracic epidural infusion. None suffered postoperative respiratory complications or postdural puncture headache. The use of a continuous lumbar spinal catheter and a low thoracic epidural provides several advantages in the anesthetic management of super-morbidly obese parturients for cesarean delivery.

Prophylactic ketamine to prevent shivering in parturients undergoing Cesarean delivery during spinal anesthesia.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of ketamine 0.25 mg/kg with ketamine 0.5 mg/kg to prevent shivering in patients undergoing Cesarean delivery. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. SETTING: Operating rooms and postoperative recovery rooms. PATIENTS: 120 ASA physical status 1 and 2 pregnant women scheduled for Cesarean delivery during spinal anesthesia. MEASUREMENTS: Patient characteristics, anesthetic and surgical details, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes, and side effects of the study drugs were recorded. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry, tympanic temperature, severity of shivering, and degree of sedation were recorded before intrathecal injection and thereafter every 5 minutes. Patients were randomized to three groups: saline (Group C, n=30), intravenous (IV) ketamine 0.25 mg/kg (Group K-0.25, n=30), or IV ketamine 0.5 mg/kg (Group K-0.5, n=30). Grade 3 or 4 shivering was treated with IV meperidine 25 mg and the prophylaxis was regarded as ineffective. MAIN RESULTS: The number of shivering patients was significantly less in Group K-0.25 and in Group K-0.5 than in Group C (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively). The tympanic temperature values of Group C were lower at all times of the study than in either ketamine group. Median sedation scores of Group K-0.5 were significantly higher than in Group K-0.25 or Group C at 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes after spinal anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic IV ketamine 0.25 mg/kg was as effective as IV ketamine 0.5 mg/kg in preventing shivering in patients undergoing Cesarean section during spinal anesthesia.

Utilização da fenilefrina para controle da pressão arterial em cesarianas eletivas: dose terapêutica versus profilática / Utilización de la fenilefrina para el control de la presión arterial en cesáreas electivas: dosis terapéutica versus profiláctica / Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A anestesia raquídea é utilizada com frequência em casos de cesariana e se algumas medidas profiláticas não forem adotadas a incidência de hipotensão arterial é superior a 80 por cento. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia da fenilefrina quando administrada terapêutica ou profilaticamente para a manutenção da pressão arterial em pacientes submetidas à anestesia raquídea para cesarianas eletivas. MÉTODO: Foram estudadas 120 gestantes submetidas a cesarianas eletivas sob anestesia raquídea, alocadas aleatoriamente em três grupos iguais, conforme o regime de administração de fenilefrina. No Grupo 1, administrou-se fenilefrina em infusão contínua, em bomba de infusão, na dose de 0,15 µg.Kg-1.min-1 após a anestesia raquídea. No Grupo 2, foi administrada fenilefrina em dose única, de forma profilática, na dose de 50 µg após a anestesia raquídea e, no Grupo 3, fenilefrina em dose única de 50 µg em caso de hipotensão arterial definida como queda da PAS e/ou PAD de até 20 por cento em relação à média dos valores basais. Avaliou-se a incidência de hipotensão arterial, náuseas, vômitos e do índice de Apgar. RESULTADOS: A incidência de hipotensão arterial foi significativamente maior no Grupo 3, ocorrendo em 85 por cento das gestantes. Nos Grupos 1 e 2, ocorreu em 17,5 por cento e 32,5 por cento dos casos, respectivamente (p < 0,001). A incidência de náuseas foi bem superior no Grupo 3, ocorrendo em 40 por cento das pacientes, enquanto nos Grupos 1 e 2 a incidência foi de 10 por cento e 15 por cento, respectivamente, apresentando significância estatística. CONCLUSÕES: De acordo com a metodologia empregada, o estudo mostra que a infusão contínua profilática de fenilefrina iniciada imediatamente após a realização da anestesia raquídea para cesariana é mais efetiva para reduzir a incidência de hipotensão arterial e os efeitos colaterais maternos e fetais.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Spinal block is commonly used in cesarean sections and, if some prophylactic measures are not taken, the incidence of hypotension is higher than 80 percent. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of the administration of therapeutic or prophylactic doses of phenylephrine to maintain blood pressure in patients undergoing spinal block for elective cesarean section. METHODS: One hundred and twenty gravidas undergoing elective cesarean sections under spinal block, randomly divided in three equal groups according to the regimen of phenylephrine administered, were included in this study. In Group 1, continuous infusion of phenylephrine, using an infusion pump at 0.15 µg.kg-1.min-1 was administered after the spinal block. In Group 2, a single dose of prophylactic phenylephrine 50 µg was administered after the spinal block, and Group 3 received a single dose of phenylephrine 50 µg in case of hypotension, which was defined as a drop in SBP and/or DBP of up to 20 percent of baseline levels. The incidence of hypotension, nausea, and vomiting as well as the Apgar score were evaluated. RESULTS: The incidence of hypotension was significantly greater in Group 3, affecting 85 percent of the gravidas. In Groups 1 and 2 hypotension was seen in 17.5 percent and 32.5 percent of the cases respectively (p < 0.001). The incidence of nausea was much higher in Group 3 affecting 40 percent of the patients while in Groups 1 and 2 it was 10 percent and 15 percent respectively which was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: According to the methodology used, this study showed that prophylactic continuous infusion of phenylephrine initiated immediately after the spinal block for cesarean section is more effective in reducing the incidence of hypotension and maternal and fetal side effects.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La raquianestesia se usa a menudo en casos de cesárea y si algunas medidas profilácticas no se adoptan, la incidencia de hipotensión arterial es superior al 80 por ciento. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la eficacia de la fenilefrina cuando se administra terapéutica o profilácticamente para el mantenimiento de la presión arterial en pacientes sometidas a la raquianestesia para cesáreas electivas. MÉTODO: Se estudiaron 120 gestantes sometidas a cesáreas electivas bajo raquianestesia, ubicadas aleatoriamente en tres grupos iguales, conforme al régimen de administración de fenilefrina. En el Grupo 1, se administró fenilefrina en infusión continua, con bomba de infusión en dosis de 0,15 µg.Kg-1.min-1 después de la raquianestesia. En el Grupo 2, fue administrada fenilefrina en dosis única, de forma profiláctica, en dosis de 50 µg después de la raquianestesia, y en el Grupo 3, fenilefrina en dosis única de 50 µg en el caso de hipotensión arterial definida como una caída de la PAS y/o PAD en hasta un 20 por ciento con relación al promedio de los valores basales. Se evaluó la incidencia de hipotensión arterial, náuseas, vómitos y el índice de Apgar. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de hipotensión arterial fue significativamente más elevada en el Grupo 3, acaeciendo en un 85 por ciento de las embarazadas. En los Grupos 1 y 2, ocurrió en un 17,5 por ciento y 32,5 por ciento de los casos respectivamente (p < 0,001). La incidencia de náuseas fue bastante superior en el Grupo 3 en un 40 por ciento de las pacientes, mientras que en los Grupos 1 y 2 la incidencia fue de un 10 por ciento y un 15 por ciento respectivamente, presentando significancia estadística. CONCLUSIONES: A tono con la metodología utilizada, el estudio muestra que la infusión continua profiláctica de fenilefrina iniciada inmediatamente después de la realización de la raquianestesia para cesárea, es más efectiva en la reducción de la incidencia de hipotensión ...

Dose de bupivacaína subaracnóidea necessária para cesariana é semelhante em mulheres obesas e com peso normal / Las dosis de bupivacaína intratecal necesarias para cesáreas en mujeres obesas son similares a las usadas en mujeres con peso normal / Dose requirement of intrathecal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery is similar in obese and normal weight women

Justificativa e objetivos: Os efeitos do IMC na dispersão subaracnóidea de bupivacaína são controversos. O presente estudo avaliou a ED95 de bupivacaína subaracnóidea em cesarianas eletivas em mulheres obesas...

Background and objectives: The effect of BMI on the spread of intrathecal bupivacaine is controversial. This study assessed the ED95 of intrathecal bupivacaine for elective cesarean delivery in obese...

Justificativa y objetivos: Los efectos del IMC en la dispersión intratecal de bupivacaína son controvertidos. El presente estudio evaluó la ED95 de bupivacaína intratecal en cesáreas de elección en mujeres obesas...

Effects of pudendal nerve, epidural and subarachnoid block on coagulation of pregnant women / Efeitos do bloqueio pudendo, peridural e subaracnóideo sobre a coagulação sangüínea de gestantes / Efectos del bloqueo pudendo, peridural y subaracnoideo sobre la coagulación sanguínea de embarazadas

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Tem sido atribuída à anestesia regional diminuição significativa das complicações tromboembólicas no pós-operatório, provavelmente por sua ação atenuadora sobre a resposta neuroendócrino-metabólica. As gestantes, que apresentam aumento importante da coagulabilidade sangüínea, podem, teoricamente, beneficiar-se desse efeito por ocasião do parto. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da anestesia regional sobre a coagulação sangüínea em gestantes. MÉTODO: Foram estudadas 30 pacientes no terceiro trimestre de gestação, sendo dez submetidas à anestesia peridural para cesariana, com 150 mg de bupivacaína a 0,5 por cento sem epinefrina e 2 mg de morfina (grupo PD); dez à anestesia subaracnóidea para cesariana com 15 mg de bupivacaína hiperbárica a 0,5 por cento e 0,2 mg de morfina (grupo SA); e dez a bloqueio de pudendo para parto vaginal, com doses de até 100 mg de bupivacaína a 0,5 por cento sem epinefrina (grupo BP). A coagulação sangüínea foi avaliada por meio de coagulograma (tempo de protrombina, tempo de trombina, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada) e de tromboelastograma (tempo r, tempo k, tempo r + k, ângulo alfa e amplitude máxima) nos seguintes momentos: antes e após a anestesia, após o nascimento do feto e 24 horas após a anestesia nos grupos PD e SA. No grupo BP a avaliação foi realizada antes da anestesia, após o nascimento do feto e 24 horas após a anestesia. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que nenhuma das técnicas anestésicas utilizadas teve influência na coagulação sangüínea das gestantes. Demonstraram, também, que durante o trabalho de parto tem início um processo de ativação da coagulação que é responsável pelas alterações encontradas nos três grupos estudados. CONCLUSÕES: Nas condições do presente estudo o bloqueio simpático e o anestésico local não influíram sobre a coagulação em gestantes de termo submetidas à anestesia peridural, subaracnóidea ou bloqueio pudendo.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The significant reduction in postoperative thromboembolic complications has been attributed to the use of regional block, probably due to attenuation of the neuroendocrine-metabolic response. Pregnant women, who demonstrate important hypercoagulability, can in theory benefit from this effect during labor. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of regional block on coagulation of pregnant women. METHODS: Thirty patients in the 3rd trimester were enrolled; ten patients underwent epidural block for cesarean section with 150 mg of 0.5 percent bupivacaine without epinephrine and 2 mg of morphine (PD group); ten underwent subarachnoid block for cesarean section with 15 mg of 0.5 percent hyperbaric bupivacaine and 0,2 mg of morphine (SA group); and ten, pudendal block for vaginal delivery with up to 100 mg of 0.5 percent bupivacaine without epinephrine (BP group). Coagulation tests (prothrombin time, thrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time) and thromboelastography (r-time, k-time, r+k-time, alpha-angle, maximum amplitude) were performed in the following moments: before and after the blockade, after delivery, and 24 hours after the blockade in PD and SA groups. In the BP group, the evaluation was done before the blockade, after delivery, and 24 hours after the blockade. RESULTS: The results indicate that the anesthetic technique did not influence coagulation of pregnant women. They also demonstrate that coagulation is activated during labor, which is responsible for the changes seen in all the study groups. CONCLUSIONS: In the conditions of the present study, the sympathetic blockade and the local anesthetic did not have any influence on the coagulation of pregnant women at term undergoing epidural, subarachnoid, or pudendal nerve block.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La ha sido atribuida a la anestesia regional la disminución significativa de las complicaciones trombo embolicas en el postoperatorio, probablemente por su acción atenuante sobre la respuesta neuroendocrina-metabólica. Las embarazadas, que presentan aumento importante de la coagulabilidad sanguínea, pueden teóricamente, beneficiarse con ese efecto en ocasión del parto. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar el efecto de la anestesia regional sobre la coagulación sanguínea en embarazadas. MÉTODO: Se estudiaron 30 pacientes en el 3° trimestre de embarazo, siendo diez sometidas a la anestesia peridural para cesárea, con 150 mg de bupivacaína a 0,5 por ciento sin epinefrina y 2 mg de morfina (grupo PD); diez a la anestesia subaracnoidea para cesárea con 15 mg de bupivacaína hiperbárica a 0,5 por ciento y 0,2 mg de morfina (grupo SA); y diez a Bloqueo de pudendo para parto vaginal, con dosis de hasta 100 mg de bupivacaína a 0,5 por ciento sin epinefrina (grupo BP). La coagulación sanguínea se evaluó a través del coagulograma (tiempo de protrombina, tiempo de trombina, tiempo de tromboplastina parcial activada) y del tromboelastograma (tiempo r, tiempo k, tiempo r+k, ángulo alfa y amplitud máxima) en los siguientes momentos: antes y después de la anestesia, después del nacimiento del feto y 24 horas después de la anestesia en los grupos PD y SA. En el grupo BP la evaluación fue realizada antes de la anestesia, después del nacimiento del feto y 24 horas después de la anestesia. RESULTADOS: Los resultados mostraron que ninguna de las técnicas anestésicas utilizadas tuvo influencia en la coagulación sanguínea de las embarazadas. También quedó demostrado que durante el trabajo de parto se inicia un proceso de activación de la coagulación, que es responsable por las alteraciones encontradas en los tres grupos estudiados. CONCLUSIONES: En las condiciones del presente estudio el Bloqueo simpático y el anestésico local...