Leprosy in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil: an integrated spatiotemporal approach.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the spatiotemporal patterns of leprosy occurrence in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil from 2001 to 2017. METHODS: Mixed population-based ecological study with spatial and temporal trend analysis of epidemiological indicators based on new cases reported to the Information System for Notifiable Diseases of the Ministry of Health occurring in individuals residing in North and Northeast states of Brazil. RESULTS: A total of 396 987 new cases were analysed; 9.2% of these involved children <15 years of age, and 5.4% involved individuals with grade 2 disability (G2D). The Northeast region recorded 66.4% of the new cases. Most cases involved males between 15 and 59 years of age and of brown race/colour. The temporal trend showed a reduction in most of the indicators and study variables. The G2D rate did not have trends over time in the Northeast Region, in individuals 0-14 years of age, or in municipalities with 'very high' social vulnerability indexes. The spatial and spatiotemporal analysis showed the presence of hyperendemic foci with high detection risk involving municipalities in the states of Tocantins, Pará and Maranhão. CONCLUSION: Leprosy in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil persists as a critical public health problem. Temporal and spatiotemporal patterns identified in this study confirm that leprosy remains epidemiologically relevant in vulnerable areas. Surveillance and control interventions are needed in municipalities with low detection in the general population, in children and in individuals with G2D, to reduce late diagnosis.

OBJECTIF: Analyser les profils spatiotemporels de l'apparition des cas de lèpre dans les régions du nord et du nord-est du Brésil de 2001 à 2017. MÉTHODES: Etude écologique mixte basée sur la population avec analyse des tendances spatiales et temporelles des indicateurs épidémiologiques sur la base des nouveaux cas rapportés dans le Système d'Information sur les Maladies à Déclaration Obligatoire du Ministère de la Santé, survenant chez des individus résidant dans les Etats du nord et du nord-est du Brésil. RÉSULTATS: 396.987 nouveaux cas ont été analysés; 9,2% d'entre eux concernaient des enfants de moins de 15 ans et 5,4% concernaient des personnes avec un handicap de grade 2 (G2D). La région du nord-est a enregistré 66,4% des nouveaux cas. La plupart des cas concernaient des hommes âgés de 15 à 59 ans et de race/couleur noire. La tendance temporelle a montré une réduction dans la plupart des indicateurs et des variables de l'étude. Le taux de G2D n'a pas évolué au cours du temps dans la région du nord-est, chez les individus de 0 à 14 ans ou dans les municipalités avec des indices de vulnérabilité sociale "très élevés". L'analyse spatiale et spatiotemporelle a montré la présence de foyers hyper endémiques à risque élevé de détection impliquant des municipalités dans les Etats de Tocantins, Pará et Maranhão. CONCLUSION: La lèpre dans les régions du nord et du nord-est du Brésil persiste comme problème critique de santé publique. Les schémas temporels et spatiotemporels identifiés dans cette étude confirment que la lèpre reste épidémiologiquement importante dans les zones vulnérables. Des interventions de surveillance et de contrôle sont nécessaires dans les municipalités à faible détection dans la population générale et chez les enfants, ainsi que chez les personnes atteintes de G2D, afin de réduire le diagnostic tardif.

Cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: There is a paucity of data on cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in resource-limited countries. We assessed factors associated with CVD and the impact of prevalent CVD on all-cause mortality in PLHIV on antiretroviral therapy in Brazil. METHODS: Competing risk regression to assess factors associated with CVD and all-cause mortality in the HIV-Brazil Cohort Study between 2003 and 2014. RESULTS: Among 5614 patients, the rate of CVD was 3.5 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.9-4.3) per 1000 person-years. CVD was associated with older age (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 6.4 for ≥55 years vs. <35 years, 95% CI: 2.5-16.3, P < 0.01), black race (aHR 1.8 vs. white race, 95% CI: 1.0-3.1, P = 0.04), past CVD (aHR 3.0 vs. no past CVD, 95% CI: 1.4-6.2, P < 0.01), hypertension (aHR 1.8 vs. no hypertension, 95% CI: 1.0-3.1, P = 0.04), high-grade dyslipidemia (aHR 9.3 vs. no high-grade dyslipidemia, 95% CI: 6.0-14.6, P < 0.01), ever smoking (aHR 2.4 vs. never, 95% CI: 1.2-5.0, P = 0.02) and low nadir CD4 cell count (aHR 1.8 for 100-250 cells/mm3 vs. >250 cells/mm3 , 95% CI: 1.0-3.2, P = 0.05). The rate of death was 16.6 (95% CI: 15.1-18.3) per 1000 person-years. Death was strongly associated with having had a past CVD event (aHR 1.7 vs. no past CVD event, 95% CI: 1.1-2.7, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Traditional and HIV-specific factors associated with CVD among PLHIV in Brazil are similar to those identified among PLHIV in high-income countries. PLHIV in Brazil with a history of CVD have a high risk of death. CVD care and treatment remain priorities for PLHIV in Brazil as this population ages and antiretroviral therapy use expands.

OBJECTIFS: Il existe peu de données sur les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) chez les personnes vivant avec le VIH (PVVIH) dans les pays à ressources limitées. Nous avons évalué les facteurs associés aux MCV et l'impact des MCV prévalentes sur la mortalité toutes causes confondues des PVVIH sous le traitement antirétroviral au Brésil. MÉTHODES: Régression des risques concurrente pour évaluer les facteurs associés aux MCV et à la mortalité toutes causes confondues dans l'étude de cohorte VIH-Brésil entre 2003 et 2014. RÉSULTATS: Parmi 5.614 patients, le taux de MCV était de 3,5 (intervalle de confiance à 95% [IC95%] 2,9-4,3) pour 1.000 personnes-années. Les MCV étaient associées à un âge plus avancé (rapport de risque ajusté [aHR] 6,4 chez les ≥55 ans versus chez les <35 ans, IC95%: 2,5-16,3 ; p <0,01), race noire (aHR: 1,8 versus race blanche, IC95%: 1,0-3,1 ; p = 0,04), MCV passée (aHR: 3,0 versus pas de MCV passée, IC95%: 1,4-6,2 ; p <0,01), hypertension (aHR: 1,8 versus pas d'hypertension, IC95%: 1,0-3,1 ; p = 0,04), dyslipidémie de grade élevé (aHR 9,3 versus absence de dyslipidémie de grade élevé, IC95%: 6,0-14,6 ; p <0,01), tabagisme (aHR 2,4 versus n'avoir jamais fumé, IC95%: 1,2-5,0 ; p = 0,02) et faible nombre de CD4 au nadir (aHR: 1,8 pour 100-250 cellules/mm3 versus >250 cellules/mm3 , IC95%: 1,0-3,2 ; p = 0,05). Le taux de décès était de 16,6 (IC95%: 15,1-18,3) pour 1.000 personnes-années. Le décès était fortement associé à un événement MCV antérieur (aHR: 1,7 versus aucun événement MCV antérieur, IC95%: 1,1-2,7 ; p = 0,01). CONCLUSIONS: Les facteurs traditionnels et spécifiques au VIH associés aux MCV chez les PVVIH au Brésil sont similaires à ceux identifiés chez les PVVIH dans les pays à revenu élevé. Les PVVIH au Brésil ayant des antécédents de MCV ont un risque élevé de décès. Les soins et le traitement des MCV restent des priorités pour les PVVIH au Brésil à mesure que cette population vieillit et que l'utilisation des thérapies antirétrovirales augmente.

[The "Creation of History" workshop: a clinical device for migrant children in Brazil]. / L'atelier "création d'histoire" : un dispositif clinique auprès des enfants migrants au Brésil.

A clinical research device, the "Creation of History" workshop was set up in schools in São Paulo, Brazil, with migrant children aged 6 to 10. This workshop allows these children to retrace their migratory history with the help of a family album, based on the construction of the space-time dimension present in their interpretation of their drawings.

Treatment for human visceral leishmaniasis: a cost-effectiveness analysis for Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of strategies for the treatment of VL in Brazil. METHODS: Cost-effectiveness study comparing three therapeutic options: meglumine antimoniate (MA), liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB) and a combination of LAMB plus MA (LAMB plus MA), from public health system and societal perspectives. An analytical decision-making model was used to compare strategies for the following outcomes: early therapeutic failure avoided at 30 days, days of hospitalisation avoided and VL cure at 180 days. The efficacy and safety parameters of the drugs came from a randomised, open-label trial and the cost data came from a cost-of-illness study, both carried out in Brazil. RESULTS: For all outcomes analysed, the LAMB strategy was more effective. The MA strategy was inferior to the LAMB plus MA strategy for the outcomes early therapeutic failure avoided and cure. When only LAMB and MA were compared from a societal perspective, a cost of US$ 278.56 was estimated for each additional early therapeutic failure avoided, a cost of US$ 26.88 for each additional day of hospitalisation avoided and a cost of US$ 89.88 for each additional case of cured VL, for the LAMB strategy vs. MA. CONCLUSION: In Brazil, the LAMB strategy proved to be cost-effective for treating VL, considering a GDP per capita as the willingness-to-pay threshold, for all of the outcomes analysed in comparison to MA.

OBJECTIF: Estimer la rentabilité des stratégies de traitement de la leishmaniose viscérale (LV) au Brésil. MÉTHODES: Etude coût-efficacité comparant trois options thérapeutiques: l'antimoniate de méglumine (AM), amphotéricine B liposomale (LAMB) et une combinaison de LAMB et MA (LAMB plus AM), du point de vue du système de santé publique et sociétal. Un modèle décisionnel analytique a été utilisé pour comparer les stratégies pour les résultats suivants: échec thérapeutique précoce évité à 30 jours, jours d'hospitalisation évités et guérison de la LV à 180 jours. Les paramètres d'efficacité et de sécurité des médicaments provenaient d'un essai randomisé ouvert et les données relatives aux coûts, d'une étude sur le coût de la maladie, toutes deux menées au Brésil. RÉSULTATS: Pour tous les résultats analysés, la stratégie LAMB était plus efficace. La stratégie AM était inférieure à la stratégie LAMB plus AM pour les résultats: échec thérapeutique précoce évité et guérison. Lorsque seules les stratégies LAMB et AM ont été comparées d'un point de vue sociétal, un coût de 278,56 USD a été estimé pour chaque échec thérapeutique précoce additionnel évité, un coût de 26,88 USD pour chaque jour d'hospitalisation additionnel évité et un coût de 89,88 USD pour chaque cas additionnel de LV guéri, pour la stratégie LAMB par rapport à AM. CONCLUSION: Au Brésil, la stratégie LAMB s'est avérée rentable pour traiter la LV, considérant un PIB par habitant comme seuil de volonté de payer, pour tous les résultats analysés par rapport à l'AM.

Transovarial transmission of dengue 1 virus in Aedes aegypti larvae: real-time PCR analysis in a Brazilian city with high mosquito population density.

Transovarial transmission is among the reported factors able to influence environmental maintenance of dengue virus (DENV). Endemic areas with active transmission of dengue are suitable for studying transovarial transmission. Brazil is a country where dengue is endemic and where DENV-1 is the most common disease-related virus serotype. This study aimed to identify transovarial transmission of DENV-1 in Aedes aegypti larvae by reverse-transcriptase nested real-time polymerase chain reaction. Between March and October 2016, Culicidae larvae were collected using traps in 3 locations in Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil, which has a high occurrence of dengue. The collected larvae were sacrificed in the 3rd or 4th larval stage, classified, and stored at -20 °C. The A. aegypti larvae samples (n = 910) were separated into 91 pools of 10 specimens each from which RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed into cDNA, and analyzed by nested qPCR. None of the pools tested positive for DENV-1. Due to the absence of detectable virus in the evaluated samples, we concluded that transovarial transmission may not be the primary mechanism for maintenance of DENV-1 in this particular environment.

Antiretroviral therapy status among people who died of AIDS-related causes from 2009 to 2013 in Brazil: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the antiretroviral therapy status of people living with HIV (PLHIV) who died of AIDS-related causes between 2009 and 2013. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based study. Data were obtained by linking the mortality information system and the national ART dispensing database. Trends were modelled using linear regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 61 425 AIDS-related deaths were registered in Brazil between 2009 and 2013. Median age at death was 41 years (IQR: 33-49), and 65.7% (40 337) of deaths were among men; 47.2% (29 004) of PLHIV who died during the study period had never started treatment, 7.0% (4274) had discontinued it, 15.9% (9775) were on ART for 6 months or less and 29.9% (18 372) were on ART for more than 6 months. Only 1.3% of PLHIV were on third-line ARV regimens when they died. CONCLUSIONS: AIDS-related mortality remains a challenge even in a context of sustained universal access to antiretroviral treatment due to failure of service provision, not to therapy failure. Robust health policies closing gaps in the HIV continuum of care are crucial to further reduce mortality.

Factors associated with death from dengue in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil: historical cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the clinical and epidemiological profiles of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), dengue shock syndrome (DSS) and complicated dengue cases and deaths from 2008 to 2010 that occurred in the state of Minas Gerais, south-eastern Brazil, and to identify factors associated with death from dengue. METHODS: Historical cohort study using data from the Brazilian Information System for Notifiable Diseases. A descriptive analysis of the DHF, DSS and complicated dengue cases and deaths was performed; the incidence, mortality and case-fatality rates were estimated. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with death from dengue. Comorbidities were not included in the analysis because the information system does not contain such data. RESULTS: During the study period, 2214 DHF, DSS and complicated dengue cases were reported, including 156 deaths. The annual case-fatality rates for DHF/DSS and complicated dengue cases in the period of 2008-2010 were 7.3%, 4.8% and 7.9%, respectively. The factors associated with death from dengue included residence in a municipality with a population of fewer than 100,000 inhabitants [odds ratio (OR) 2.46; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.71-3.55], age over 65 years (OR 3.05; 95% CI 1.99-4.68) and plasma leakage (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.16-2.46). CONCLUSIONS: The results support the importance of plasma leakage as a warning sign associated with death from dengue as well as the signs and symptoms that allow the diagnosis of DHF. Moreover, our findings suggest that increased attention is necessary for individuals over 65 years of age and in municipalities with populations under 100,000 inhabitants to ensure a better quality of care during the management of severe patients of dengue in these locations. Differences in the interpretation of the DHF definition have hindered the comparison of data from different countries; it can improve from the WHO 2009 dengue classification.

[Nurses engaged in the fight against leprosy]. / Des infirmiers très engagés dans la lutte contre la lèpre.

Even now in the 21st century, leprosy is still rife, notably among poor populations. In the regions of the world concerned, nurses specialised in the disease play an essential role in supporting the screening, treatment and reintegration of patients. In more than twenty countries, the Order of Malta France is acting to fight against leprosy.

Socio-economic and environmental effects influencing the development of leprosy in Bahia, north-eastern Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate spatial clusters and possible associations between relative risks of leprosy with socio-economic and environmental factors, taking into account diagnosed cases in children under 15 years old. METHODS: An ecological study was conceived using data aggregated by municipality to identify possible spatial clusters of leprosy from 2005 to 2011. Relative risks were calculated accounting for the respective covariate gender. The second stage of the analysis consisted of verifying possible associations between the relative risks of leprosy as a dependent variable, and socio-economic and environmental variables as independent. This was performed using a multivariate regression analysis according to a previously defined conceptual framework. RESULTS: Overall rates have decreased from 0.88/10 000 in 2005 to 0.52 in 2011. Spatial scan statistics identified 4 high-risk and 6 low-risk clusters. In the regression model, after allowing for spatial dependence, relative risks were associated with higher percentage of water bodies, higher Gini index, higher percentage of urban population, larger average number of dwellers by permanent residence and smaller percentage of residents born in Bahia. CONCLUSIONS: Although relative risks of leprosy in Bahia have been decreasing, they remain very high. The association between relative risks of leprosy and water bodies in the proposed geographic scale indicates that hypothesis linking M. leprae and humid environments cannot be discarded. Socio-economic conditions such as inequality, a greater number of dwellers by residence and migration are derived from the urbanisation process carried out in this State. Precarious settlements and poor living conditions in the cities would favour the continuity of leprosy transmission.

Prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women and congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women and the risk of congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Brazil, through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: We searched electronic databases, grey literature and reference lists of included publications to identify epidemiological studies on the prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women and on the congenital transmission rate of T. cruzi infection in Brazil published between January 1980 and June 2013. Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using fixed- and random-effects models. RESULTS: Sixteen articles were included - 12 studies on the prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women (549,359 pregnant women) and nine on congenital transmission rates (1687 children born to infected mothers). Prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women ranged from 0.1% to 8.5%, and congenital transmission rates from 0% to 5.2%. The pooled prevalence of Chagas disease among pregnant women across studies was 1.1% (95% CI: 0.6-2.0); the pooled congenital transmission rate was 1.7% (95% CI: 0.9-3.1). In 2010, 34,629 pregnant women were estimated to be infected with T. cruzi, and 312-1073 children born (mean: 589 cases) with congenital infection. CONCLUSION: Congenital Chagas disease is a neglected public health problem in Brazil. Systematic congenital Chagas disease control programs through routine prenatal screening for T. cruzi should be widely implemented in Brazil's endemic areas, to identify infected pregnant women and newborns at risk of congenital infection.

Politics and power in ultra-modernity.

This work addresses three main issues: (i) Jung's positions on the historical events that he lived through, which are mainly presented in Volume 10 of his Collected Works; (ii) a reflection from a psychological perspective on the times we are experiencing, identifying the main contemporary psychopathologies; (iii) the possibility and need for including the pathologies of our time in our psychotherapeutic work.

Ce travail s'occupe de trois sujets principaux: 1) les positions de Jung concernant les événements historiques qu'il traversa durant sa vie, et qui sont présentées principalement dans le Volume 10 des Œuvres Complètes, 2) une réflexion sur l'époque que nous vivons, du point de vue psychologique, en identifiant les psychopathologies majeures de notre époque, 3) la possibilité et la nécessité d'inclure les pathologies de notre époque dans notre travail psychothérapeutique.

El presente trabajo aborda tres temas principales: (i) La posición de Jung respecto a los eventos históricos que lo atravesaron, y que han sido principalmente presentados en el Volumen 10 de sus Obras Completas; (ii) una reflexión desde una perspectiva psicológica sobre los tiempos que estamos experimentando, identificando las principales psicopatologías contemporáneas; (iii) la posibilidad y la necesidad de incluir las patologías de nuestro tiempo en nuestro trabajo psicoterapéutico.

Este trabalho aborda três questões principais: (i) as posições de Jung sobre os eventos históricos que ele viveu, que são apresentados principalmente no Volume 10 de suas Obras Coletadas; (ii) uma reflexão a partir de uma perspectiva psicológica sobre os tempos que estamos vivenciando, identificando as principais psicopatologias contemporâneas; (iii) a possibilidade e a necessidade de incluir as patologias do nosso tempo em nosso trabalho psicoterapêutico.

Brazil: hate and intolerance in times of pandemic in a mixed-race country.

This paper intends to analyse the current political and social situation in Brazil and show how this context has influenced the management of the public health crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, the authors conducted an investigation into Brazil's historical roots, which have not only engendered deep class differences but, also, social psychopathologies such as dissociation and perversion. Finally, this paper presents a symbolic analysis of social exclusion and how the mythical figure of Sophia can inspire a renewed movement of inclusion and tolerance.

Cet article se propose d'analyser la situation politique et sociale actuelle au Brésil et de montrer comment ce contexte a influencé la gestion de la crise sanitaire publique générée par la COVID-19. Dans ce but, les autrices ont conduit une enquête approfondie sur les racines historiques du Brésil, racines qui ont engendré non seulement de profondes différences de classes mais également des psychopathologies sociales, telles la dissociation et la perversion. Cet article présente en conclusion une analyse symbolique de l'exclusion sociale et montre comment le personnage mythique de Sophia peut inspirer un mouvement renouvelé d'inclusion et de tolérance.

El presente trabajo intenta analizar la situación actual política y social en Brasil y muestra como este contexto ha influenciado el manejo de la crisis de la salud pública generada por la pandemia del COVID-19. A este fin, las autoras llevaron a cabo una investigación sobre las raíces históricas de Brasil, las cuales, no solamente han generado profundas diferencias de clase, sino también psicopatologías sociales como disociación y perversión. Finalmente, el presente trabajo presenta un análisis simbólico de la exclusión social y cómo la figura mítica de Sophia puede inspirar un movimiento renovador de inclusión y tolerancia.

After 157 years, a second specimen and species of the phylogenetically enigmatic and previously monobasic genus Nototylus Gemminger & Harold, 1868 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Nototylini).

The enigmatic beetle tribe Nototylini (Carabidae) is revised and a key to species is provided. Two species from South America are included in the genus. One species, Nototylus fryi (Schaum), is reviewed and a second, Nototylus balli Erwin & Kavanaugh, sp. nov., is described as new. Each species is known from a single specimen, neither of which is in good condition. The possible function of what appears to be a unique antennal grooming structure on the front femur is discussed.

ResumenLa tribu enigmática de escarabajos Nototylini (Carabidae) se revisa y se provee una clave para las especies. Dos especies de América del Sur están incluidas bajo este género. Se revisa una especie, Nototylus fryi (Schaum), y una segunda, Nototylus balli sp. nov., se describe como nueva. Ambas especies se conocen de un solo espécimen, ninguno de los cuales está en buenas condiciones. Se discute la posible función de lo que aparece ser una estructura para acicalamiento antenal el fémur anterior.

RésuméUne révision taxonomique de la tribu énigmatique de coléoptères Nototylini (Carabidae) est présentée et une clé pour l'identification d'espèces est fournie. Deux espèces d'Amérique du Sud sont incluses dans le genre. Une espèce est examinée (Nototylus fryi (Schaum)) et, une deuxième est décrite comme nouvelle espèce (Nototylus balli sp. nov.). Chaque espèce est connue à partir d'un seul spécimen dont aucun est en bon état. La possible fonction de ce qui semble être une structure de toilette antennaire sur le pro-fémur est discutée.

ResumoUma enigmática tribo de besouros, Nototylini (Carabidae), é revisada, e uma chave para as espécies de Nototylus é fornecida. O gênero agora inclui duas espécies: Nototylus fryi (Schaum), aqui redescrita, e Nototylus balli sp. nov., descrita como nova. Ambas são conhecidas por somente um espécimen em mal estado de conservação. Discute-se a função de uma estrutura singular do femur anterior, possivelmente usada na escovagem da antena.

[Post-colonial countertransference, a Brazilian experience]. / Contre-transfert postcolonial, une expérience brésilienne.

A team of caregivers travelled to the favelas of a Brazilian province. They were subjected to emotionally charged situations, working with people faced with extreme poverty and poor health. They highlight a cultural countertransference requiring an objective approach to the psychological and political repercussions of these situations.

Psicologia e Compromisso Social: junção importante, problematização necessária e atual / Psychology and Social Commitment: important unity, required and current problematization / Psychologie et engagement social: unification important, problématisation nécessaire et actuelle / Psicología y Compromiso Social: importante fusión, problematización necesaria y actual

Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo debater o Projeto de "Compromisso Social" da Psicologia (PCSP) brasileira mediante a atual conjuntura. O PCSP advém do processo de lutas históricas da Psicologia a partir dos anos 1970, o que também ocorreu em outras áreas, almejando um saber comprometido com a realidade brasileira e latino-americana, e com sua transformação social. Tais pressupostos exigiram um movimento teórico-político com novas bases metodológicas e ontológicas. Dessa forma, buscamos discorrer sobre algumas de suas limitações e potencialidades: primeiramente, há uma apresentação e contextualização histórica do PCSP para, posteriormente, ser debatido seu atrelamento ao âmbito das políticas sociais. Ancorados na presente conjuntura, de intensificação da barbárie, concluímos sinalizando a necessidade não apenas um compromisso, mas um projeto ético-político de Psicologia vinculado a outro projeto societário.

Abstract The article aims to discuss the "Social Commitment" Project of Brazilian Psychology (PCSP) in the current conjuncture. The PCSP comes from the process of historical battles of Psychology in the 1970s, which also occurred in other areas, aiming for a knowledge committed to Brazilian and Latin American reality, and with its social transformation. Such assumptions demanded a theoretical-political movement with new methodological and ontological bases. Thus, we aim to discuss some of its limitations and potentialities: first, there is a historical presentation and contextualization of the PCSP and, later, a debate about its linkage to the scope of social policies. Anchored in the present situation, of intensifying barbarism, we conclude by signaling the need not only for a social commitment, but for an ethical-political project in Psychology that is oriented and contributes to another societal project

Résumé L'article vise à discuter le Projet « d'Engagement Social ¼ de la Psychologie brésilienne (PCSP) dans la conjoncture actuelle. Le PCSP vient du processus de luttes historiques de la psychologie des années 1970, ce qui a également eu lieu dans d'autres domaines, en visant une connaissance engagée dans la réalité brésilienne et latino-américaine et dans sa transformation sociale. Ces hypothèses ont exigé un mouvement théorique-politique avec de nouvelles bases méthodologiques et ontologiques. Ainsi, nous visons à discuter sur quelques de ses limitations et potentialités: premièrement, il y a une présentation historique et une contextualisation du PCSP et, plus tard, un débat sur son lien avec la portée des politiques sociales. Ancrés dans la conjoncture actuelle de l'intensification de la barbarie, nous concluons en signalant la nécessité non seulement d'un engagement social, mais d'un projet éthico-politique en Psychologie qui s'oriente et contribue à un autre projet de société.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo debatir el Proyecto de "Compromiso Social" de la Psicología (PCSP) brasileña en el contexto actual. El PCSP proviene del proceso de luchas históricas de la Psicología a partir de los años 1970, lo que también ocurrió en otras áreas, anhelando un saber comprometido con la realidad brasileña y latinoamericana, y con su transformación social. Estos supuestos exigieron un movimiento teórico-político con nuevas bases metodológicas y ontológicas. De esta forma, pretendemos discurrir sobre algunas de sus limitaciones y potencialidades: primero, hay una presentación y contextualización histórica del PCSP para, posteriormente, debatir sobre su vinculación al ámbito de las políticas sociales. Anclados en la situación actual, de barbarie cada vez más intensa, concluimos que es necesario no solo un compromiso, sino un proyecto ético-político en Psicología que se oriente y contribuya a otro proyecto social.

Epidemiology and fungal species distribution of superficial mycoses in Northeast Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: Dermatomycoses are superficial fungal infections which affect the skin, hair and nails of humans and animals. Male and female patients of all ages are affected by this condition. The main etiological agents of dermatomycoses are the dermatophytes fungi of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton, while the main yeasts belong to the genera Candida, Malassezia and Trichosporon. The variation in the distribution of dermatomycoses worldwide justify the conduction of epidemiological studies in order to contribute for the better understanding of patterns of mycological cutaneous infections. This study was conducted from April 2013 to December 2014. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 205 patients were evaluated, while 235 clinical specimens were obtained. From our positive cases of mycological examination, 73 (64.6%) patients were female, while 40 (35.4%) were male. Scales from the skin and nails were collected and observed at optical microscopy after potassium hydroxide clarification. Cultures were performed on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar added chloramphenicol. Identification was performed by classic methodology. RESULTS: We found that the glabrous skin was the largest source of dermatomycoses (30.11%), followed by toenails (27.4%) and fingernails (17.7%). Regarding onychomycosis, the most affected population was over 50 years old. Trichophyton rubrum was the dermatophyte fungal species more commonly found. Most of the patients with pityriasis versicolor were adults and female. Another important fact observed is that Candida parapsilosis was the most prevalent species. Finally, a high incidence of T. tonsurans in cases of superficial mycoses was observed. CONCLUSION: Our results clearly demonstrate peculiarities in terms of etiological agents of dermatophytoses distribution in a specific region of Brazil.

Psicologia e internacionalização: notas críticas para pensar hierarquias Norte-Sul / Psychology and Internationalization: critical notes for thinking North-South hierarchies / Psychologie et internationalisation: notes critiques pour penser les hiérarchies Nord-Sud / Psicología e internacionalización: notas críticas para pensar en jerarquías Norte-Sur

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é promover o debate sobre as políticas de internacionalização, levando em conta as diferentes psicologias presentes no Brasil e no mundo e a relação que se estabelece entre os conhecimentos produzidos nos países do norte e os produzidos nos países do sul. Destaca-se nesse debate os elementos críticos sobre as assimetrias Norte-Sul na política de internacionalização. Para tanto, recorremos à contribuição de leituras pós-coloniais e descoloniais.

Abstract This article debates on Internationalization Policies, taking into account the different psychologies present in Brazil and worldwide and the relation established between the knowledge produced in the countries of the North and in the countries of the South. This debate focuses on the critical elements about North-South asymmetries in Internationalization Policy. For that, we seek support on the contributions of postcolonial and decolonial theories.

Résumé Cet article vise à promouvoir le débat sur les politiques d'internationalisation, en prenant compte les différentes psychologies présentes au Brésil et dans le monde, ainsi que la relation qui s'établit entre les savoirs produits dans les pays du Nord et ceux produits dans les pays du Sud. À l'intérieur de ce débat, les éléments critiques des asymétries Nord-Sud dans la politique d'internationalisation sont mis en relief. À cet effet, nous profitons de l'apport des lectures post-coloniales et décoloniales.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es promover el debate sobre las políticas de internacionalización, teniendo en cuenta las diferentes psicologías presentes en Brasil y en el mundo y la relación que se establece entre el conocimiento producido en los países del Norte y en los países del Sur. Se destacan en este debate los planteamientos críticos sobre las asimetrías Norte-Sur en la política de internacionalización. Para eso, recurrimos a la contribución de las lecturas poscoloniales y decoloniales.

Modos de constituição da docência brasileira: tradicionalismo, competência técnica e boas práticas / Modes of constitution of brazilian teaching: traditionalism, technical competence and good practices / Modes de constitution de lenseignement brésilien: traditionalisme, compétence technique et bonnes pratiques / Modos de constitución de la docencia brasileña: tradicionalismo, competencia técnica y buenas prácticas

Resumo Tendo a docência brasileira como objeto de pesquisa, a partir de uma perspectiva histórica, o presente artigo procura responder ao seguinte questionamento: quais práticas podem ser descritas acerca da docência brasileira na literatura pedagógica da segunda metade do século XX? Realiza-se uma análise documental de três obras de importante impacto na literatura educacional e propõe-se um breve exercício analítico, que, longe de esgotar tais fontes documentais, busca mapear algumas pistas acerca das concepções de pesquisa sobre a docência na educação básica que predominaram no Brasil. Assim, são mapeadas três tendências que compuseram (e ainda compõem) as pautas da pesquisa acadêmica nesse período, quais sejam: na década de 1960, as articulações entre docência e tradicionalismo; na década de 1980, os debates em torno da competência técnica e do compromisso político; e nos anos 1990, a centralidade na prática dos professores.

Abstract Having Brazilian teaching as the object of research, this article seeks to answer the following question from a historical perspective: which Brazilian teaching practices are described in the pedagogical literature of the second half of the 20th century? Documentary analysis of three works of great impact in the educational literature is carried out and a brief analytical exercise is proposed. Far from exhausting these documentary sources, this analysis seeks to find some clues about the impact of these concepts on teaching in basic education that predominated in Brazil. Thus, the three trends that comprise (and continue to comprise) the guidelines of academic research in this period are mapped: in the 1960s, the articulations between teaching and traditionalism; in the 1980s, discussions about technical competence and political commitment; and, in the 1990s, centrality in teachers' practice.

Résumé Cet article, dont l'objet de recherche est l'enseignement brésilien, cherche à répondre dans une perspective historique à la question suivante: quelles pratiques d'enseignement sont décrites dans les ouvrages pédagogiques de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle au Brésil? L'étude effectue d'abord une analyse de trois oeuvres d'impact sur le champ educationnel et propose un bref exercice analytique. Loin d'épuiser les sources documentaires, il vise à tracer quelques pistes concernant les conceptions de la recherche en enseignement qui ont prédominé dans l'éducation brésilienne. Trois tendances qui composaient, et composent toujours, les lignes directrices de la recherche de la période sont degagées: les articulations entre enseignement et traditionalisme pour les années 1960; les débats autour de la compétence technique et de l'engagement politique; dans les années 1980 et dans les années 1990, la centralité de la pratique des enseignants.

Resumen Al tener la docencia brasileña como objeto de investigación, desde una perspectiva histórica, el presente artículo intenta contestar la siguiente interrogante: ¿qué prácticas es posible describir acerca de la docencia brasileña en la literatura pedagógica de la segunda mitad del siglo XX? Se realiza un análisis documental de tres obras de importante impacto en la literatura educacional y se propone un breve ejercicio analítico que, en lugar de agotar tales fuentes documentales, trata de mapear algunas pistas acerca de las concepciones de investigación sobre la docencia en la educación básica que predominaron en Brasil. De este modo, se mapean tres tendencias que formaron parte (y todavía forman) de las pautas de la investigación académica en tal periodo, es decir: en la década de 1960, las articulaciones entre docencia y tradicionalismo; en la década de 1980, los debates en torno a la competencia técnica y el compromiso político; y en los años 1990, la centralidad en la práctica de los profesores.

Limitações da pesquisa do Fórum de Segurança Pública sobre percepção de violência sexual no Brasil / Limitations of the survey conducted by the Forum of Public Security on the perception of sexual violence in Brazil / Limites de l'enquête menée par le Forum de la Sécurité Publique à propos de la perception de la violence sexuelle au Brésil / Limitaciones en la encuesta realizada por el Foro de Seguridad Pública sobre la percepción de la violencia sexual en Brasil

Resumo Este artigo examinou a metodologia da pesquisa de opinião intitulada "Percepção sobre a violência sexual e atendimento a mulheres vítimas nas instituições policiais", conduzida em 2016 pelo Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública. Os resultados mostraram que a pesquisa possuiu limitações metodológicas quanto à amostragem, análises estatísticas e formulação de seus itens (exemplos: falta de operacionalização de construtos, ambiguidade e expectativa não realista do conhecimento de seus respondentes), que comprometem a legitimidade de seus resultados. Pesquisas de opinião futuras realizadas no Brasil nessa área podem se beneficiar do uso de escalas validadas. O presente artigo não tem o intuito de desacreditar que muitos brasileiros endossam atitudes de tolerância ao estupro. Em vez disso, enfatiza a necessidade de dados confiáveis e válidos que servirão de base para medidas de intervenção.

Abstract This article examined the methodology used in the survey named "Perception of sexual violence and care of female victims by police institutions", conducted in 2016 by the Brazilian Forum of Public Security. The results showed that this research has methodological limitations regarding sampling, statistical analysis, and formulation of items (e.g., lack of operationalization of constructs, ambiguity and unrealistic expectation regarding the knowledge of respondents), which compromise the legitimacy of its results. Future surveys conducted in Brazil in this field may benefit from the use of validated scales. This article does not attempt to discredit the idea that many Brazilians endorse tolerant attitudes toward rape. Instead, it emphasizes the need for reliable and valid data that must be the basis for intervention measures.

Résumé Cet article a analysé la méthodologie utilisée dans l'enquête intitulée "Perception de la violence sexuelle et prise en charge des femmes victimes par les institutions de police", menée en 2016 par le Forum Brésilien de la Sécurité Publique. Les résultats ont montré que cette recherche présente des limites méthodologiques en ce qui concerne l'échantillonnage, l'analyse statistique et la formulation de ses items (par exemple, le manque d'opérationnalisation des concepts, l'ambiguïté et l'attente irréaliste des connaissances des répondants), qui mettent en question la légitimité de ses résultats. Les futurs sondages d'opinion menés au Brésil dans ce domaine pourraient bénéficier de l'utilisation d'échelles validées. Cet article ne vise pas à discréditer l'idée que de nombreux Brésiliens souscrivent à des attitudes de tolérance au viol. Au contraire, il souligne la nécessité de disposer de données fiables et valides qui serviront de base aux mesures d'intervention.

Resumen Este artículo ha examinado la metodología utilizada en la encuesta de opinión titulada "Percepción de la violencia sexual y la atención a mujeres víctimas por parte de instituciones policiales", realizada en 2016 por el Foro Brasileño de Seguridad Pública. Los resultados mostraron que la mencionada encuesta tiene limitaciones metodológicas con respecto al muestreo, análisis estadísticos y la formulación de sus ítems (por ejemplo, falta de operacionalización de constructos, ambigüedad y expectativa poco realista del conocimiento de los encuestados), que comprometen la legitimidad de sus resultados y de sus conclusiones. Las futuras encuestas de opinión realizadas en Brasil en este campo pueden beneficiarse del uso de escalas validadas. Este artículo no intenta desacreditar la idea de que muchos brasileños respaldan actitudes tolerantes hacia la violación. En cambio, enfatiza la necesidad de datos confiables y válidos que serán la base para las medidas de intervención.

Panelaço e o estado de exceção: uma leitura psicanalítica da convulsão social brasileira dos anos 2015-2016 / The beat pots and state of exception: a psychoanalytical reading about the brazilian social upheaval at the 2015-2016 years / 'Panelazo' y el estado de excepción: una lectura psicoanalítica de la convulsión social brasileña de los años 2015-2016 / Protestation et l'état d'exception: une lecture psychanalytique du bouleversement social brésilien pendant 2015-2016

Nos anos 2015 e 2016, ocorreu, no Brasil, um evento político reconhecido pela mídia como Panelaço. Durante algumas transmissões televisivas da presidente Dilma, pessoas contrárias a seu governo batiam panelas nas janelas de suas casas. Esse comportamento teve algumas consequências na maneira de agir da governante que, em alguns momentos, abriu mão de se pronunciar. Este artigo, tendo como referencial teórico a psicanálise e o pensamento biopolítico do filósofo italiano Giorgio Agamben, pretende analisar o período descrito com o objetivo de tentar entender um modo brasileiro de fazer política e tomar esse evento como exemplo do Estado de exceção brasileiro.

In the years 2015 and 2016, there was a political event in Brazil recognized by the media such as Panelaço. During some television broadcasts of President Dilma, people opposed to his government were pounding pots on the windows of their homes. This behavior had some consequences in the way of acting of the governor who, in some moments, gave up to pronounce itself. This article, having as theoretical reference the psychoanalysis and biopolitical thinking of the Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben, intends to analyze the period described with the aim of trying to understand a Brazilian way of doing politics and taking this event as an example of the Brazilian State of exception.

En los años 2015-2016 ocurrió en Brasil un movimiento político reconocido en los medios como 'panelazo'. Durante algunas transmisiones televisivas de la presidente Dilma, personas en contra su gobierno golpeaban ollas en las ventanas de sus casas. Este comportamiento trajo algunas consecuencias a la manera de actuar de la gobernante que, en algunos momentos prescindió de pronunciarse. Este artículo, teniendo como referencial teórico el psicoanálisis y el pensamiento bio-político del filósofo italiano Giorgio Agamben, pretende analizar el período descripto con el objetivo de intentar comprender un modo brasileño de hacer política y tomar ese evento como ejemplo del Estado de excepción brasileño.

Pendant les années 2015 et 2016, un événement politique, appelé Panelaço par les médias, s'est produit au Brésil. Lors de certaines émissions télévisées où la présidente Dilma parlait aux brésiliens, les opposants au gouvernement frappaient des casseroles unes dans les autres sur leurs fenêtres Ce comportement a eu des conséquences sur la manière d'agir de la présidente qui, à certains moments, a renoncé à se prononcer. Cet article, ayant comme base théorique de la psychanalyse et de la pensée bio-politique du philosophe italien Giorgio Agamben, a l'objectif d'analyser la période décrite et d'essayer de comprendre le moyen brésilien de faire de la politique. On prends cet événement, donc, comme un exemple de l'état d'exception brésilien.