Treatment of Warts in Children: An Update. / Actualización sobre el tratamiento de las verrugas vulgares en los niños.

Warts are among the most common skin infections in children. Although numerous treatment options are available, none are completely effective in a single session. Treatment is particularly complicated in children, not only because certain treatments are poorly tolerated, but also because parents frequently have unrealistic expectations. In this article, we offer an update on the treatments available for warts, focusing specifically on pediatric patients. We do not discuss treatments for oral and anogenital warts.

Ultrasound-guided cryoablation: Our experience in percutaneous treatment as an alternative to surgery for fibroadenomas of the breast lesions.

OBJECTIVES: To review the tolerance to and medium-term efficacy of ultrasound-guided cryoablation as an alternative to surgical treatment of fibroadenomas of the breast in our hospital. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 12 patients with fibroadenomas treated with ultrasound-guided cryoablation in our hospital between November 2020 and July 2022. Cryoablation was performed with a system using argon gas (Galil Boston Scientific®) or liquid nitrogen (Prosense Ice Cure®) following a triple-phase (freeze-thaw-freeze) protocol of variable duration depending on the size of the lesion. Patients were followed up with ultrasonography at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. RESULTS: All patients tolerated the procedure well. Two patients reported moderate pain in the hours immediately after the procedure; no other complications occurred. The findings during follow-up included decreased volume of the fibroadenoma (47.07% at 3 months, 77.79% at 6 months, 81.77% at 12 months, and 88.81% at 18 months), blurring of the nodule's margins, a significantly reduced or absent signal within the lesion in the Doppler study, an echogenic band (representing edema, hemorrhage, and fat necrosis), and hypoechoic areas suggestive of fibrosis surrounding the fibroadenoma. CONCLUSIONS: Cryoablation is done on an outpatient basis, avoiding general anesthesia, thus making it less expensive. Cryoablation yields better cosmetic results than surgery.

Cryoablation of breast lesions: our experience.

Cryoablation is a therapeutic technique that uses very low temperatures to destroy cells; transcutaneous cryoablation can be performed under imaging guidance. This simple procedure is done on an outpatient basis with local anesthesia. Cryoablation has proven effective in the treatment of benign breast lesions, such as fibroadenomas. Nowadays, its main use in malignant breast lesions is to reduce the size of the mass in cases where surgery is contraindicated. Nevertheless, other uses in malignant breast disease are being investigated. Cryoablation can strengthen the tumor response to immunotherapy. Likewise, in the near future, it may become an alternative to surgery for the local control of early-stage neoplasms. This article aims to describe our experience using cryoablation with liquid nitrogen to treat benign and malignant breast lesions and to review the fundamentals of the technique and its indications. Since 2019 we have used cryoablation to treat 7 benign and 9 malignant lesions without significant complications, achieving excellent esthetic outcomes. Cryoablation has been incorporated into our institution's breast unit's protocol.

Whole and hemi-gland cryoablation for primary localized prostate cancer: Short and medium-term oncological and functional outcomes. / Crioablación total o hemiglandular para el cáncer de próstata primario localizado: resultados oncológicos y funcionales a corto y medio plazo.

INTRODUCTION: To compare oncological, functional and post-operative outcomes of hemi (HC) vs. whole gland (WGC) cryoablation as first line treatment of localized prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Sixty-six consecutive patients undertaking whole-gland cryoablation (WGC=40) or hemi-cryoablation (HC=26) in a tertiary referral centre between 2010 and 2018 were included. All patients had a low-intermediate risk prostate cancer according to D'Amico risk classification. Hemi-ablation was proposed in case of biopsy and prostate MRI proven unilateral prostate cancer. Primary endpoint was Cryotherapy Failure for which 3 definitions were considered and compared: 1) biochemical failure (> PSA nadir+≥ 2 ng/mL), 2) positive prostate re-biopsy with Gleason score ≥ 7, 3) initiation of further prostate cancer treatment. RESULTS: Median patients age at treatment was 74 [42-81] vs. 76 [71-80] years in WGC vs. HC group, respectively (p=.08). Low and intermediate D'Amico risk group were 15% and 85% vs. 23% and 77% (p=.75), respectively. Median follow- up time was 41 [1.5-99.0] vs. 27 [0.9-93] months (p=.03). Four-years cryotherapy failure free survival in WGC vs. HC were 69% vs. 53% with definition 1 (p=.24), 82% vs. 80% with definition 2 (p=.95), 83% vs. 77% with definition 3 (p=.73). Early and 1-year urinary continence were 60% and 83% in WGC vs. 72% and 83% in HC (p=.26). De novo impotency after cryotherapy was 75% vs. 46% (p=.33) in WGC vs. HC. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort of highly selected patients with unilateral low/intermediate risk PCa, hemi-cryoablation may provide similar oncological outcomes and less early complications compared to whole-gland cryoablation.

[Ultrasound-guided cryotherapy of small renal masses: Systematic review.] / Crioterapia renal guiada por ecografía para el tratamiento de masas renales de pequeño tamaño: revisión sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: Renal cryotherapy (RC) is an alternative therapeutic option to partial nephrectomy in elderly patients and/or patients with comorbidities. The technique can be guided by ultrasound, CT and MRI. Although CT is the most used technique, there are no comparative studies. The objective of this study was to review the current status of ultrasound as a guide for the planning and execution of RC. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was carried out in the Pubmed/Medline database following the PRISMA guidelines. We used 42 articles that met the inclusion criteria for the synthesis of the evidence. RESULTS: Ultrasound allows dynamic and real-time monitoring of the entire procedure to guide the biopsy, placement of the cryoprobes, cryoball formation, and early identification of complications. The success rate and recurrences found in the percutaneous renal cryotherapy (PRC) were 97.04% and 1.81%, respectively, with 9.35% complications. The ultrasound during laparoscopic renal cryotherapy (LRC) has been shown to reduce the time spent in localizing the renal mass and also decreases the need for large dissections. On the other hand, contrast-enhanced ultrasound during follow-up shows a concordance with the CT or MRI of 72-96% and no complications have been described associated with its execution. CONCLUSION: Renal cryotherapy guided by ultrasound is a feasible technique, its main advantage is based on real-time monitoring during the procedure. The PRC presents an acceptable rate of complications and excellent oncological results. The LRC allows a rapid localization of the renal mass and reduces extensive dissections. During follow-up, the use of contrast ultrasound is a safe alternative that has been shown to have a good degree of agreement with respect to CT and MRI.

OBJETIVO: La crioterapia renal (CR) es una opción terapéutica alternativa a la nefrectomía parcial en pacientes de edad avanzada y/o comorbilidades. La técnica puede realizarse guiada por ecografía, TC y RM. Aunque la TC es la técnica mas utilizada, no existen estudios comparativos. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar el estado actual de la ecografía como guía para la planificación y ejecución de la CR.MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura en la base de datos Pubmed/Medline siguiendo las normas PRISMA. Se utilizaron 42 artículos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión para la síntesis de la evidencia. RESULTADOS: La ecografía permite la monitorización dinámica y en tiempo real de todo el procedimiento permitiendo guiar la toma de biopsia, colocación de las criosondas, formación de la criobola, así como la identificación temprana de complicaciones. La tasa de éxito y recurrencias encontradas en la CR Percutánea (CRP) fue de 97,04% y 1,81%, respectivamente, con un 9,35 % de complicaciones. La ecografía en CR Laparoscópica (CRL) ha mostrado reducir el tiempo empleado en la localización de la masa renal e igualmente disminuye la necesidad de grandes disecciones. La ecografía con contraste durante el seguimiento muestra una concordancia con la TC o RMN de 72-96% y no se han descrito complicaciones asociadas a su ejecución.CONCLUSIÓN: La CR guiada por ecografía es una técnica factible cuya principal ventaja se basa en la monitorización a tiempo real durante el procedimiento. La CRP presenta tasa de complicaciones y resultados oncológicos aceptables. Mediante la CRL se puede realizar una localización rápida de la masa renal y reduce las disecciones extensas. Durante el seguimiento, el uso de la ecografía con contraste es una alternativa segura que ha mostrado tener buen grado de concordancia con respecto a la TC y la RMN.

[Prostate cryotherapy: General principles.] / Crioterapia prostática: fundamentos y principios generales.

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cryotherapy has been consolidated as an alternative minimally invasive treatment. OBJECTIVE: To exposed its historical development, its action mechanism and the surgical technique. Regarding its indications, we expose the different option of treatment- primary cryotherapy, salvage and focal- emphasizing its oncological results in the absence of randomized studies. RESULTS: Cryotherapy is a safe technique with low complication rate, although incidence of erectile dysfunction is 40-90% in case of full-gland cryotherapy. Nowadays, it is recommended as a therapeutic alternative for low and intermediate risk localized prostate cancer, although in clinical trials. Recurrence-free survival is close to 96% in low-risk tumors and 90% in intermediate-risk tumors. On the other hand, it is a salvage treatment option for local recurrence after radiotherapy. Focal therapies including focal cryoablation have an important development, with recurrence-free survival of 75%. CONCLUSION: Waiting for randomized studies that provide more scientific evidence, available retrospective studies show cryotherapy as a safe and effective treatment option in patients with localized prostate cancer.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La crioterapia prostática se ha ido consolidando como una alternativa de tratamiento mínimamente invasiva. OBJETIVO: Exponer el desarrollo histórico de la crioterapia, su mecanismo de acción sobre el tejido prostático así como la técnica quirúrgica. Se discuten los distintos escenarios ­ crioterapia primaria, de rescate y focalhaciendo énfasis en sus resultados oncológicos a falta de estudios randomizados. RESULTADOS: La crioterapia es una técnica segura con un bajo índice de complicaciones, aunque destaca una incidencia de disfunción eréctil del 40-90% en el caso de crioterapia de glándula completa. En la actualidad se recomienda como alternativa terapéutica en el cáncer de próstata localizado de riesgo bajo e intermedio, aunque dentro de ensayos clínicos. La supervivencia libre de recidiva bioquímica es cercana al 96% en tumores de bajo riesgo y al 90% en tumores de riesgo intermedio. Por otro lado, es una opción de tratamiento de rescate en el caso de recidiva local tras radioterapia siempre que se cumplan una serie de criterios (Gleason ≤7 y PSA10ng/ml). La mejora en las técnicas de imagen está permitiendo el desarrollo de terapias focales incluyendo la crioablación focal, con supervivencia libre de recidiva bioquímica del 75%. CONCLUSIONES: A la espera de estudios randomizados que aporten mayor evidencia científica, los estudios retrospectivos disponibles muestran la crioterapia como una opción de tratamiento segura y eficaz en pacientes con cáncer de próstata localizado.

Crioterapia Intracanal para la Reducción Térmica de la Superficie Radicular Externa. Estudio in vitro

La aplicación de crioterapia en endodoncia consta de la irrigación con solución salina a temperaturas bajas con la finalidad de reducir el dolor post-operatorio en un tratamiento de conducto radicular. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la reducción térmica de la superficie radicular externa a través de la crioterapia intracanal según temperatura y tiempo. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó su limpieza y desinfección con hipoclorito de sodio (NaOCl) al 4 %, se procedió con apertura cameral, preparación biomecánica e irrigación final con hipoclorito de sodio (NaOCl) al 2,5 % y EDTA 17 % activándolo manualmente con un cono de gutapercha Nº 40 a 100 ciclos en 1 minuto. Se dividieron los treinta premolares monorradiculares en 3 intervenciones de irrigaciones diferentes usando solución salina a temperatura ambiente para el grupo control (GC), solución salina a temperatura 1.5 C° para el grupo 1 (G1), y solución salina a temperatura 4 C° para el grupo 2 (G2) con registro de temperatura a los 0, 1, 2 y 3 minutos post irrigación final. Resultados: Se encontró reducción térmica significativa en la superficie radicular externa de todos los grupos comparados en los diferentes tiempos y temperaturas criogénicas.

The application of cryotherapy in endodontics consists of irrigation with saline solution at low temperatures with the aim of reducing post-operative pain in root canal treatment. The objective of this study was to compare the thermal reduction of the external root surface through intracanal cryotherapy according to temperature and time. Materials and methods: Cleaning and disinfection was carried out with 4 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), proceeded with chamber opening, biomechanical preparation and final irrigation with 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17 % EDTA, activating it manually with a gutta-percha cone No. 40 to 100 cycles in 1 minute. The thirty single-root premolars were divided into 3 different irrigation interventions using saline solution at room temperature for the control group (CG), saline solution at a temperature of 1.5 C° for group 1 (G1), and saline solution at a temperature of 4 C° for group 2 (G2) with temperature recording at 0, 1, 2 and 3 minutes after final irrigation. Results: Significant thermal reduction was found in the external root surface of all groups compared at different cryogenic times and temperatures.

Aplicación de la crioterapia en endodoncia: su importancia en el control del dolor

Introducción: La endodoncia es la disciplina odontológica que estudia la morfología, fisiología y patología de la pulpa dentaria y del tejido perirradicular. Comprende la etiología, prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las alteraciones pulpares, así como sus repercusiones en la región periapical y el resto del organismo. Su finalidad es aliviar el dolor y preservar las piezas dentales en función dentro del sistema estomatognático. El dolor que se origina en piezas dentarias o tejidos circundantes es uno de los principales motivos de consulta odontológica. Objetivo general: explicar el uso de la crioterapia en endodoncia. Objetivos específicos: analizar su mecanismo fisiológico de acción; la eficacia en la reducción del dolor en las terapias endodónticas con diferentes diagnósticos iniciales; describir sus formas de aplicación clínica; establecer las contraindicaciones o los posibles inconvenientes que pueda presentar su aplicación. Metodología: El trabajo es una revisión narrativa. Se realizó la búsqueda bibliográfica con los siguientes términos MeSH (Medical Subject Heading): cryotherapy, endodontic, intracanal irrigation, dental pain y sus correspondientes descriptores en ciencias de la salud DeCS: crioterapia, endodoncia, irrigación intracanal y dolor dental. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: artículos disponibles a texto completo que contengan al menos una palabra clave en título y/o resumen, en idioma inglés, español o portugués, sin límite temporal. Se excluyeron los artículos con estudios en animales o en piezas dentarias deciduas. Conclusiones: De acuerdo al presente trabajo existen estudios científicos que sostienen positivamente la aplicación de la crioterapia para el control del dolor en endodoncia.

Introdução: Endodontia é a disciplina odontológica que trata da morfologia, fisiologia e patologia da polpa dentária e do tecido perirradicular. Inclui a etiologia, prevenção, diagnóstica e tratamento das desordens pulpares, bem como suas repercussões na região periapical e no restante do organismo. O objetivo é aliviar a dor e preservar os dentes em função. A dor originada nos dentes ou tecidos circundantes é um dos principais motivos de consulta odontológica. Objetivo geral: explicar a aplicação da crioterapia na endodontia. Objetivos específicos: analisar seu mecanismo fisiológico de ação; a eficácia na redução da dor em terapias endodônticas com diferentes diagnósticos iniciais; descrever suas formas de aplicação clínica; estabelecer as contraindicações ou possíveis inconvenientes que a sua aplicação possa apresentar. Metodologia: O trabalho é uma revisão narrativa. A busca bibliográfica foi realizada com os seguintes termos MeSH (Medical Subject Heading): crioterapia, endodontia, irrigação intracanal, dor dentária e seus correspondentes descritores no DeCS ciências da saúde: crioterapia, endodontia, irrigação intracanal e dor dentária. Os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos disponíveis em texto completo que contenham pelo menos uma palavra-chave no título e/ou resumo, nos idiomas inglês, espanhol ou português, sem limite de tempo. Foram excluídos artigos com estudos em animais ou em dentes decíduos. Conclusões: De acordo com o presente trabalho, existem estudos científicos que apoiam positivamente a aplicação da crioterapia para controle da dor em endodontia.

Introduction: Endodontics is the dental discipline that deals with the morphology, physiology and pathology of the dental pulp and periradicular tissue. It includes the etiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of pulp disorders, as well as its repercussions in the periapical region and the rest of the organism. The purpose is to relieve pain and preserve the teeth in function. Pain originating from teeth or surrounding tissues is one of the main reasons for dental consultation. General objective: explain the implementation of cryotherapy in endodontics. Specific objectives: to analyze its physiological mechanism of action; the efficacy in reducing pain in endodontic therapies with different initial diagnoses; describe its forms of clinical application; establish the contraindications or possible inconveniences that its application may present. Methodology: The work is a narrative review. The bibliographic search was carried out with the following MeSH (Medical Subject Heading) terms: cryotherapy, endodontic, intracanal irrigation, dental pain and their corresponding descriptors in DeCS health sciences: cryotherapy, endodontics, intracanal irrigation and dental pain. The inclusion criteria were: articles available in full text that contain at least one keyword in the title and/or abstract, in English, Spanish or Portuguese, with no time limit. Articles with studies in animals or in deciduous teeth were excluded. Conclusions: According to the present work, there are scientific studies that positively support the application of cryotherapy for pain control in endodontics.

Update on the management of vasoproliferative tumour. / Actualización sobre el manejo del tumor vasoproliferativo.

CASE REPORT: Here we report a 19-year-old female patient who presented a vasoproliferative tumour. It caused complications, such as epiretinal membrane, macular oedema, vitreous haemorrhage, and exudative retinal detachment. The patient was treated with 3 injections of intravitreal bevacizumab, an intravitreal dexamethasone implant, tocilizumab, and double freeze-thaw cryotherapy. DISCUSSION: Therapeutic options are: observation, if it is small, if it is a peripheral lesion, and if there seems to be no threat to vision. If it requires treatment, laser photocoagulation, intravitreal bevacizumab, trans-conjunctival cryotherapy, transpupillary thermotherapy, photodynamic therapy, brachytherapy plaques and surgery are the different options available. Recently, tocilizumab and intravitreal dexamethasone implants have been reported to be beneficial.

Update on the Treatment of molluscum Contagiosum in children. / Actualización sobre el tratamiento de moluscos contagiosos en los niños.

Molluscum contagiosum is one of the most common viral infections in childhood. It is a benign and usually self-limiting infection, but its treatment in children can be challenging, particularly when the patient presents multiple lesions or when lesions are symptomatic or highly visible. Several treatment options exist. Choice of treatment depends on the number and location of lesions, the prior experience of the treating physician, and the preferences of the child's parents or carers. This article provides an update on treatment options for molluscum contagiosum, with a particular focus on immunocompetent pediatric patients.

Cryotherapy versus high-intensity focused ultrasound for treating prostate cancer: Oncological and functional results. / Crioterapia frente a high intensity focused ultrasound en el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata: resultados oncológicos y funcionales.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The increasingly early diagnosis of prostate cancer requires a search for therapeutic alternatives with good oncological results that in turn facilitate a good long-term quality of life. This review analyses 2 minimally invasive therapies for treating localised prostate cancer in terms of oncological and functional results, as well as the complications resulting from the therapies. ACQUISITION OF EVIDENCE: A systematic literature review was conducted of the treatment of localised prostate cancer with 2 ablative techniques as the primary therapy: cryosurgery or cryotherapy and high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). We included patients who underwent procedures that included the entire gland, with hemiablation or focal therapy, which were indicated for low to intermediate-risk prostate cancer according to the D'Amico criteria. We excluded patients with high-risk prostate cancer and those who underwent any prior treatment for prostate cancer. SYNTHESIS OF THE EVIDENCE: After conducting the literature search and excluding the studies that did not meet the protocol criteria, we reviewed a total of 14 studies, with a total of 350 patients treated using cryotherapy and 1107 treated with HIFU. All studies were either prospective or retrospective and were not randomised. The patients' mean age was younger than 75 years. Overall, the rate of disease recurrence in the patients treated with cryotherapy varied between 13.2% and 26%, while the rate for those treated with HIFU varied between 7.3% and 67.9%. The overall demonstrated continence at 12 months was 97.6-100% for cryotherapy and 96-100% for HIFU. In terms of sexual potency rates, cryotherapy showed complete potency at 12 months for 86-100% of the patients treated with focal cryotherapy and slightly lower rates for hemiablation (76.9-100%) and total therapy (39%). HIFU showed potency rates of 89%, 52-80% and 33-78% for focal therapy, hemiablation and total therapy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both techniques have comparable functional results, although the somewhat poorer oncological results for HIFU reflect a steeper learning curve, which could lead to its use in centres with high volumes of patients.

Termoterapia associada com treinamento de flexibilidade não aprimora a amplitude de movimento de joelhos em adultos saudáveis: revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados com meta-análise / Thermotherapy associated with flexibility training does not increase the knee range of movement of healthy adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

The stretching with thermotherapies associated have been related in the literature as a way to increase the range of motion (ROM), but still are not consensus about this efficacy and costeffectiveness. The muscle stretching is a useful technique in rehabilitation and in physical activities programs, either to gain or maintain the flexibility, as a recovery of musculoskeletal and joint injuries. Objective: To determine the effects of thermotherapies associated to flexibility training in ROM of knee extension in healthy adults. Method: The search strategy was conducted in main databases, as Cochrane Library, LILACS, PEDro, PUBMED/ Medline, Scopus and Web of Science. The searches were done in 2016, and renewed in 2023, in order to achieve new publications along this time. Were selected only randomized clinical trials that have executed a training of hamstrings stretching, associated or not with one or more thermotherapies in healthy young adults, as long as the outcome was knee extension ROM. Only papers in Portuguese or English were assessed. To evaluate risk of bias was used the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias Tool, and the methodological quality assessment was rated following the PEDro Scale. Results: Eight articles were included, totalizing 260 participants. The papers showed low methodological quality, and uncertain risk of bias. Only chronic effect of local warming and cryotherapy plus stretching showed a statistically significant difference versus control group. However, the thermotherapy action associated with stretching is still unclear, once the results suggest that even without the thermotherapy there are ROM increases. Conclusion: The stretching is effective in knee extension ROM improvement in healthy adults, with or without thermotherapy. New studies with higher methodological rigor and standardized protocols are needed

Os alongamentos com termoterapias associadas têm sido relatados na literatura como forma de aumentar a amplitude de movimento (ADM), mas ainda não há consenso sobre sua eficácia e custo-efetividade. O alongamento muscular é uma técnica útil na reabilitação e em programas de atividades físicas, tanto para ganho ou manutenção da flexibilidade, quanto para recuperação de lesões musculoesqueléticas e articulares. Objetivo: Determinar os efeitos das termoterapias associadas ao treinamento de flexibilidade na ADM de extensão do joelho em adultos saudáveis. Método: A estratégia de busca foi realizada nas principais bases de dados, como Cochrane Library, LILACS, PEDro, PUBMED/ MedLine, Scopus e Web of Science. As buscas foram realizadas em 2016, e renovadas em 2023, a fim de alcançar novas publicações ao longo deste tempo. Foram selecionados apenas ensaios clínicos randomizados que tenham executado um treinamento de alongamento de isquiotibiais, associado ou não a uma ou mais termoterapias, em adultos jovens saudáveis, desde que o desfecho fosse ADM de extensão de joelho. Apenas artigos em português ou inglês foram avaliados. Para avaliar o risco de viés foi usado o Risk of Bias Tool da Cochrane Collaboration, e a avaliação da qualidade metodológica foi classificada de acordo com a Escala PEDro. Resultados: Foram incluídos oito artigos, totalizando 260 participantes. Os artigos apresentaram baixa qualidade metodológica e risco incerto de viés. Apenas o efeito crônico de aquecimento local e crioterapia associados ao alongamento mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao grupo controle. No entanto, a ação da termoterapia associada ao alongamento ainda não está clara, uma vez que os resultados sugerem que mesmo sem a termoterapia há aumento da ADM. Conclusão: O alongamento é eficaz na melhora da ADM de extensão do joelho em adultos saudáveis, com ou sem termoterapia. Novos estudos com maior rigor metodológico e protocolos padronizados são necessários

Crioterapia en pacientes geriátricos con estomatitis subprótesis

Introducción: En la actualidad se emplean nuevas alternativas no invasivas para la remoción de diversos procesos inflamatorios del epitelio mucoso bucal, siendo la crioterapia una técnica fisioterapéutica basada en la aplicación del frío intenso con nitrógeno líquido para producir en la piel o mucosas del organismo una congelación y destrucción local de células y tejidos afectados de forma controlada. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos terapéuticos de la criocirugía en pacientes geriátricos portadores de estomatitis subprótesis. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 50 pacientes adultos mayores, de ambos sexos, diagnosticados con estomatitis subprótesis y asistidos en la consulta estomatológica del Policlínico de Especialidades referente al Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Universitario Saturnino Lora Torres de la provincia Santiago de Cuba, en el periodo comprendido desde marzo de 2022 hasta igual mes de 2023. Resultados: Se evidenció que las congelaciones entre 20 y 30 segundos y los deshielos entre 91 y 120 segundos fueron los más eficaces en la destrucción de la mucosa palatina dañada, logrando la regeneración tisular en un tiempo mínimo con la indicación de uno a tres ciclos de enfriamientos rápidos y deshielos lentos en una sesión terapéutica. La ausencia de síntomas fue lo más relevante en la evolución postquirúrgica. Conclusiones: La crioterapia demostró ser un método eficaz e inocuo para regenerar los tejidos lesionados al realizar congelaciones rápidas con deshielos lentos. Este método crioquirúrgico, fácil de aplicar y atraumático, logró una óptima reparación y reepitelización de los tejidos bucales dañados con excelentes respuestas terapéuticas, evitando complicaciones postquirúrgicas como la infección y el sangramiento local.

Introduction: At present, new non-invasive alternatives are used for the removal of various inflammatory processes of the oral mucous epithelium; being cryotherapy a physiotherapeutic technique based on the application of intense cold with liquid nitrogen to produce freezing on the skin or mucous membranes of the organism and local destruction of affected cells and tissues in controlled manner. Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic effects of cryotherapy in geriatric patients with sub-prosthesis stomatitis. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 50 older adult patients, of both sexes, clinically diagnosed with subprosthesis stomatitis and assisted in the dentistry consultation of the Specialties Polyclinic referring to the Saturnino Lora Torres University Clinical Surgical Hospital in the city of Santiago de Cuba, in the period from March 2022 to the same month of 2023. Results: It was evidenced that freezing between 20 and 30 seconds and thawing between 91 and 120 seconds were the most effective in the destruction of the damaged palatal mucosa, achieving tissue regeneration in a minimum time with the performance of 1 to 3 cycles of rapid cooling and slow thawing in a therapeutic session. The absence of symptoms was the most relevant in the post-surgical evolution. Conclusions: Cryotherapy proved to be an effective and innocuous method to regenerate injured tissues when fast freezing with slow thawing. This cryosurgical method, easy to apply and atraumatic, achieved optimal repair and re-epithelization of damaged oral tissues with excellent therapeutic responses, avoiding post-surgical complications such as infection and local bleeding.

Functional outcomes after prostatic cryosurgery. / Resultados funcionales después de crioterapia prostática.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the functional effects of prostatic cryosurgery on micturition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study of men who underwent cryosurgery (CS) for prostate cancer between 2013 - 2015. Low urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and quality of life (QoL) were assessed 1 month before surgery using IPSS questionnaire, a three-day voiding diary (3DVD) and uroflowmetry with ultrasound-measured postvoid residual volume. Need of medical treatment for LUTS was also recorded. The same assessment was performed at 3, 6 and 12 months after CS. Outcomes after surgery were compared to those prior to surgery. RESULTS: Forty-five patients underwent a CS during the study period, of whom 25 patients could be recruited in the study. Mean age was 73.5 years (range 66-84). Nineteen CS (76%) were performed as a primary procedure, while 6 CS (24%) as a salvage procedure. No statistical differences were found comparing results of IPSS, QoL, D3vd or uroflowmetry and PVR at 3, 6 or 12 months after CS compared to before surgery. Before CS, 8 (32%) patients were on medical treatment for LUTS, while at 6 and 12 months after surgery, 3 (13.6%) and 2 (9.5%) patients required some medication, respectively. CONCLUSION: According to the punctuation of IPSS, QoL questionnaire, and a 3-day voiding diary, LUTS does not worsen after CS. Prostatic cryosurgery does not seem to impact uroflowmetry results.

Dexamethasone intravitreal implant as an adjuvant treatment for pediatric patients with Coats' disease / Implante intravítreo de dexametasona como tratamento adjuvante em pacientes pediátricos com doença de Coats

ABSTRACT We report two cases of stage 3A unilateral Coats' disease in pediatric patients. In both cases, disease control was achieved using a dexamethasone intravitreal implant in addition to other treatments. The treatment improved visual acuity in one patient and prevented the worsening of the decline in visual acuity in the other patient during follow-up periods of 7 and 3 years, respectively. One of the patients presented an increase in intraocular pressure, which was controlled with topical antiglaucoma medication, but developed a cataract that required surgery. In conclusion, dexamethasone intravitreal implant may be a useful adjuvant treatment to consider in some pediatric cases with Coats' disease.

RESUMO Relatamos dois casos de doença de Coats em estágio 3A unilateral em pacientes pediátricos. Em ambos os casos, o controle da doença foi obtido com implante intravítreo de dexametasona, além de outros tratamentos, com melhora da acuidade visual em um caso e sem piora da visão no outro, durante um período de acompanhamento de 7 e 3 anos. Um dos casos apresentou elevação da pressão intraocular controlada com medicação antiglaucoma tópica e desenvolveu catarata que exigiu cirurgia. Em conclusão, o implante intravítreo de dexametasona pode ser um tratamento adjuvante útil a ser considerado em alguns casos pediátricos com doença de Coats.

Efectividad de la crioterapia suministrada por enfermeras para lesiones preneoplásicas del cuello uterino

Introducción. El cáncer de cuello uterino es un problema de salud pública relevante en países de ingresos medios y bajos. El seguimiento de mujeres con tamización positiva y el acceso a tratamiento para neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) son retos mayores en estos países. Objetivo. Evaluar la efectividad de la crioterapia suministrada por enfermeras en casos de neoplasia intraepitelial de cérvix. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo la inspección visual directa con ácido acético y solución yodada (VIA-VILI), y se practicó colposcopia con biopsia, a mujeres entre los 25 y los 59 años, residentes en zonas de bajos ingresos de Bogotá. Profesionales de enfermería entrenados ofrecieron tratamiento inmediato con crioterapia a mujeres positivas en la inspección visual. Se les practicó colposcopia con biopsia antes del tratamiento y en un control a los 12 meses. Se evaluó la efectividad mediante tasas de curación (resultado: sin lesión) y regresión de NIC2/3 (resultado: ≤NIC1), por verificación colposcópica e histológica. Resultados. Se tamizaron 4.957 mujeres. En total, 499 fueron positivas y 472 aceptaron el tratamiento inmediato. Recibieron crioterapia por enfermería 365 mujeres (11 NIC2/3). La tasa de curación fue del 72 % (IC95%: 39-94 %) por verificación colposcópica, y del 40 % (IC95%: 22-85 %) por histología. Las tasas de regresión fueron del 100 y el 60 %, respectivamente. Se reportaron dos eventos adversos no graves relacionados. Conclusiones. Las tasas de curación y regresión por verificación colposcópica son similares a las reportadas con crioterapia administrada por médicos. El tamaño de la muestra con NIC2/3 dificulta la comparación por tipo de verificación. Los hallazgos apoyan la implementación de estrategias de "ver y tratar" por parte de enfermería en poblaciones con acceso limitado a servicios de salud.

Introduction. Cervical cancer is a relevant public health problem for low- and middleincome countries. Follow-up of positive-screened women and compliance with treatment of precancerous lesions are major challenges for these settings. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of cryotherapy delivered by nurses for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Materials and methods. Direct visual inspection with acetic acid and lugol iodine (VIA- VILI), and colposcopy/biopsy were performed on women 25 to 59 years old, residents of low-income areas in Bogotá, Colombia. Trained nurses offered immediate cryotherapy to every woman with positive visual inspection. Colposcopy/biopsy was performed before treatment and at a 12-month follow-up. The effectiveness was measured as cure (outcome: no-lesion) and regression (outcome: CIN1) rates of CIN2/3 using colposcopic and histological verification. Results. A group of 4.957 women with VIA/VILI was valuated. In total, 499 were screen positive and 472 accepted immediate treatment. A total of 365 women (11 CIN2/3) received cryotherapy by nurses. Cure rate was 72% (95%CI: 39%-94%) and 40% (95%CI: 22%- 85%) by colposcopic and histological verification, respectively. Regression rates were 100% and 60%. There were two related non-serious adverse events. Conclusions. Cure and regression rates by colposcopic verification are like those reported for cryotherapy delivered by doctors. The sample size (CIN2/3) hinders comparisons by type of verification. Our findings support the implementation of screen-and-treat algorithms by nurses among populations with limited access to health services.

Impacto Terapêutico da Associação do Uso de Imiquimode e Criocirurgia no Tratamento de Verrugas Subungueais e Periungueais: Relato de Caso / Therapeutic Impact of the Association of Imiquimod Use and Cryosurgery in the Treatment of Subungual and Periungual Warts: Case Report

Introdução: Habitualmente, as verrugas virais são causadas pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV) e, embora tenham tendência à resolu- ção espontânea, quando crônicas, conferem resistência terapêutica. Objetivo: Divulgar um caso de sucesso terapêutico da associação do uso de imiquimode e criocirurgia para verrugas virais periungueais e subungueais. Relato do caso: O relato é de um homem de 56 anos, com cinco anos de evolução de verrugas subungueais e periungueais distribuídas na maioria dos dedos das mãos. Anteriormente, foi tratado com antifúngicos pelo resultado micológico, sem sucesso. Foi submetido à biópsia subungueal, cujo anatomopatológico confirmou verruga plana. Foi proposto o tratamento combinado de imiquimode creme 5% e criocirurgia. Evoluiu com resolução completa das lesões virais. Conclusão: Os autores demonstram a importância dos achados anatomopatológicos no diagnóstico de verrugas virais recalcitrantes, bem como é ressaltada a eficácia da associação do uso de imiquimode e criocirurgia.

Introduction: Viral warts are usually caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), and although they tend to resolve spontaneously, when chronic, they confer therapeutic resistance. Aim: To report a case of therapeutic success of imiquimod and cryosurgery combination for periungual and subungual viral warts. Case Report: The report is of a 56-year-old man with five years of evolution of subungual and periungual warts distributed on most fingers of the hands. Previously, he received treatment with antifungal drugs due to the mycological result, but it was unsuccessful. He underwent a subungual biopsy, whose pathology confirmed the flat wart. A combined treatment of imiquimod cream 5% and cryosurgery was proposed. The patient evolved with complete resolution of the viral lesions. Conclusion: The authors demonstrate the importance of pathological findings in the diagnosis of recalcitrant viral warts, as well as the efficacy of the association of imiquimod and cryosurgery.

[Ethyl chloride aerosol spray for local anesthesia before arterial puncture: randomized placebo-controlled trial]. / Eficacia del cloruro de etilo en aerosol como anestésico local previo a la punción arterial: ensayo clínico aleatorizado controlado con placebo.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of an ethyl chloride aerosol spray to a placebo spray applied in the emergency department to the skin to reduce pain from arterial puncture for blood gas analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Single-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial in an emergency department of Hospital de Basurto in Bilbao, Spain. We included 126 patients for whom arterial blood gas analysis had been ordered. They were randomly assigned to receive application of the experimental ethyl chloride spray (n=66) or a placebo aerosol spray of a solution of alcohol in water (n=60). The assigned spray was applied just before arterial puncture. The main outcome variable was pain intensity reported on an 11-point numeric rating scale. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range) pain level was 2 (1-5) in the experimental arm and 2 (1-4.5) in the placebo arm (P=.72). CONCLUSION: Topical application of an ethyl chloride spray did not reduce pain caused by arterial puncture.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia del cloruro de etilo en aerosol aplicado sobre la piel frente a placebo para disminuir el dolor provocado por una punción arterial durante la realización de una gasometría en el servicio de urgencias (SU). METODO: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, simple ciego y controlado con placebo realizado en el SU del Hospital de Basurto (Bilbao, España). Se incluyeron 126 pacientes a los que se les había solicitado una gasometría arterial, asignándoles al azar al grupo de tratamiento tópico experimental con cloruro de etilo en aerosol (n = 66) o al grupo control con mezcla hidroalcohólica en aerosol (n = 60), ambos administrados inmediatamente antes de la punción arterial. La variable de resultado principal fue la intensidad del dolor autopercibido por el paciente medida por la escala NRS-11. RESULTADOS: El dolor percibido por el paciente tuvo una mediana (rango intercuartílico) de 2 (1-5) en el grupo tratado con cloruro de etilo y de 2 (1-4,5) en el grupo placebo (p = 0,72). CONCLUSIONES: La aplicación de cloruro de etilo tópico no reduce el dolor por punción arterial.

Comparación entre inmunomoduladores y crioterapia para el tratamiento de lesiones genitales en mujeres con VPH / Comparison between immunomodulators and cryotherapy for the treatment of genital lesions in women with HPV / Comparação entre imunomoduladores e crioterapia para o tratamento de lesões genitais em mulheres com HPV

El virus del papiloma humano es una infección prevalente, que puede infectar cualquier mucosa del cuerpo y causar verrugas genitales externas o condilomas genitales y cáncer de cuello uterino. El tratamiento es difícil con una alta recurrencia y persistencia de las mismas, lo que afecta mayormente a mujeres jóvenes. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una comparación entre inmunomoduladores y crioterapia para el tratamiento de lesiones genitales en mujeres con VPH. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura científica, entre inmunomoduladores y crioterapia para el tratamiento de lesiones genitales en mujeres con VPH de los últimos 20 años, donde se identificaron publicaciones de revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. Se concluyó que la elección de los inmunomoduladores al igual que la crioterapia es mejor utilizarlos cuando existe lesiones clínicas inducidas por el VPH en la región genital y perianal en mujeres, dependiendo de la cantidad, el tamaño, la gravedad, la ubicación de las verrugas y las preferencias del paciente.

Human papillomavirus is a prevalent infection, which can infect any mucosa of the body and cause external genital warts or genital warts and cervical cancer. Treatment is difficult with a high recurrence and persistence of the same, which mainly affects young women. The objective of the present study was to compare immunomodulators and cryotherapy for the treatment of genital lesions in women with HPV. A narrative bibliographic review of the scientific literature was carried out, between immunomodulators and cryotherapy for the treatment of genital lesions in women with HPV of the last 20 years, where publications of systematic reviews and meta-analyses were identified. It was concluded that the choice of immunomodulators, like cryotherapy, is better used when there are clinical lesions induced by HPV in the genital and perianal region in women, depending on the number, size, severity, location of the warts and patient preferences.

O papilomavírus humano é uma infecção prevalente, que pode infectar qualquer mucosa do corpo e causar verrugas genitais externas ou verrugas genitais e câncer cervical. O tratamento é difícil com alta recorrência e persistência da mesma, que acomete principalmente mulheres jovens. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar imunomoduladores e crioterapia para o tratamento de lesões genitais em mulheres com HPV. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica narrativa da literatura científica, entre imunomoduladores e crioterapia para tratamento de lesões genitais em mulheres com HPV dos últimos 20 anos, onde foram identificadas publicações de revisões sistemáticas e metanálises. Concluiu-se que a escolha de imunomoduladores, como a crioterapia, é melhor utilizada quando há lesões clínicas induzidas pelo HPV na região genital e perianal em mulheres, dependendo do número, tamanho, gravidade, localização das verrugas e preferências da paciente.