Bronchodilator administration by pressurized inhaler during invasive mechanical ventilation in adults: A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the administration characteristics and connection methods of bronchodilators by pressurized inhalers to the ventilatory circuit of patients under invasive mechanical ventilation. METHODS: A scope review was conducted following the PRISMA for Scoping Review, using the PubMed, Embase Elsevier, Cochrane Library, and Lilacs databases without language restrictions, up to July 2023. Eligible sources included reviews and consensuses (based on clinical studies), experimental and observational studies involving adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit and undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation, regardless of the underlying condition, who used bronchodilator drugs contained in pressurized inhalers. Information regarding inhalation technique, pressurized inhalers connection mode to the circuit, and patient care were collected by 2 researchers independently, with discrepancies resolved by a third reviewer. Studies involving bronchodilators combined with other pharmacological classes in the same device, as well as reviews containing preclinical studies, were excluded. RESULTS: In total, 23 publications were included, comprising 19 clinical trials and 4 non-randomized experimental studies. Salbutamol (albuterol) was the bronchodilator of study in the majority of the articles (n=18), and the spacer device was the most commonly used to connect the pressurized inhaler to the circuit (n=15), followed by an in-line adapter (n=3), and a direct-acting device without chamber (n=3). Concerning the pressurized inhaler placement in the circuit, 18 studies positioned it in the inspiratory limb, and 19 studies synchronized the jet actuation with the start of the inspiratory phase. Agitation of the pressurized inhaler before each actuation, waiting time between actuations, airway suction before administration, and semi-recumbent patient positioning were the most commonly described measures across the studies. CONCLUSIONS: This review provided insights into the aspects related to inhalation technique in mechanically ventilated patients, as well as the most prevalent findings and the existing gaps in knowledge regarding bronchodilator administration in this context. The evidence indicates the need for further research on this subject.

Inhaled medications and inhalation chambers for childhood asthma. Spanish network of working groups on asthma in pediatrics (REGAP).

Asthma, the most prevalent chronic disease in pediatric age, continues to pose challenges in its management and treatment. National and international guidelines emphasize the importance of therapeutic education (TE) to achieve disease control. TE involves imparting knowledge and skills to the patient and their family, enhancing medication adherence, rectifying errors in inhalation technique, and tailoring treatment based on individual patient characteristics. It is essential for TE to be progressive, gradual, and personalized, spanning all levels of care. Training healthcare professionals in TE is crucial, particularly for pediatricians, who must also be aware of the extensive variability of available meds and inhalers and their respective age-specific indications. Addressing this need, the REGAP Group extensively reviewed inhalers currently available in Spain for pediatric asthma treatment. The review encompassed different inhalation systems and inhaled drugs used for pediatric asthma treatment. This review will be updated annually, providing information on medications, devices, inhalation chambers, indications, and financiation. The REGAP Group hopes that these tables will be a valuable help for pediatricians in their daily clinical practice and serve as an effective TE tool.

Bronchodilator administration by pressurized inhaler during invasive mechanical ventilation in adults: A scoping review. / [Artículo traducido] Administración de broncodilatadores mediante inhalador de dosis medida durante la ventilación mecánica invasiva: una revisión sistemática exploratoria.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the administration characteristics and connection methods of bronchodilators by pressurized inhalers to the ventilatory circuit of patients under invasive mechanical ventilation. METHODS: A scope review was conducted following the PRISMA for Scoping Review, using the PubMed, Embase Elsevier, Cochrane Library, and Lilacs databases without language restrictions, up to July 2023. Eligible sources included reviews and consensuses (based on clinical studies), experimental and observational studies involving adult patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit and undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation, regardless of the underlying condition, who used bronchodilator drugs contained in pressurized inhalers. Information regarding inhalation technique, pressurized inhalers connection mode to the circuit, and patient care were collected by two researchers independently, with discrepancies resolved by a third reviewer. Studies involving bronchodilators combined with other pharmacological classes in the same device, as well as reviews containing preclinical studies, were excluded. RESULTS: In total, 23 publications were included, comprising 19 clinical trials and 4 non-randomized experimental studies. Salbutamol (albuterol) was the bronchodilator of study in the majority of the articles (n=18), and the spacer device was the most commonly used to connect the pressurized inhaler to the circuit (n=15), followed by an in-line adapter (n=3) and a direct-acting device without chamber (n=3). Concerning the pressurized inhaler placement in the circuit, 18 studies positioned it in the inspiratory limb, and 19 studies synchronized the jet actuation with the start of the inspiratory phase. Agitation of the pressurized inhaler before each actuation, waiting time between actuations, airway suction before administration, and semi-recumbent patient positioning were the most commonly described measures across the studies. CONCLUSIONS: This review provided insights into the aspects related to inhalation technique in mechanically ventilated patients, as well as the most prevalent findings and the existing gaps in knowledge regarding bronchodilator administration in this context. The evidence indicates the need for further research on this subject.

[Do patients deliver inhalers correctly? The AIRE project]. / ¿Desechan correctamente los pacientes sus dispositivos de inhalación? Proyecto AIRE.

OBJECTIVES: To assess users' attitudes and knowledge of users about how and where inhalers are removed after finalizing their use, and to describe their opinion about utilizing re-usable inhalers. METHODS: Cross-sectional, multi-center, and opinion survey, conducted to assess behavior and attitudes regarding the disposal of inhalers recycling and the use of re-usable inhalers, through the application of an ad hoc questionnaire about the knowledge and attitudes, with data about the use and recycling of inhalers. RESULTS: A total of 303 subjects (57.5±19.9 years; time of inhalers' use 9.6±9.8 years; asthma/COPD: 46.2%/25.7%) were included. Pressurized metered-dose inhalers were the most commonly used inhalers (30.5%). Most users considered the recycling of inhalers to be very important (7.75±2.76, out of 10), and rated highly the availability of having a monthly rechargeable inhaler every 6 months (7.77±2.79, out of 10). Only 33% of users had been informed by their healthcare professionals about the place of delivering the inhaler. With respect to recycling, 42.9% of all users recycled in the SIGRE point of the pharmacy. Regarding the final destination of inhalers, 43.6% thought that the removed inhalers were recycled or destroyed, but 35.3% did not know what would happen to the inhalers after placing in the SIGRE point. CONCLUSIONS: Despite users considered the importance of inhalers recycling and the availability of re-usable inhalers, a significant proportion does not recycle in the SIGRE point, has not been informed about the appropriate place of delivering the inhaler and ignores what happens to inhalers. Information campaigns are warranted.

[Comparing group educational intervention to individual and self-learning in COPD]. / Comparación de intervención educacional grupal frente a una individual y el autoaprendizaje en EPOC.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considered a public health issue which affects 10.2% of Spanish population between 40 and 80 years of age. Many patients do not perform well the inhalation technique. Error rates vary between 50-80% depending on the device under study. These values haven been proven to decrease with educational interventions. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether a group educational intervention is superior to an individual intervention or to a conventional approach in these patients as regards quality of life measured by means of the total score of the COPD Assessment Test (CAT),of adherence to treatment, exacerbations and hospitalizations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multicenter, multidisciplinary cluster-randomized controlled clinical trial with three branches (conventional intervention, individual intervention and group intervention) in a cohort of COPD-patients. Sociodemographic data and risk factors were collected and several questionnaires were completed (CAT, BODEx, Barthel, Lawton y Brody). A descriptive analysis of qualitative and quantitative variables and a multiple linear regression were conducted. OUTCOMES: 149 patients of average age 69.08 (SD 1.26). Significant differences were observed in CAT in the different intervention groups according to the level of severity on BODEx. The rate of patients performing well the inhalation technique was significantly lower at the beginning of the study and the number of exacerbations was lower after the intervention. Last year's exacerbations were linearly related to post-intervention suffering. CONCLUSIONS: Better results are obtained using the traditional and individual interventions. There is a decrease in number of exacerbations, hospitalizations, CAT score and post-intervention inhalation technique.

[Effectiveness of a brief educational intervention relating to the correct use of inhalers on the prevention of exacerbation in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. / Eficacia de una intervención educativa breve sobre el correcto uso de los inhaladores en la prevención de agudizaciones en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.

OBJECTIVE: To predict the effect of a brief educational intervention aimed at improving the inhaler technique on the reduction of exacerbations in patients with COPD over a year. MATHERIAL AND METHODS: A triple blind, randomised controlled clinical trial with parallel design. INCLUSION CRITERIA: to be between 40-75 years, having been diagnosed with COPD, and being on treatment with inhalers. A total of 97 patients were randomly selected. They were randomly assigned into 2groups according to their functional severity measured with spirometry. Intervention group: evaluation of the inhalation technique. Their mistakes were corrected using a brief educational intervention. Reinforcement visits were made in the second and seventh month. CONTROL GROUP: evaluation of the inhalation technique. No educational intervention was made. After 1 year of follow-up, the number of exacerbations in each group was checked. VARIABLES MEASURED: social and demographic, study, dyspnoea level, body-mass index, tobacco use, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, COPD stage, BODEX index, number, type, and inhaler technique, number of previous exacerbations. Bayesian inference analysis was performed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 56 patients were assigned to de intervention group and 41 to the control one. There were 16 and 14 lost to follow-up, respectively. In the intervention group, 44.6% of the patients had an exacerbation, compared to the control group, with 56.1%. OR adjusted = 0.57 (95% CI: 0.22-1.22). Posterior probability OR < 1 = 93%. Exacerbations which required hospital admission had an OR = 0.21 (95% CI: 0.02-0.75) with posterior probability OR < 1= 99%. CONCLUSIONS: A brief educational technique is an effective method for reducing the number of exacerbations in patients with COPD.

Uso de inhaladores para la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en un grupo de pacientes colombianos

Introducción: En Colombia son escasos los datos sobre el uso de los inhaladores en pacientes con EPOC. Objetivo: Describir la técnica de uso de inhaladores de dosis medida y polvo seco en pacientes de un hospital colombiano. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo en pacientes mayores de 40 años con EPOC atendidos en un hospital en La Virginia, Risaralda, Colombia, entre el 1 de septiembre de 2019 al 31 de enero de 2020. La unidad de análisis fueron los pacientes. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y lista de chequeo para uso de inhaladores. Se aplicaron frecuencias y proporciones para variables discretas, estadísticas de tendencia central y dispersión para variables continuas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 104 pacientes con edad media de 73,6 ± 10,1 años; 57 eran mujeres (54,8 %). Además, 48 pacientes estaban clasificados como GOLD-D (46,2 %). Igualmente, 89 pacientes manifestaron haber recibido educación sobre el uso de broncodilatadores (85,6 %). Los más frecuentes fueron los inhaladores de dosis medida (DM) en 95 casos (91,3 %), seguido de los de polvo seco unidosis (7,7 %). Así mismo, 37 pacientes que usaron DM sin inhalocámara (35,6 %) no cumplieron los pasos de la lista de chequeo. En el sistema multidosis, el más realizado fue cerrar de manera adecuada el inhalador y el menos ejecutado, expulsar el aire lentamente evitando hacerlo cerca del inhalador (n = 6; 5,7 %). Discusión: Se lograron describir las características de la técnica de uso de los inhaladores en pacientes con EPOC. A pesar de que ningún paciente logró utilizar el inhalador de forma "perfecta", la mayoría han recibido educación por parte de los profesionales de la salud. Conclusión: Un alto porcentaje de pacientes usa inadecuadamente los dispositivos para suministrar los broncodilatadores. Esto puede impactar negativamente en el control de la enfermedad.

Introduction: In Colombia, there is limited data on the use of inhalers in patients with COPD. Objective: The objective was to describe the technique of using metered-dose inhalers and dry powder in patients in a Colombian hospital. Methods: Observational, descriptive study of patients over 40 years of age with COPD, treated in a hospital in La Virginia, Risaralda, Colombia, between September 1st, 2019 and January 31st, 2020. The unit of analysis were patients in consultation. Sociodemographic and clinical variables, and a checklist for use of inhalers were included. Frequencies and proportions were applied for discrete variables, statistics of central tendency and dispersion for continuous variables. Results: A total of 104 patients with an average age of 73.6 ± 10.1 years were included; 57 were women (54.8%). In addition, 48 patients were classified as GOLD-D (46.2%). Similarly, 89 patients reported having received education on the use of bronchodilators (85.6%). The most common were metered-dose (MD) inhalers in 95 cases (91.3%), followed by single-dose dry powder inhalers in eight patients (7.7%). Likewise, 37 patients who used DM without inhalochamber (35.6%) did not comply with the steps of the checklist. In the multidose system, the most performed was to properly close the inhaler and the least performed was to expel the air slowly, avoiding doing so near the inhaler (n=6; 5.7%). Discussion: The characteristics of the technique of using inhalers in patients with COPD were described. Although no patient was able to use the inhaler "perfectly", most have received education from health professionals. Conclusion: A high percentage of patients misuse the devices to deliver bronchodilators. This can negatively impact the control of the disease.

[Persistence to treatment by type of inhaler device in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. / Persistencia en el tratamiento según el tipo de dispositivo inhalador en pacientes con asma y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the initial treatment persistence with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-2 adrenergic bronchodilators (ICS/LABA) depending on the inhaler device used (pMDI or DPI), for the treatment of asthma and COPD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An multicenter observational study. Subjects in initial treatment with ICS/LABA during 2007-2011 were included, and a follow-up period of 3 years. 2 groups of study (asthma, COPD) and 2 subgroups were prepared according to the device type inhaler (pMDI or DPI). The main measurements were: sociodemographic, comorbidity, adherence (rate possession medication -RPM-), persistence, drugs, exacerbation rates, resources use, and their costs (direct and indirect costs). Multivariate methods were used for the variables correction, with significance level of P<.05. RESULTS: The study included 2,082 asthma patients (pMDI: N = 566, 27.2%; DPI = 1,516, 72.8%). Patients with MDI devices showed a higher degree of persistence (32.5 vs. 27.8%; P=.037), treatment adherence (RPM: 83.1 vs. 80.5%; P<.001), fewer exacerbations (17.7 vs. 24.9%; P=.001) and lower health care costs (2,583 vs. 2,938 EUR; P = 0.042). 1,418 patients with COPD also were analyzed (pMDI: N = 524, 41.9%; DPI: N = 824, 58.1%) were analyzed. Patients with MDI devices also showed a higher degree of persistence (31.5 vs. 24.8%; P=.005), treatment adherence (RPM: 83.3 vs. 80.1%; P= .001), less exacerbations (40.1 vs. 48.2%; P=.002) and lower health care costs (3,922 vs. 4,588 EUR; P=.021). CONCLUSIONS: pMDI devices (as ICS/LABA initial treatment) are associated with higher treatment persistence either in asthma or COPD, with lower exacerbation rates, and use of health resources and cost.

Influencia del uso de inhaladores sobre la caries dental en pacientes pediátricos asmáticos: Estudio de casos y controles / Impact of inhaler use on dental caries in asthma pediatrics patients: A case-control study

Introducción. El asma es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica con alta prevalencia en pacientes pediátricos. Existen resultados contradictorios respecto al efecto de esta enfermedad en los índices de caries dental. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de caries dental en pacientes pediátricos asmáticos con medicación inhalatoria. Población y métodos. Estudio de casos y controles cuya muestra estuvo conformada por pacientes pediátricos que acudieron al Centro Médico Naval "Cirujano Mayor Santiago Távara" de diciembre de 2014 a marzo de 2015. Se dividieron en dos grupos: el primero (casos), integrado por pacientes asmáticos que utilizaban inhaladores en su tratamiento; el segundo (controles), por pacientes sanos del mismo nosocomio. Se realizó una evaluación médica para determinar tipo, tiempo y frecuencia del tratamiento y un examen oral para determinar la prevalencia de caries dental y el índice de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados (CPOD). Resultados. Se encontró que la prevalencia de caries dental en el grupo control fue del 34,2 %, mientras, en el grupo casos, fue del 28,3 % (p = 0,094). Con respecto al índice de caries dental, el grupo control presentó CPOD de 4,73 ± 0,32, y el grupo casos, de 3,98 ± 0,31 (p = 0,08). Sin embargo, se evidenció que, a mayor tiempo de tratamiento con los inhaladores, el índice CPOD aumentaba significativamente (p = 0,04).Conclusiones. La medicación inhalatoria no incrementa la prevalencia de caries dental en pacientes pediátricos asmáticos. Sin embargo, existe una relación directa entre la duración del tratamiento y la prevalencia de caries dental

Introduction. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that is highly prevalent among pediatric patients. The results about the effect of asthma on the rate of dental caries are contradictory. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of dental caries in asthma pediatric patients using inhaled drugs. Population and methods. Case-control study in a sample made up of pediatric patients who attended Centro Médico Naval "Cirujano Mayor Santiago Távara" between December 2014 and March 2015. Patients were divided into two groups: group A (cases) included asthma patients using inhalers as part of their treatment; group B (controls), healthy subjects who attended the same facility. A medical examination was done to determine the type, time, and frequency of treatment and an oral exam, to establish the prevalence of dental caries and the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index. Results. The prevalence of dental caries was 34.2 % in the control group and 28.3 % in the case group (p = 0.094). In relation to the rate of dental caries, the DMFT index in the control group was 4.73 ± 0.32, and 3.98 ± 0.31 in the case group (p = 0.08). However, it was evidenced that a longer duration of inhaler use led to a significantly higher DMFT index (p = 0.04).Conclusions. Inhaled drugs do not increase the prevalence of dental caries in asthma pediatric patients. However, there is a direct relationship between treatment duration and the prevalence of dental caries.

TEST DE ADHESIÓN A INHALADORES EN PACIENTES CON ASMA DE NUESTRA POBLACION EN ARGENTINA

RESUMEN Introducción: el asma es una enfermedad infamatoria crónica de la vía aérea, requiere un adecuado tratamiento y control. El Test de Adhesión a los Inhaladores (TAI) identifica al paciente con pobre adherencia al tratamiento, establece el nivel de adhesión y tipo de incumplimiento terapéutico por su técnica y conocimiento sobre el inhalador. Objetivos: evaluar el grado de adhesión al tratamiento del asma en nuestra población e identificar el tipo de incumplimiento que se presenta con mayor prevalencia. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo, transversal y multicéntrico en Argentina, donde se realizó el cuestionario TAI a pacientes entre 18 a 80 años con diagnóstico de asma en tratamiento con inhaladores durante febrero 2017 a mayo 2018. Resultados: se evaluaron 134 pacientes con una edad promedio de 45 años, 59% de sexo femenino y 41% de sexo masculino, en el que el 56% fue del ámbito privado y 44% del público. El 81.5% (101) fueron incumplidores, de tipo errático el 89.1% (110), deliberado el 87% (107) e inconsciente el 18.5% (22). Solo el 18.5% (23) presento buena adhesión. Conclusión: en este estudio se detectó una alta tasa de incumplimiento (81.5%) a los tratamientos inhalados en los pacientes con asma, siendo el errático y deliberado los de mayor frecuencia.

SUMMARY Introduction: asthma is a chronic infammatory disease of the airway, it requires adequate treatment and control. The Test of Adhesion to Inhalers (TAI) identifies the patient with poor adherence to treatment, establishes the level of adherence and type of therapeutic non-compliance due to their technique and knowledge about the inhaler. Objectives: to evaluate the degree of adherence to asthma treatment in our population and to identify the type of non-compliance with the highest prevalence. Materials and methods: An observational, prospective, cross-sectional and multicenter study was carried out in Argentina, where the TAI questionnaire was performed on patients between 18 and 80 years of age with a diagnosis of asthma being treated with inhalers during February 2017 to May 2018. Results: 134 patients with an average age of 45 years, 59% female and 41% male, were evaluated, in which 56% were from the private sphere and 44% from the public. 81.5% (101) were non-compliant, 89.1% (110) erratic, 87% (107) deliberate and 18.5%(22) unconscious. Only 18.5% (23) presented good adhesion. Conclusion: in this study, a high non-compliance rate (81.5%) was detected for inhaled treatments in patients with asthma, the most frequent being erratic and deliberate

Técnica de terapia inhalatoria: evaluación de una intervención educativa realizada a estudiantes de Medicina, posgrados de Pediatría y cuidadores de niños y adolescentes internados en un hospital pediátrico de referencia. Período junio-agosto de 2019 / Inhalation therapy: Assessment of a training intervention delivered to Medical students, Postgraduate students of Pediatrics and to caregivers of children and adolescents admitted to a Reference Pediatric Hospital from June to August, 2019 / Terapia por inalação: avaliação de uma intervenção de treinamento com estudantes de medicina, estudantes de pós-graduação em pediatria e cuidadores de crianças e adolescentes internados em um hospital pediátrico de referência de junho a agosto de 2019

Resumen: Introducción: las patologías respiratorias con broncoobstrucción representan una causa frecuente de ingresos hospitalarios, siendo la vía inhalatoria de elección en su tratamiento. Objetivos: conocer la técnica de inhaloterapia realizada por estudiantes de Medicina, posgrados de Pediatría y cuidadores, y de los niños y adolescentes hospitalizados. Metodología: estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, de junio a agosto de 2019. Se elaboró un cuestionario con el procedimiento de la técnica inhalatoria con máscara facial, boquilla e higiene del dispositivo. Se solicitó al cuidador que describiera el procedimiento que realizaba al administrar fármacos inhalados. Se realizó una intervención explicando la correcta técnica y posteriormente se solicitó que describiera nuevamente el procedimiento. Estudiantes de Medicina y posgrados de Pediatría fueron evaluados según recomendaciones internacionales. Resultados: del total de 80 participantes, tres realizaron el procedimiento de forma adecuada. Luego de la intervención, 27 lograron una técnica correcta. En cuanto a la higiene del dispositivo, tres participantes lo realizaron correctamente previo a la intervención. Posteriormente, 44 lo refirieron adecuadamente. Participaron 25 profesionales de la salud, 15 describieron de forma correcta el procedimiento en menores de 5 años y siete en niños mayores. Posteriormente al taller informativo, 24 lograron describir adecuadamente la técnica en menores de 5 años y 15 en mayores. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los cuidadores desconocen la correcta técnica de inhaloterapia. Se debería implementar intervenciones destinadas a evaluar y entrenar a los pacientes de forma regular. Es fundamental capacitar al personal de salud para la mejora en la calidad de utilización del dispositivo.

Summary: Introduction: broncho-obstructive respiratory pathologies are a frequent cause of hospital admissions, and inhalation remains the main choice of treatment. Objectives: learn about the inhalation technique performed by medical students and postgraduate students of pediatrics and by caregivers of hospitalized children and adolescents. Methodology: prospective, descriptive study carried out from June to August 2019. A questionnaire was prepared about the inhalation technique requiring facial mask, and mouthpiece and about the hygiene of the device. Caregivers were asked to describe the procedure performed when administering inhaled drugs. An intervention was performed explaining the correct technique and the caregiver was asked to describe the procedure again. Medical and Pediatrics' students were assessed as per the international recommendations. Results: out of 80 participants, 3 performed the procedure appropriately. After the intervention, 27 they performed the technique correctly. 3 participants performed the device hygiene correctly before the intervention, and after the intervention, 44 did it properly. 25 health professionals participated, 15 correctly described the procedure on children under 5 years of age and 7 described it correctly on older children. After the information workshop, 24 managed to adequately describe the technique on children under 5 years of age and 15 for older patients. Conclusions: Most caregivers are unaware of correct inhalation therapy techniques. Regular interventions aimed at evaluating and training patients should be implemented. It is essential to train health staff to improve the quality of use of the device.

Resumo: Introdução: as patologias respiratórias bronco-obstrutivas são uma causa frequente de internações hospitalares e a inalação é ainda a principal opção de tratamento. Objetivos: aprender sobre a técnica de inalação realizada por estudantes de Medicina e Pediatria e por cuidadores de crianças e adolescentes hospitalizados. Metodologia: estudo prospectivo, descritivo, realizado de junho a agosto de 2019. Elaborou-se um questionário sobre a técnica de inalação que requer máscara facial e bocal e sobre a higiene do dispositivo. Pediu-se ao cuidador que descrevesse o procedimento realizado ao administrar drogas inaladas. Fizemos uma intervenção explicando a técnica correta e pedimos ao cuidador que descrevesse o procedimento novamente. Avaliamos aos estudantes de medicina e aos de pós-graduação em Pediatria de acordo com as recomendações internacionais. Resultados: dos 80 participantes, 3 realizaram o procedimento adequadamente. Após a intervenção, 27 deles realizaram a técnica corretamente. 3 participantes realizaram a higiene do dispositivo corretamente antes da intervenção e, após a intervenção, 44 a realizaram corretamente. Participaram 25 profissionais de saúde, 15 descreveram corretamente o procedimento para crianças menores de 5 anos e 7 descreveram corretamente para crianças maiores. Após o workshop informativo, 24 conseguiram descrever adequadamente a técnica para crianças menores de 5 anos e 15 para pacientes mais maiores. Conclusões: a maioria dos cuidadores desconhecem as técnicas corretas de terapia por inalação. Devem-se implementar intervenções regulares destinadas a avaliar e treinar pacientes. É essencial treinar a equipe de saúde para melhorar a qualidade de uso do dispositivo.

Gestão do regime farmacológico em doentes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica / Management of the pharmacological treatment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / Gestión del régimen farmacológico en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica

Enquadramento: A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica (DPOC) é uma doença crónica e incapacitante, cujo regime terapêutico inclui medicação por via inalatória. A evidência revela uma baixa adesão terapêutica, o que pode potenciar o agravamento da doença. Objetivos: Estudar a adesão e a competência percebida das pessoas para cumprirem o regime de tratamento da DPOC e avaliar o seu conhecimento sobre o uso de inaladores. Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo e transversal. Participaram 45 pessoas com DPOC. Utilizou-se a Escala de Adesão aos Medicamentos, a Escala de Competência Percebida e um questionário sobre o uso de inaladores. Resultados: Os participantes relataram uma boa adesão ao regime medicamentoso e reportaram um elevado grau de perceção de competência para manter o regime de tratamento da DPOC. No entanto, revelaram poucos conhecimentos sobre o uso dos inaladores e a técnica inalatória, o que compromete a eficácia dos planos terapêuticos instituídos e potenciam o agravamento da condição clínica. Conclusão: Este estudo sugere que sejam desenvolvidos cuidados de enfermagem centrados nos conhecimentos e no treino da técnica inalatória.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic and incapacitating disease, whose regimen includes inhalation medication. The evidence shows a low adherence, which may increase the aggravation of the disease. Objectives: To study the adherence and the perceived competence of people to comply with the treatment regimen of COPD and evaluate their knowledge on the use of inhalers. Methodology: Quantitative and cross-sectional study, whose participants were 45 people with COPD. We used the Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS), the Perceived Competence Scale (PCS), and a questionnaire on the use of inhalers. Results: Participants reported good adherence to the medication regimen and reported a high degree of perception of competence to maintain the treatment regimen of COPD. However, they manifested little knowledge about the use of inhalers and the inhalation technique, which compromises the effectiveness of the established therapeutic plans and exacerbate the deterioration of the clinical condition. Conclusion: This study suggests that nursing care should be developed with a focus on knowledge and training in the inhalation technique.

Marco contextual: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es una enfermedad crónica e incapacitante cuyo régimen terapéutico incluye medicación por vía inhalatoria. La evidencia muestra una baja adhesión terapéutica, lo que puede potenciar el empeoramiento de la enfermedad. Objetivos: Estudiar la adhesión y la competencia percibida de las personas para que cumplan el régimen de tratamiento de la EPOC y evaluar su conocimiento sobre el uso de inhaladores. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo y transversal en el que participaron 45 personas con EPOC. Se utilizó la Escala de Adhesión a los Medicamentos, la Escala de Competencia Percibida y un cuestionario sobre el uso de inhaladores. Resultados: Los participantes indicaron una buena adhesión al régimen de medicamentos y un elevado grado de percepción de la competencia para mantener el régimen de tratamiento de la EPOC. Sin embargo, mostraron pocos conocimientos sobre el uso de inhaladores y la técnica inhalatoria, lo que compromete la eficacia de los planes terapéuticos instituidos y potencia el empeoramiento del estado clínico. Conclusión: Este estudio sugiere que se desarrollen cuidados de enfermería centrados en los conocimientos y en el entrenamiento de la técnica inhalatoria.

Asma e a técnica inalatória do inalador pressurizado dosimetrado acoplado ao espaçador: revisão integrativa / Asma y la técnica de inhalación con inhalador presurizado con dosificador acoplado a la cámara espaciadora: revisión integral / Asthma and the inhalation technique for the pressurized metered-dose inhaler with spacer: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar quais técnicas inalatórias do Inalador Pressurizado Dosimetrado, acoplado ao espaçador, têm sido utilizadas em pacientes com asma. Método: trata-se de revisão integrativa, realizada em janeiro de 2018, nas bases de dados US National Library of Medicine e na Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências de Saúde. Foram selecionados 14 artigos, publicados entre janeiro de 2011 e dezembro de 2017, que continham a descrição da sequência de passos da técnica inalatória. Resultados: os artigos, predominantemente, estudaram indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 14 anos e justificaram a adoção dos passos da técnica inalatória em referências da literatura. Os passos indicados por cada artigo foram revisados por pares e realizou-se uma quantificação daqueles mais citados, em que 15 passos foram definidos. Conclusão: a síntese do conhecimento gerado pode auxiliar profissionais de saúde no manejo adequado da asma, uma vez que traz evidências relacionadas à eficácia de cada passo.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar las técnicas de inhalación del inhalador presurizado con dosificador acoplado al espaciador que se utilizan en pacientes con asma. Método: revisión integral, que se realizó en enero de 2018, en las bases de datos US National Library of Medicine y en Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de Salud. Se eligieron 14 artículos, publicados entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2017, con la descripción de la secuencia de procedimientos de la técnica de inhalación. Resultados: los artículos, de modo predominante, abordaron individuos con edad igual o superior a 14 años y justificaron la adopción de los procedimientos de la técnica de inhalación en referencias de la literatura. Se revisaron los procedimientos apuntados por cada artículo por pares y se realizó una cuantificación de aquellos más mencionados, en la cual se definieron 15 procedimientos. Conclusión: la síntesis del conocimiento que se generó puede ayudar a los profesionales de salud en el manejo adecuado del asma, pues trae evidencias asociadas con la eficacia de cada procedimiento.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify which Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhaler with spacer inhalation techniques have been used in patients with asthma. Method: this was an integrative review, conducted in January 2018, in the US National Library of Medicine and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature databases. 14 articles, published between January 2011 and December 2017, which contained the description of the sequence of inhalation technique steps, were selected. Results: the articles predominantly studied individuals aged 14 years or over and justified the adoption of the steps of the inhalation technique from literature references. The steps indicated by each article were reviewed by experts and a quantification of those most cited was performed, with 15 steps being defined. Conclusion: the synthesis of the knowledge generated can help healthcare providers in the proper management of asthma, since it provides evidence related to the efficacy of each step.

Uso de inhaladores de dosis medida en pacientes adultos: Necesidad de educación dirigida por enfermería / Handling of Metered Dose inhaler in adult patients: a need of education directed by Professional Nursing

Objetivo: Describir el uso de inhaladores de dosis medida en pacientes adultos de consulta de neumología en dos instituciones de salud de Atlántico (Colombia), 2013. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal que evaluó 131 pacientes adultos que utilizaban inhaladores de dosis medida (de cartucho presurizado) con inhalocámara o sin esta, asistentes a dos instituciones de salud del departamento del Atlántico. Se diseñó y aplicó un cuestionario que incluía lista de chequeo que permitió evaluar la técnica. Resultados: De 131 pacientes participantes, la media de edad fue de 44,75 años (DE+/-: 17.77). La tasa de éxito en el uso de la técnica fue baja, menos de 1.52% (2) fue perfecto, mientras que un 24.43% (32) tuvo una técnica adecuada y el 74.05% (97) inadecuada. 105 utilizaban inhaladores sin inhalocámara y 26 con inhalocámara. Conclusiones: Existen debilidades en el uso de los inhaladores. El 74.05% de los pacientes los usó inadecuadamente. Los pasos de la técnica de utilización de inhaladores que fallaron mayormente fueron: no exhalar el volumen residual, no comenzar a respirar cuando se activa el canister, no inhalar lento y profundo, no retener el medicamento por 10 segundos no esperar 30 segundos antes del segundo disparo y no agitar nuevamente el dispositivo antes del mismo. Es necesario implementar programas de educación en los que participen profesionales en enfermería.

Objective: To describe the handling of Metered-Dose inhaler (MDI) in adults of the pneu-mology medical consultation located in Atlántico country (Colombia), 2013. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study which es-timated 131 adults patients that were using MDIs (pressurized inhaler) with or without a holding chamber and were attending into two health institutions located in Atlántico County, Colombia. We designed and applied a questionnaire that contained a checklist that was allowed for the evaluation of the technique. Results: Mean age was 44.75 years (SD +/-: 17.77). The success rate in the use of the technique was low, 1.52% (2) was perfect, 24.43% (32) was adequate and 74.05% (97) inadequate. Out of 131 patients, 105 used inhalers without holding chamber and 26 with holding chamber. Conclusions: There are weaknesses in the Handling of Metered-Dose inhaler (MDI). 74.05% of patients misused the MDI. The technique steps that are often wrongly executed by patients were: not exhale the residual volume, not start breathing when activating the canister, not inhale slowly and deeply, not retain the medication for 10 seconds and not hold the breath, not wait 30 seconds in between puffs and not shake again the inhaler be-fore shooting it for a second time. It needs to implement education programs that involve professional nursing staff.

Recomendaciones para el manejo de la crisis de asma

El manejo de la exacerbación de asma depende de la gravedad de la misma por lo que es recomendable clasificar la gravedad de la crisis ya que las dosis y la frecuencia de administración de los medicamentos se modificarán en relación con la gravedad y con la respuesta al tratamiento. Proponemos cambios en el manejo del paciente asmático en el cuarto de urgencias. Para lograr una implementación exitosa es necesario conocer y entender los conocimientos y actitudes de los grupos involucrados en el cambio propuesto y anticipar y determinar las barreras potenciales antes y durante la implementación del cambio. En este proceso de preparación debe participar un equipo multidisciplinario antes de adoptar las nuevas medidas.

The management of asthma exacerbations depends on its severity, for this reason it is important classify the severity of the acute asthma attack because the frequency of drugs administration should be adjusted according to severity and to the patient's response. We propose changes in the treatment of the asthmatic children at the emergency department. In order to achieve a successfully implementation it is important to understand the knowledge and attitudes of the groups involved in the proposed change and identifying, anticipating, and addressing potential barriers before and during the implementation of the change. A multidisciplinary team must participate in this process before adopting the new strategy.

Problemas de salud bucal relacionados al uso de medicamentos por vía inhalatoria en trastornos respiratorios / Oral health problems related to the use of medicines by inhalation in respiratory disorders

En el Uruguay la prevalencia de niños con problemas respiratorios no infecciosos es alta. El tratamiento medicamentoso de esas afecciones puede tener un impacto negativo en la salud bucal. El objetivo del presente estudio fue profundizar en los conocimientos sobre el asma en niños y adolescentes, de los fármacos y dispositivos terapéuticos utilizados y relacionarlos con los eventos adversos observados a nivel bucal. La revisión bibliográfica realizada demuestra que el uso de medicación por vía inhalatoria para las afecciones respiratorias no infecciosas se relaciona con reacciones adversas como la erosión, caries dental, gingivitis, halitosis, candidiasis y xerostomía. El relevamiento realizado en pacientes del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (2009-2010) mostró una correlación positiva entre los datos de la bibliografía revisada y lo observado en la clínica.Teniendo en cuenta estos antecedentes, es de importancia que el equipo de salud reconozca a la población que utiliza inhaladores como de alto riesgo potencial para el desarrollo de patologías bucales, enfatizando la necesidad de contar con programas educativo-preventivos específicos. La atención para la salud de los pacientes portadores de afecciones respiratorias requiere de un abordaje multidisciplinario.

The children prevalence of non-infectious respiratory disease in Uruguay is high. The medical management of this disease might be associated with adverse effects in oral health. The aim of this study was to increase the knowledge regarding asthma in children and adolescents, to review the medicines and therapeutic devices used and to depict possible associations between the use of inhalation therapy and specific oral diseases. The review of the literature showed that the use of inhalatory therapy for noninfectious respiratory disorders is associated with side effects such as tooth erosion, dental caries, gingivitis, halitosis, candidiasis and xerostomia. The survey of patients from the Pereira Rossell Hospital Centre showed a positive correlation between the available scientific evidence and the clinical observations that we made. Taking into account this background, it is important that the health care team recognizes people who use inhalers as a high risk potential for the development of oral pathologies, emphasizing the need for preventive-educative specific programs. Health care of patients with noninfectious respiratory diseases requires a multidisciplinary approach.

Factores determinantes del éxito de la terapia con inhaladores de dosis medida en niños / Therapy with metered-dose inhalers in children

Este artículo revisa los factores que influyen en el éxito de terapias con inhaladores de dosis medida en niños las que comprenden desde características farmacocinéticas de las drogas hasta la adherencia al tratamiento.

Evidencias de un programa educativo sobre el uso de inhaladores antiasmáticos por adolescentes / Evidences of an educational program on the use of asthma inhalers by adolescents

Se efectuó una intervención educativa en 41 adolescentes que padecían asma bronquial, pertenecientes al Policlínico Docente Carlos Juan Finlay de Santiago de Cuba, con el objetivo de aumentar el nivel de conocimientos sobre el uso de los inhaladores en ese grupo poblacional. Con esta intervención se mejoró considerablemente el conocimiento de los integrantes de la serie, lo cual mostró la efectividad del programa aplicado al lograr su propósito inicial

Educational intervention was performed in 41 adolescents who suffered from bronchial asthma, belonging to Carlos Juan Finlay Teaching Polyclinic of Santiago de Cuba, with the purpose of increasing the knowledge of the inhalers use in that population group. With this intervention the knowledge of patients of the series improved significantly, showing the effectiveness of the program implemented when achieving its initial purpose

Kits para aerossol em um serviço de saúde: uma análise microbiológica após reprocessamento / Kits para aerosol en un servicio de salud: un análisis microbiológico post procesamiento / Aerosol kits in a health service: a post-processing microbiologic analysis

Kits para aerossol são artigos utilizados na terapêutica de afecções do trato respiratório e requerem no mínimo desinfecção de nível intermediário para reuso. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar uma possível contaminação microbiana em kits para aerossol pós-reprocessamento e identificar os microrganismos isolados. Estudo transversal, experimental realizado na unidade pediátrica de um hospital em Goiânia-GO. Coletaram-se amostras de três segmentos (máscara, copo, interior da extensão) de 15 kits previamente desinfetados, que foram semeadas em diferentes meios de culturas e os microrganismos isolados foram identificados por provas bioquímicas. Dos 15 kits analisados, 13 copos, nove extensões e 13 máscaras estavam contaminados. Isolou-se no total 101 UFC, 39 provindos dos copos, 20 das extensões e 42 das máscaras. Dentre os patógenos isolados destaca-se: Staphylococcus coagulase positivo, Staphylococcus coagulase negativo, Bastonetes Gram negativo fermentadores, Bastonetes Gram negativo não fermentadores, micrococose leveduras. A detecção microbiana indica prováveis falhas no reprocessamento desses artigos.

Aerosol kits are used in treatments of respiratory illnesses and require at least an intermediate level of disinfection for their reuse. The objectives of the study were to verify possible contamination of kits after they were processed as well as to identify the microorganisms that were isolated in them. This transversal experimental study was conducted in the pediatric unit of a hospital in Goiânia, State of Goiás. Samples were collected from three different parts (masks, cups and hoses) of 15 previously disinfected kits and placed in different culture media, and the microorganisms that were isolated were identified through biochemical tests. Of the kits that were analyzed, 13 cups, 9 hoses and 13 masks were found to be contaminated. A total of 101 CFU were isolated 39 from the cups, 20 from the hoses, and 42 the masks. Among the pathogens found were coagulase-positive Staphylococci, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Gram negative fermenter rods, Gram negative nonfermenter rods, micrococcus and yeast. Microbial presence indicates probable inefficiencies in processing these items.

Kits para aerosol son artículos utilizados en la terapéutica de afecciones del tracto respiratorio y requieren en lo mínimo desinfección a nivel intermediario para volver a ser usado. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron verificar una posible contaminación microbiológica en kits para aerosol post-reprocesamiento e identificar los microorganismos aislados. Se trata de un estudio transversal, experimental realizado en la unidad pediátrica de un hospital en Goiânia-GO. Se recolectaron muestras de tres segmentos (máscara, vaso, interior de la extensión) de 15 kits previamente desinfectados, que fueron sembradas en diferentes medios de cultivo y los microorganismos aislados fueron identificados por pruebas bioquímicas. De los 15 kits analizados, 13 vasos, nueve extensiones y 13 máscaras estaban contaminados. Se aisló un total de 101 UFC, 39 provenientes de los vasos, 20 de las extensiones y 42 de las máscaras. Entre los patógenos aislados se destacan: Staphylococcus coagulase positivo, Staphylococcus coagulase negativo, Bastones Gram negativo fermentadores, Bastones Gram negativo no fermentadores, micrococosy levaduras. La detección microbiológica indica probables fallas en el reprocesamiento de esos artículos.

Tipos y características de los inhaladores para el manejo de asma / Types and characteristics of devices for the treatment of asthma

El tratamiento del asma requiere del uso de medicamentos durante períodos largos para lograr el control de la enfermedad y la vía inhalada es la forma más adecuada para administrarlos. En las últimas 2 décadas se han desarrollado nuevos y mejores dispositivos para la entrega del medicamento, con marcadas diferencias respecto a su diseño, construcción, características de salida y tamaño de las partículas. El médico debe conocer los puntos tecnológicos más destacados de cada aparato para que pueda aprovechar sus ventajas y haga recomendaciones muy precisas. Existen varios dispositivos para administrar medicamentos inhalados: los más viejos y de uso cotidiano en hospitales son los nebulizadores y de manera más reciente se introdujeron los inhaladores de dosis medida presurizados o los inhaladores de polvo seco, que son más usados para el paciente ambulatorio. La condición particular de cada uno de estos dispositivos debe conocerse y aplicarse para ofrecer el máximo beneficio al paciente asmático.

Asthma management requires the use of many drugs for long time with the purpose of achieving control. Inhalator delivery of asthma medications is the best way. In the previous 2 decades, technology has improved delivery devices, changes in design, materials and outsize particles. Physicians should know all the technical points in order to take advantage of these new devises to be able to make appropriate recommendations for their use. There is a large quantity of options for the delivery of asthma medications: nebulizers, metered dose inhaler and dry powder inhalers. Particular characteristics of delivery devices should be known and applied in particular patients.The aim of this review article is assist physicians to choose the best device option.