Zika virus: an emerging challenge to public health worldwide.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that was first isolated from Zika forest, Uganda, in 1947. Since its inception, major and minor outbreaks have been documented from several parts of world. Aedes spp. mosquitoes are the primary vectors of ZIKV, but the virus can also be transmitted through sexual practices, materno-fetal transmission, and blood transfusion. The clinical presentations of symptomatic ZIKV infections are similar to dengue and chikungunya, including fever, headache, arthralgia, retro-orbital pain, conjunctivitis, and rash. ZIKV often causes mild illness in the majority of cases, but in some instances, it is linked with congenital microcephaly and autoimmune disorders like Guillain-Barré syndrome. The recent Indian ZIKV outbreak suggests that the virus is circulating in the South East Asian region and may cause new outbreaks in future. At present, no specific vaccines or antivirals are available to treat ZIKV, so management and control of ZIKV infections rely mostly on preventive measures.

No 380 - Évaluation et prise en charge de la microcéphalie détectée avant la naissance.

OBJECTIF: Informer les fournisseurs canadiens de soins de santé périnatale des critères diagnostiques de la microcéphalie fœtale et fournir l'information sur les analyses pertinentes, le pronostic, et la prise en charge prénatale et périnatale en lien avec a cette observation prénatale. DESTINATAIRES: Tous les fournisseurs de soins de maternité (fournisseurs principaux de soins de santé) et de soins de pédiatrie; les conseiller(e)s en génétique; les infirmièr(e)s en soins de maternité; les infirmièr(e)s practicien(ne)s, les administrateur(trice)s provinciaux de soins de maternité; les étudiant(e)s, en médecine; les résident(e)s postdoctoraux et les stagiaires (fellows). RéSULTATS: Fournir de meilleurs conseils et une prise en charge clinique adéquate aux femmes et aux familles qui ont reçu un diagnostic prénatal de microcéphalie fœtale. DONNéES PROBANTES: La documentation publiée est tirée de recherches effectuées en 2018 dans le moteur PubMed et les bases de données Medline, CINAHL et Cochrane Library au moyen de mots-clés anglais pertinents (prenatal ultrasound, prenatal imaging, fetal, antenatal ou prenatal microcephaly). Des publications supplémentaires ont été sélectionnées à partir des notices bibliographiques de ces articles. PéRIODE DE RECHERCHE: Sept ans (2010-2018); la dernière recherche a été effectuée le 19 avril 2018. L'auteur principal a terminé la validation des articles. AVANTAGES, PRéJUDICES ET COûTS: Le présent document renseigne les lecteurs au sujet (1) des critères diagnostiques de la microcéphalie fœtale, (2) de ses étiologies potentielles et (3) des analyses et options de prise en charge avant et après la naissance. Il propose une méthode fondée sur des données probantes pour établir le diagnostic et déterminer la prise en charge de la microcéphalie détectée avant la naissance. Ces recommandations sont fondées sur l'opinion d'experts, mais n'ont pas fait l'objet d'une évaluation économique de la santé. Une mise en œuvre aux échelles locale ou provinciale sera requise. Les auteurs reconnaissent que l'accès aux services et ressources mentionnés varie au Canada. Par conséquent, ces recommandations ont été formulées dans la perspective de promouvoir l'accès et de fournir une orientation pour toutes les provinces et tous les territoires du pays. CRITèRES: La solidité des données probantes indiquées s'appuie sur les critères décrits dans le rapport du Groupe d'étude canadien sur les soins de santé préventifs. RECOMMANDATIONS.

[Zika fever]. / La fièvre zika.

Zika virus infection is an emerging arboviral disease which presented as a mild flu-like or algo-eruptive syndrome with fever, arthralgia, myalgia and a maculopapulous eruption. Severe neurological and fetal complications have recently been highlighted. Diagnosis is established by detection of viral RNA by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Many publications report on the progress of knowledge on zika and its complications. Treatment is symptomatic, mainly with analgesics. Prevention is essential through individual and collective vector control. Faced with this emerging arbovirus, health authorities of many countries have implemented significant resources to accelerate research efforts including on diagnostic tests and on the development of vaccines. In Europe, the presence of Aedes albopictus, a mosquito vector of the virus zika, runs the risk of autochthonous cases as well as autochthonous dengue or chikungunya fever. Hence, autochthonous zika fever is not excluded to appear during the warmest months in metropolitan French departments colonized by A. albopictus.

[Ocular manifestations of Zika virus: What we do and do not know]. / Manifestations oculaires du virus Zika : où en sommes-nous ?

Zika virus (ZIKV) disease outbreak, which was declared by the end of 2015 in Brazil, has become the largest one to date. Being reported in the Americas and in certain islands of the Pacific, it has the potential to spread worldwide. Although ZIKV infections are mostly self-limiting and/or asymptomatic in the healthy adult, they are responsible for devastating congenital neurologic malformations ZIKV (mainly microcephaly) when contracted during the first months of pregnancy. Ocular manifestations during the acute adult infection include conjunctivitis and more rarely ocular inflammation. Congenital infection is associated with chorioretinal atrophy pigment mottling of the retina retinal vasculature abnormalities and optic nerve atrophy. Therefore, complete ophthalmological evaluation is recommended for suspected congenital infections.

[How to deal with a fetal head circumference lower than the third percentile?] / Gestion prénatale des fœtus avec un périmètre crânien inférieur au 3e percentile.

The prenatal finding of a head circumference (HC) below the 3rd percentile (p) remains, in the same way as short femur or increased nuchal translucency with normal karyotype, one the most difficult situations for the praticionner in the setting of prenatal diagnosis. Microcephaly is a gateway to possible cerebral pathologies, but the main objective is to identify serious prenatal situations. A standardized HC measurement, the use of adapted reference tools and charts, longitudinal following of cephalic biometrics in high-risk situations, and systematic central nervous system analysis can increase the diagnostic performance of ultrasound which is often disappointing for microcephaly. The early distinction between associated or isolated microcephaly makes it possible to quickly orient the prenatal management and counseling. Fetal MRI and genetic counseling are fundamental in this context, making it possible to specify at best the etiological diagnosis and to provide assistance to the neuropediatrician in the establishment of an often uncertain prognosis. The recent increase in cases of microcephaly concomitant with the epidemic of the ZIKA virus is an additional argument to improve our practices and the daily apprehension of HC<3rd p.

Impacto da microcefalia no vínculo mãe-bebê e suas repercussões para o desenvolvimento infantil / Impact of microcephaly on the mother-child relations and its repercussions on child development / L'impact de la microcéphalie sur les relations mère-enfant et ses répercussions sur le développement de l'enfant / Impacto de la microcefalia en el vínculo madre-bebé y sus repercusiones para el desarrollo infantil

Resumo O vínculo afetivo entre mãe e bebê é fundamental para o desenvolvimento infantil, mas pode sofrer o impacto de uma condição como a microcefalia, decorrente do contágio pelo vírus zika durante a gravidez. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as repercussões da infecção na formação do laço mãe-bebê e seus desfechos para o desenvolvimento infantil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, conduzida com nove mães infectadas pelo vírus zika e seus bebês, dentre os quatro nasceram com microcefalia. Todas as mães foram atendidas no hospital Maternidade Escola da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e responderam ao questionário de Indicadores de Risco para o Desenvolvimento Infantil, e seus bebês foram avaliados pelo Battelle Developmental Inventory 2nd edition. Observou-se que a relação mãe-bebê apresentou mais indicadores de risco para o desenvolvimento infantil quando o bebê tinha microcefalia.

Abstract Affective mother-child relations are fundamental for child development, which can be impacted by conditions such as microcephaly, due to Zika virus infection during pregnancy. This study sought to analyze the ensuing repercussions on the mother-child relations and its outcomes for child development. A descriptive study was conducted with nine mothers infected by Zika virus and their newborns, four of them born with microcephaly. All mothers were attended at the Maternity School Hospital of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and answered the Risk Indicators for Child Development. The newborns were evaluated by the Battelle Developmental Inventory 2nd edition. Results show that the mother-child relations presented higher risk for child development when the newborn had microcephaly.

Résumé Les relations affectives mère-enfant sont fondamentale pour le développement de l'enfant et peut être affecté par des conditions telles que la microcéphalie, due à l'infection par le virus Zika pendant la grossesse. Cette étude a chercher à analyser les répercussions qui en découle sur les relations mère-enfant et leurs conséquences sur le développement de l'enfant. Une recherche descriptive a été menée auprès de neuf mères infectées par le virus Zika et de leurs nouveau-nés, dont quatre atteint de microcéphalie. Toutes les mères ont été suivie à la maternité de l'Université fédérale de Rio de Janeiro, et ont répondu aux Indicateurs de risque pour le développement de l'enfant. Les nouveau-nés ont été évalués par le Battelle Developmental Inventory 2nd edition. Les résultats montrent que la relation mère-enfant présentent un risque plus élevé pour le développement de l'enfant lorsque le nouveau-né est atteint de microcéphalie.

Resumen El vínculo afectivo madre-bebé es fundamental para el desarrollo infantil, sin embargo, puede ser impactado por una condición como la microcefalia, que resulta de la infección por el virus Zika durante el embarazo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las repercusiones de este impacto en el vínculo madre-bebé y sus resultados para el desarrollo infantil. Este es un estudio descriptivo realizado con nueve madres infectadas por el virus Zika y sus bebés, cuatro de ellos nacieron con microcefalia. Todas las madres fueron atendidas en el Hospital Maternidade Escola de la Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro y han respondido el cuestionario de Indicadores de Riesgo para el Desarrollo Infantil, y sus bebés fueron evaluados por el Inventario de Depresión de Beck. Se observó que la relación madre-bebé presenta más indicadores de riesgo para el desarrollo del niño cuando el bebé tenía microcefalia.

[Zika virus infection during pregnancy]. / Infection par le virus Zika chez la femme enceinte.

A Zika virus epidemic is currently ongoing in the Americas. This virus is linked to congenital infections with potential severe neurodevelopmental dysfunction. However, incidence of fetal infection and whether this virus is responsible of other fetal complications are still unknown. National and international public health authorities recommend caution and several prevention measures. Declaration of Zika virus infection is now mandatory in France. Given the available knowledge on Zika virus, we suggest here a review of the current recommendations for management of pregnancy in case of suspicious or infection by Zika virus in a pregnant woman.

A Síndrome Congênita do Zika vírus e suas representações sociais: o discurso de gestores, pesquisadores, profissionais de saúde e cuidadores de crianças com a síndrome em Recife, Pernambuco

Nosso país tem vivido uma situação de calamidade pública desde 2015, após a epidemia de casos decorrentes da Síndrome Congênita do Zika Vírus (SCZ), que é um conjunto de alterações que pode prejudicar a visão, a audição, a linguagem e os movimentos de membros superiores e inferiores de crianças recém-nascidas. Pernambuco tem sido destaque no país desde então, com altos índices de crianças apresentando microcefalia, sinal mais característico da SCZ, e outras deficiências desde o início da epidemia. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se analisar as representações sociais de familiares, profissionais de saúde, gestores e pesquisadores relacionados à SCZ. O presente estudo tem caráter exploratório, descritivo e abordagem qualitativa. Optou-se pela estratégia de triangulação de dados, uma vez que foi utilizada a análise documental de jornais de grande circulação, análise de documentos oficiais da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde e da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Recife, e entrevistas. Foram entrevistados 15 informantes-chave, a partir de entrevista aberta em profundidade, com o uso de roteiro-guia, as quais foram gravadas e posteriormente transcritas para análise. Os dados foram examinados por meio de análise de conteúdo, segundo a Condensação de Significados, a fim de contrastar os resultados colhidos. Em suma, verifica-se que há muitos desafios para a garantia da saúde das crianças e das famílias vitimadas. Os cuidadores têm enfrentado grandes batalhas para garantir mínimas condições de desenvolvimento aos seus pequenos, sem garantias de direitos. Os pesquisadores e profissionais precisam buscar capacitação profissional e estar atentos a condições e vulnerabilidades muito mais profundas do que o componente genético/biológico do vírus. As instâncias gestoras precisam assumir o seu papel, fazendo valer as políticas públicas existentes e reorganizar a rede de serviços o quanto antes para oferecer o atendimento necessário a essa população.