Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment: Problems and Solutions.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) afflicts over 29 million individuals and causes more than 140,000 deaths annually in the United States. A heuristic framework for AUD includes a three-stage cycle-binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation-that provides a starting point for exploring the heterogeneity of AUD with regard to treatment. Effective behavioral health treatments and US Food and Drug Administration-approved medications are available but greatly underutilized, creating a major treatment gap. This review outlines challenges that face the alcohol field in closing this treatment gap and offers solutions, including broadening end points for the approval of medications for the treatment of AUD; increasing the uptake of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment; addressing stigma; implementing a heuristic definition of recovery; engaging early treatment; and educating health-care professionals and the public about challenges that are associated with alcohol misuse. Additionally, this review focuses on broadening potential targets for the development of medications for AUD by utilizing the three-stage heuristic model of addiction that outlines domains of dysfunction in AUD and the mediating neurobiology of AUD.

Efficacy of Behavioral Intervention, Text Messaging, and Extended Intervention to Address Alcohol Misuse in Sexual Minority Men with HIV: A Factorial Randomized Clinical Trial.

This clinical trial examined the individual and combined effects of three different approaches to reducing alcohol misuse among a sample of sexual minority men (SMM) with HIV. Specifically, we used a 2 × 2 × 2 randomized factorial design to compare: (a) behavioral intervention based in motivational interviewing (MI) vs. brief intervention (BI), (b) interactive text messaging (ITM) for alcohol use vs. no ITM, and (c) extended intervention (EI) length of nine months vs. a one-month intervention duration. Participants (N = 188) were SMM with HIV and alcohol misuse recruited in Miami, FL, and Boston, MA. Participants were randomized to one of eight intervention combinations and assessed at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Large reductions of over 50% in drinks per week and heavy drinking days were observed in all conditions at follow-up. Those who received ITM, compared to those who did not, reported significantly lower drinks consumed per week at 6 and 12 months (incidence rate ratios = 0.73 [95% CI = 0.57, 0.90] and 0.72 [95% CI = 0.56, 0.87], respectively), and increased odds of cessation of alcohol misuse at 12 months, odds ratio = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.03, 2.08. Results provided no evidence of better alcohol use outcomes for either MI or EI relative to their comparison conditions, and no specific combination of intervention components demonstrated a notable benefit. This study suggests a two-session BI can effectuate substantial reductions in alcohol use in SMM with HIV and that adding one month of ITM can yield further improvements. Clinical Trials Number: NCT02709759.

The effectiveness of a brief intervention for intensive care unit patients with hazardous alcohol use: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Screening for hazardous alcohol use and performing brief interventions (BIs) are recommended to reduce alcohol-related negative health consequences. We aimed to compare the effectiveness (defined as an at least 10% absolute difference) of BI with usual care in reducing alcohol intake in intensive care unit survivors with history of hazardous alcohol use. METHODS: We used Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) score to assess history of alcohol use. PATIENTS: Emergency admitted adult ICU patients in three Finnish university hospitals, with an AUDIT-C score > 5 (women), or > 6 (men). We randomized consenting eligible patients to receive a BI or treatment as usual (TAU). INTERVENTION: BI was delivered by the time of ICU discharge or shortly thereafter in the hospital ward. CONTROLS: Control patients received TAU. OUTCOME: The primary outcome was self-reported alcohol consumption during the preceding week 6 and 12 months after randomization. Secondary outcomes were the change in AUDIT-C scores from baseline to 6 and 12 months, health-related quality of life, and mortality. The trial was terminated early due to slow recruitment during the pandemic. RESULTS: We randomized 234 patients to receive BI (N = 117) or TAU (N = 117). At 6 months, the median alcohol intake in the BI and TAU groups were 6.5 g (interquartile range [IQR] 0-141) and 0 g (0-72), respectively (p = 0.544). At 12 months, it was 24 g (0-146) and 0 g (0-96) in the BI and TAU groups, respectively (p = 0.157). Median change in AUDIT-C from baseline to 6 months was - 1 (- 4 to 0) and 2 (- 6 to 0), (p = 0.144) in the BI and TAU groups, and to 12 months - 3 (- 5 to - 1) and - 4 (- 7 to - 1), respectively (p = 0.187). In total, 4% (n = 5) of patients in the BI group and 11% (n = 13) of patients in the TAU group were abstinent at 6 months, and 10% (n = 12) and 15% (n = 17), respectively, at 12 months. No between-groups difference in mortality emerged. CONCLUSION: As underpowered, our study cannot reject or confirm the hypothesis that a single BI early after critical illness is effective in reducing the amount of alcohol consumed compared to TAU. However, a considerable number in both groups reduced their alcohol consumption. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03047577).

Brief intervention for chronic liver disease patients with alcohol use disorder in a hepatology outpatient unit: Effects and limitations.

AIM: It is not uncommon to encounter outpatients in the hepatology department with harmful alcohol habits. When treating such chronic liver disease (CLD) patients, an adequate intervention method for harm reduction of alcohol use, such as brief intervention (BI) or BI and nalmefene, should be considered. This study aimed to elucidate the clinical effectiveness of BI for CLD patients affected by harmful alcohol use. METHODS: From June 2021 to 2023, 123 Japanese CLD outpatients (hepatitis B virus : hepatitis C virus : alcoholic liver disease : others = 32:18:42:31) with an Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score of ≥8 at the initial interview and a repeat interview with AUDIT 9 months later were enrolled. Clinical features related to patient behavior following the initial AUDIT interview were retrospectively evaluated, and compared between patients without and with BI treatment. RESULTS: For the non-BI and BI groups, baseline AUDIT score (median 10 [interquartile range (IQR) 9-13] vs. 12 [IQR 10-17], p = 0.016) and relative change in AUDIT score (median 0 [IQR -3 to 2] vs. -3 [IQR -7 to 0], p < 0.01) showed significant differences, whereas there was no significant difference between the groups for AUDIT score at the time of the second interview (p = 0.156). Following BI, significant improvements were observed for items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 10 of AUDIT (each p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with an alcohol use disorder as well as those with alcohol dependency who received BI showed a significant decline in AUDIT score, although the score of the follow-up AUDIT indicated continued alcohol use disorder. In addition to BI, medication with nalmefene should be considered, based on individual factors.

ARFID Parent Training Protocol ("ARFID-PTP"): Results of a Randomized Pilot Trial Evaluating a Brief, Parent-Training Program for Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Accessible treatment options for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) in children are limited. The current study sought to assess acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of a brief, virtual intervention for ARFID in children ("ARFID-PTP"). METHOD: Families of children ages 5-12 with ARFID (n = 30) were randomized to immediate or waitlist treatment groups, with both groups ultimately receiving ARFID-PTP. ARFID-PTP consists of two, 2-h individual treatment sessions with an optional booster session at 4-week follow-up. Families completed acceptability and feasibility measures at end-of-treatment, as well as preliminary efficacy measures at 4-week, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Of 30 families who completed an intake session, 27 (90%) completed treatment. Families rated acceptability as high (MCEQ-C = 7.75). Treatment was feasible by participant retention. Exposure adherence was lower than expected, and booster session requests were higher than expected, indicating that achieving feasibility across measures may require treatment modifications. Regarding preliminary efficacy, children in the immediate treatment group had a decrease in ARFID symptoms compared to those on the waitlist. Overall, at 6-month follow-up linear mixed models showed participants had significantly reduced ARFID symptoms by presentation (p < 0.05) and in follow-up completers, children incorporated eight new foods on average. DISCUSSION: ARFID-PTP is acceptable and preliminarily efficacious. The protocol may benefit from modifications to increase feasibility; however, booster session content and treatment outcomes suggest a priori feasibility markers may not accurately capture the utility of ARFID-PTP. Further work should continue to examine the efficacy ARFID-PTP, particularly in diverse samples where treatment accessibility is urgently needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04913194.

Promoting Alcohol Reduction in Non-Treatment Seeking parents (PAReNTS): a pilot feasibility cluster randomized controlled trial of brief alcohol interventions with parents in contact with child safeguarding services.

Many parents who come into contact with early help and children's social care services are risky drinkers. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and acceptability of conducting a trial of brief alcohol interventions within this setting. We conducted a three-arm pilot feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial in the North-East of England. The additive interventions were: i) screening and a healthy lifestyle leaflet (control); ii) brief advice; iii) extended brief intervention. The trial was later reduced to two-arm due to the extended brief intervention being infeasible. Of the 1769 parents that were approached, 429 consented to be screened (24%), the majority were eligible to participate (n = 415; 97%), 147 of which (35%) scored ≥5 on the AUDIT-C screening tool. There were 108 parents (74%) who consented to participate in the trial (n = 50 control; n = 58 brief advice). Follow-up rates at 6 and 12-months were 61% and 43%. The TLFB30 was found to be a suitable tool to measure the primary outcome of heavy episodic drinking. Qualitative data showed that parents and practitioners largely found trial procedures to be acceptable, however, care should be taken when discussing alcohol risk with parents in this setting. Most of the a-priori success criteria were met in this pilot feasibility trial. The findings suggest that it may be feasible to conduct a two-arm randomised controlled trial of brief alcohol interventions to parents in contact with early help and social care. The TLFB30 was found to be a suitable tool to measure the primary outcome of heavy episodic drinking.

Randomized controlled internal pilot trial of a diversion programme for adolescents in police custody who possess illicit substances.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents involved in criminal proceedings are significantly more likely to re-offend than a similar population diverted away from criminal justice. Adolescents who use substances and offend are at higher risk of experiencing negative social, psychological and physical problems that often persist into adulthood. There is some evidence that brief interventions combined with appropriate psychoeducation may be effective in reducing adolescent substance use. METHODS: Prospective two-armed, individually randomized internal pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) with follow-up at 6 months. Young people across three police forces-Kent, Cornwall and Sefton-arrested in possession of class B or C illicit substances were randomly allocated to receive the ReFrame intervention or business as usual. In total, 102 participants were eligible of whom 76 consented and 73 were followed up at 6 months. Outcomes addressed offending behaviour, frequency of substance use, wellbeing and mental health. The study was conducted between February and December 2022. RESULTS: All progression criteria were met, 80% of those eligible consented, 96% adhered to their allocated treatment and 88% were followed up at the primary endpoint. CONCLUSIONS: The feasibility of conducting the pilot trial was a success and it will now proceed to a definitive RCT.

Facilitators and barriers for implementing screening brief intervention and referral for health promotion in a rural hospital in Alberta: using consolidated framework for implementation research.

BACKGROUND: Screening, brief intervention, and referral (SBIR) is an evidence-based, comprehensive health promotion approach commonly implemented to reduce alcohol and substance use. Implementation research on SBIR demonstrate that patients find it acceptable, reduces hospital costs, and it is effective. However, SBIR implementation in hospital settings for multiple risk factors (fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, alcohol and tobacco use) is still emergent. More evidence is needed to guide SBIR implementation for multiple risk factors in hospital settings. OBJECTIVE: To explore the facilitators and barriers of SBIR implementation in a rural hospital using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). METHODS: We conducted a descriptive qualitative investigation consisting of both inductive and deductive analyses. We conducted virtual, semi-structured interviews, guided by the CFIR framework. All interviews were audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. NVivo 12 Pro was used to organize and code the raw data. RESULTS: A total of six key informant semi-structured interviews, ranging from 45 to 60 min, were carried out with members of the implementation support team and clinical implementers. Implementation support members reported that collaborating with health departments facilitated SBIR implementation by helping (a) align health promotion risk factors with existing guidelines; (b) develop training and educational resources for clinicians and patients; and (c) foster leadership buy-in. Conversely, clinical implementers reported several barriers to SBIR implementation including, increased and disrupted workflow due to SBIR-related documentation, a lack of knowledge on patients' readiness and motivation to change, as well as perceived patient stigma in relation to SBIR risk factors. CONCLUSION: The CFIR provided a comprehensive framework to gauge facilitators and barriers relating to SBIR implementation. Our pilot investigation revealed that future SBIR implementation must address organizational, clinical implementer, and patient readiness to implement SBIR at all phases of the implementation process in a hospital.

Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment for tobacco consumption, alcohol misuse, and physical inactivity: an equity-informed rapid review.

OBJECTIVE: This rapid review systematically synthesizes evidence of the effectiveness of the Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral (SBIR/T) approach for tobacco use, alcohol misuse, and physical inactivity. STUDY DESIGN: This was a rapid review. METHODS: We searched primary studies between 2012 and 2022 in seven electronic databases. The search strategy used concepts related to alcohol-related disorders, intoxication, cigarette, nicotine, physical activity, exercise, sedentary, screening, therapy, and referral. We reviewed both title/abstract and full-text using a priori set inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify the eligible studies. We appraised study quality, extracted data, and summarized the characteristics of the included studies. We applied health equity lenses in the synthesis. RESULTS: Of the 44 included studies, most focused on alcohol misuse. SBIR/T improved patients' attitudes toward alcohol behavior change, improved readiness and referral initiation for change, and effectively reduced alcohol consumption. Few studies pertained to smoking and physical inactivity. Most studies on smoking demonstrated effectiveness pertaining to patients' acceptance of referral recommendations, improved readiness and attempts to quitting smoking, and reduced or cessation of smoking. Findings were mixed about the effectiveness of SBIR/T in improving physical activity. Minimal studies exist on the impacts of SBIR/T for these three risk factors on healthcare resource use or costs. Studies considering diverse population characteristics in the design and effectiveness assessment of the SBIR/T intervention are lacking. CONCLUSIONS: More research on the impacts of SBIR/T on tobacco use, alcohol misuse, and physical inactivity is required to inform the planning and delivery of SBIR/T for general and disadvantaged populations.

The Role of Personalized Normative Feedback in the Efficacy of Brief Intervention Among Argentinian University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Personalized Normative Feedback (PNF) aims to modify misperceptions about peer consumption that influence one's drinking. PNF is usually a component in Brief Interventions delivered to university students. Despite this, whether PNF contributes to improving the effect of brief interventions is unclear. Objectives: This randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the role of PNF as an active ingredient in a face-to-face motivational brief intervention. Results: Participants were students from an Argentinian university (n=806; M=20.14; SD=3.17; 63.2% women) who presented at least one binge drinking episode in the last 12 months. Students were randomly assigned to 1) a Brief Intervention, 2) a Brief Intervention with PNF, or 3) an evaluation-only control group. The follow-up was three months later. After controlling sex and age, General Linear Models showed that both the brief intervention and the brief intervention with PNF reduced the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and alcohol problems compared to the control condition. No differences were found between the brief intervention and the brief intervention with PNF. Also, treating eight students with brief intervention and 10 with brief intervention with PNF was necessary to benefit one student. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study demonstrates that brief intervention reduces alcohol consumption among Latin American university students and that PNF might not be an active ingredient of its effectiveness in this population. However, PNF could benefit students with specific characteristics, like those who overestimate their peers' drinking, highlighting the need to study moderators of effectiveness further.

Brief intervention protocol by telephone delivered by nurses to patients with harmful alcohol use in primary health care: A feasibility trial.

AIM: The aim of this study is to examine the feasibility of a brief intervention protocol by telephone performed by nurses in primary health care facilities. METHODS: A nonrandomized single-arm feasibility study was performed. The proposed intervention of this study is the Brief Intervention carried out by the nurse delivered by telephone, synchronously with alcohol users. The brief intervention is a motivational approach based on the FRAMES model, with its components being: Feedback, Responsibility, Advice, Menu of options, Empathy and Self-efficacy. To assess the feasibility of the protocol, we evaluated the procedure for enrolling participants, the acceptability of the protocol to participants, the satisfaction of the participants, convenience and treatment continuity. The quantitative data analysis was carried out in the R software, using descriptive statistics, categorical variables were reported by frequencies and percentages. For continuous variables, medians, means, standard deviations and range values were computed. RESULTS: We followed the participants (n = 165) from baseline (T0) until 3 months (T1) and 6 months (T2) after the brief intervention. The partial effect suggests a reduction in alcohol consumption, and statistically significant differences were observed from baseline before the BI, with a decrease of 0.66 points in AUDIT scores at T1. Among the patients who completed the 3-month follow-up, 48 % reported a positive experience of receiving the brief intervention by the nurses, and 44 % reported a decrease in alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Brief intervention delivered by telephone was considered feasible and acceptable by primary health care patients, and they perceived improvement in their alcohol consumption after receiving the BI performed by nurses.

Effects of a Brief Safe Drinking Intervention on Depressive and Anxiety Symptomatology: Examining Potential Side Effects of Deviance Regulation Theory Interventions.

College students are at a heightened risk of experiencing depression and anxiety symptomatology and engaging in maladaptive alcohol use. Understanding how alcohol interventions impact emotional functioning is essential. One such intervention uses Deviance Regulation Theory (DRT), which posits that behavior can be modified using targeted messaging as a function of perceived norms. DRT has been shown to be effective at increasing responsible drinking behaviors and decreasing alcohol-related consequences. However, it is unclear if this intervention influences emotional functioning. The current examines the impact of a DRT intervention on emotional functioning. Participants (n = 147) were recruited from a large Southeastern university. The study included a screening phase, intervention, and six-week follow-up. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a positive message condition about people who drink responsibly, a negative message condition about people who do not drink responsibly, and an active control condition. During the study, all participants reported on depression/anxiety symptoms, alcohol use, responsible drinking, and alcohol-related consequences. Mixed-effects regression was used to analyze the data. Results suggest an overall reduction of depressive and anxiety symptomatology in the intervention conditions but not in the control condition. In the positive condition, there was a decrease in depressive and anxiety symptomatology. The messaging was not moderated by normative beliefs. The negative condition also led to decreases in depression and anxiety symptomatology over time. In addition, perceived norms moderated the negative message in the first week after the intervention, an effect consistent with DRT. Prior research indicates this intervention is efficacious for the reduction of adverse alcohol outcomes; these data show that the intervention may also have positive effects on downstream mental health outcomes.

A Brief Cognitive Analytic Therapy-Informed Approach for Young People That Have Self-Injured (CATCH-Y): A Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) presents an increasingly prevalent problem for young people; however, there remains a scarce evidence base for effective, scalable treatments for adolescents. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a brief, cognitive analytic therapy (CAT)-informed intervention for young people who engage in NSSI (CATCH-Y). METHODS: A case series design recruited 13 young people who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria to participate in the five-session intervention. Eligible participants were aged 13-17 years (M = 15.15, SD = 1.28) and had engaged in NSSI at least once in the previous 6 months. Feasibility and acceptability were measured via recruitment, retention, qualitative feedback and missing data. The secondary outcome measures of personal recovery and motivation were administered pre- and post-assessment, with measures of depressive symptoms and urges to self-injure. RESULTS: The intervention was found to be largely feasible and acceptable with high rates of recruitment, retention and pre-/post-assessment data completeness. Measures showed preliminary support for positive change in rates of NSSI, urges to self-harm, low mood and personal recovery, although results were mixed. Completion rates for remote assessments were low. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study support further evaluation of the CATCH-Y intervention on a larger scale. In-person assessments may be preferable to remote to ensure good completion rates.

Measuring the utility of brief psychological intervention in psychiatric hospitals: A call for change.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the known importance of regularly monitoring progress when delivering psychological interventions, this is not mandated or seemingly even common practice on Australian inpatient psychiatric wards. Barriers for why this might be the case are described, an argument made to rise above them, and a call for research in this area is made. CONCLUSIONS: Failure to find ways to collect, analyse and be transparent with data around brief inpatient psychological interventions can diminish treatment outcomes and leaves us open to criticism as a profession.

Efficacy and recommendations for the delivery of telehealth psychotherapy for people with personality disorder.

OBJECTIVE: There are few studies on the efficacy and acceptability of psychotherapy conducted via telehealth technology for people with personality disorder. This study aims to examine clinician perspectives on virtual psychotherapy. METHOD: Twenty multidisciplinary mental health clinicians (85% female, average age 42 years) with at least 2 years of experience in telehealth psychotherapy contributed quantitative and qualitative ratings of acceptability and efficacy of this modality. RESULTS: Likert scale ratings (1 = not, 5 = very) demonstrated high client acceptability (mean = 4.0), effectiveness (4.0) and high clinician acceptability (4.2) and sustainability (4.2). Three recommendations emerged from qualitative analysis: prioritising frame establishment, ensuring client safety online and maximising alliance-enhancing strategies. CONCLUSIONS: This study, which collected quantitative and qualitative ratings of virtual psychotherapy, found that telehealth psychotherapy can be effective and acceptable for people with personality disorder. Strategies associated with success included strong governance, secure technology and careful attending to relationship management.

Costs of a Brief Alcohol Consumption Reduction Intervention for Persons Living with HIV in Southwestern Uganda: Comparisons of Live Versus Automated Cell Phone-Based Booster Components.

Low-cost interventions are needed to reduce alcohol use among persons with HIV (PWH) in low-income settings. Brief alcohol interventions hold promise, and technology may efficiently deliver brief intervention components with high frequency. We conducted a costing study of the components of a randomized trial that compared a counselling-based intervention with two in-person one-on-one sessions supplemented by booster sessions to reinforce the intervention among PWH with unhealthy alcohol use in southwest Uganda. Booster sessions were delivered twice weekly by two-way short message service (SMS) or Interactive Voice Response (IVR), i.e. via technology, or approximately monthly via live calls from counsellors. We found no significant intervention effects compared to the control, however the cost of the types of booster sessions differed. Start up and recurring costs for the technology-delivered booster sessions were 2.5 to 3 times the cost per participant of the live-call delivered booster intervention for 1000 participants. These results suggest technology-based interventions for PWH are unlikely to be lower cost than person-delivered interventions unless they are at very large scale.

Feasibility and acceptability of a peer provider delivered substance use screening and brief intervention program for youth in Kenya.

BACKGROUND: Youth in sub-Saharan Africa are at high risk of substance use yet lack access to substance use interventions. The goal of this project was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a peer-delivered, single-session substance use screening and brief intervention program for youth in Kenya. METHODS: This was a convergent parallel mixed methods study utilizing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Two trained peer providers administered the screening and brief intervention program to 100 youth aged 15-24 years. To evaluate the implementation of the intervention, we collected quantitative and qualitative data. Feasibility and acceptability were quantitatively assessed using the Dissemination and Implementation Measures. Fidelity was assessed by rating all 100 audio-recorded sessions using a checklist. To obtain qualitative feedback on the intervention, we conducted five focus group discussions with 25 youths and six semi-structured interviews with two peer providers and four clinic leaders. The semi-structured interviews were guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Quantitative data was analyzed via descriptive statistics using STATA. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis with NVIVO. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of any substance use was 50%. The mean level of acceptability of the intervention from the perspective of the youth was 3.53 (SD 0.15), meaning that the youth found the intervention to be acceptable "a lot" of the time. Mean levels of implementation outcomes (acceptability, adoption, Acceptability, Appropriateness, Feasibility, Reach/access, Organizational climate, General leadership skills, and Sustainability) as rated by peer providers and clinic staff ranged between 2.61 ("a moderate amount") and 4.0 ("a lot"). In qualitative data, youth reported that the intervention was helpful and useful in enabling them to stop or reduce substance use. The peer providers felt that the intervention was easy to implement, while the clinic leaders felt that available resources were adequate, and that the intervention aligned well with the goals of the clinic. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the peer-delivered screening and brief intervention program was perceived as acceptable to the youth and feasible to implement. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04998045 Registration date: 10/08/2021.

Substance use disorder screening and brief intervention in routine clinical practice in specialist adult mental health services: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Substance use disorders co-occurring with other mental health disorders are common and harmful. Clinical guidelines often recommend substance use screening and brief intervention though evidence about screening practice in mental health services is limited. This systematic review of routine clinical practice in adult mental health services aims to identify (a) proportions of screening and brief intervention, (b) how they are practised and (c) their outcomes. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase and relevant Cochrane databases for articles until 31 July 2021 reporting on adults in English, regardless of geographical location. Backward snowball methods were used to locate additional articles. Screening, brief intervention and mental health services were defined. Data were extracted and variables compared related to setting, period, patient cohort, substances routine substance use disorder care pathways, and study quality was assessed. RESULTS: We identified 17 articles reporting routine screening within adult mental health services. Studies in community settings mainly reported on screening for alcohol and other substance use disorders, while studies from inpatient settings reported mainly on tobacco. There was marked variation in methods and screening proportions. Only two studies reported on brief intervention. CONCLUSION: This systematic review shows marked variation in mental health services routine screening practices with early focus on alcohol but more recently tobacco screening. We suggest approaches to enhancing implementation of screening and brief intervention in routine care, particularly using electronic health records.

'I can feel myself coming out of the rut': a brief intervention for supporting behaviour change is acceptable to patients with chronic musculoskeletal conditions.

AIM: To a) understand the perceptions and experiences of patients with musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions in relation to their physiotherapy care and their acceptability of 'Making Every Contact Count Healthy Conversation Skills' (MECC HCS) as a brief intervention within this care and, b) explore the mechanisms through which MECC HCS might facilitate behaviour change and enhance self-management in patients with MSK conditions. METHODS: This study adopted an exploratory qualitative design, in which individual, semi-structured interviews with participants were conducted. Eight participants were interviewed. Five had been engaging with physiotherapists trained in and delivering MECC HCS within their routine physiotherapy appointments and three had been engaging with physiotherapists who had not received this training and were instead delivering usual care. MECC HCS is a person-centred approach to behaviour change that aims to empower individuals to take control of their health behaviours by building self-efficacy. The MECC HCS training programme helps healthcare professionals to develop skills in i) using 'open discovery' questions to explore context and allow patients to identify barriers and generate solutions; ii) listening more than giving information/ making suggestions; iii) reflecting on practice and iv) supporting Specific, Measurable, Action-oriented, Realistic, Timed, Evaluated, Reviewed (SMARTER) goal setting. RESULTS: Those who had engaged with MECC HCS trained physiotherapists found their physiotherapy care highly acceptable and felt that their physiotherapist listened to them, tried to understand their context and world, and helped them plan for change. These individuals experienced increases in self-efficacy and motivation for self-managing their MSK conditions. A need for continued support following physiotherapy treatment was, however, emphasised for long-term self-management. CONCLUSIONS: MECC HCS is highly acceptable to patients with MSK conditions and pain and may successfully facilitate health-promoting behaviour change and enhance self-management. Providing opportunities to join support groups following physiotherapy treatment may promote long-term self-management and provide social and emotional benefits for individuals. The positive findings of this small qualitative study warrant further investigation on the differences in experiences and outcomes between patients engaging with MECC HCS physiotherapists and those receiving treatment as usual during routine physiotherapy care.

Randomized Clinical Trial of Stigma Counseling and HIV Testing Access Interventions to Increase HIV Testing Among Black Sexual Minority Men and Transwomen.

Advances in HIV prevention tools have outpaced our ability to ensure equitable access to these tools. Novel approaches to reducing known barriers to accessing HIV prevention, such as stigma and logistical-related factors, are urgently needed. To evaluate the efficacy of a randomized controlled trial with four intervention arms to address barriers to HIV/STI testing uptake (primary outcome) and PrEP use, depression, and HIV test results (secondary outcomes). We tested a 2 × 2 research design: main effect 1-stigma-focused vs. health information evaluation-focused counseling, main effect 2-offering HIV/STI testing appointments in person vs. at home with a counselor via video chat, and the interaction of the main effects. Participants (N = 474) residing in the southeastern USA were screened and enrolled in a longitudinal trial. Intervention efficacy was established using generalized linear modeling with binomial or Poisson distributions. Intervention efficacy demonstrated an increase in HIV/STI testing uptake when testing was made available at home with a counselor via video chat vs. in person (83% vs. 75% uptake, p < .05), and participants were also more likely to test positive for HIV over the course of the study in the at-home condition (14.5% vs. 9.4%, p < .05). Stigma-focused counseling resulted in lower depression scores and greater uptake of PrEP among participants < 30 years of age when compared with health information counseling (15.4% vs. 9.6%, p < .05). In order to prevent further disparities between HIV prevention advances and access to HIV prevention tools, we must prioritize improvements in linking people to care. Novel interventions, such as those proposed here, offer a practical, evidence-based path to addressing long-standing barriers to HIV prevention strategies. Trial registration: NCT03107910.