Impact of nutritional support routes on mortality in acute pancreatitis: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional administration in acute pancreatitis (AP) management has sparked widespread discussion, yet contradictory mortality results across meta-analyses necessitate clarification. The optimal nutritional route in AP remains uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to compare mortality among nutritional administration routes in patients with AP using consistency model. METHODS: This study searched four major databases for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two authors independently extracted and checked data and quality. Network meta-analysis was conducted for estimating risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) based on random-effects model. Subgroup analyses accounted for AP severity and nutrition support initiation. RESULTS: A meticulous search yielded 1185 references, with 30 records meeting inclusion criteria from 27 RCTs (n = 1594). Pooled analyses showed the mortality risk reduction associated with nasogastric (NG) (RR = 0.34; 95%CI: 0.16-0.73) and nasojejunal (NJ) feeding (RR = 0.46; 95%CI: 0.25-0.84) in comparison to nil per os. Similarly, NG (RR = 0.45; 95%CI: 0.24-0.83) and NJ (RR = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.40-0.90) feeding also showed lower mortality risk than total parenteral nutrition. Subgroup analyses, stratified by severity, supported these findings. Notably, the timing of nutritional support initiation emerged as a significant factor, with NJ feeding demonstrating notable mortality reduction within 24 and 48 h, particularly in severe cases. CONCLUSION: For severe AP, both NG and NJ feeding appear optimal, with variations in initiation timings. NG feeding does not appear to merit recommendation within the initial 24 h, whereas NJ feeding is advisable within the corresponding timeframe following admission. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing nutritional interventions in AP.

Early Versus Late Feeding After Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Placement in Trauma and Burn.

INTRODUCTION: Timing to resume feeds after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placement continues to vary among US trauma surgeons. The purpose of this study was to assess differences in meeting nutritional therapy goals and adverse outcomes with early versus late enteral feeding after PEG placement. METHODS: This retrospective review included 364 trauma and burn patients who underwent PEG placement. Data included patient characteristics, time to initiate feeds, rate feeds were resumed, % feed volume goals on postoperative days 0-7, and complications. Statistical analysis was performed comparing two groups (feeds ≤ 6 h versus > 6 h) and three subgroups (< 4 h, 4-6 h, ≥ 6 h) based on data quartiles. Chi-square/Fisher's exact test, independent-samples t-test, and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Mean time to initiate feeds after PEG was 5.48 ± 4.79 h. Burn patients received early feeds in a larger proportion. A larger proportion of trauma patients received late feeds. The mean % of goal feed volume met on postoperative day 0 was higher in the early feeding group versus the late (P < 0.001). There were no differences in adverse events, even after subgroup analysis of those who received feeds < 4 h after PEG placement. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with early initiation of feeds after PEG placement achieve a higher percentage of goals on day 0 without an increased rate of adverse events. Unfortunately, patients routinely fall short of their target tube feeding goals.

Enteral Access Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Cardiac Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Patients admitted with principal cardiac diagnosis (PCD) can encounter difficult inpatient stays that are often marked by malnutrition. In this setting, enteral feeding may improve nutritional status. This study examined the association of PCD with perioperative outcomes after elective enteral access procedures. METHODS: Adult patients who underwent enteral access procedures between 2018 and 2020 at a tertiary care institution were reviewed retrospectively. Differences in baseline characteristics between patients with and without PCD were adjusted using entropy balancing. Multivariable logistic and linear regressions were subsequently developed to evaluate the association between PCD and nutritional outcomes, perioperative morbidity and mortality, length of stay, and nonelective readmission after enteral access. RESULTS: 912 patients with enteral access met inclusion criteria, of whom 84 (9.2%) had a diagnosis code indicating PCD. Compared to non-PCD, patients with PCD more commonly received percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy by general surgery and had a higher burden of comorbidities as measured by the Charlson comorbidity index. Multivariable risk adjustment generated a strongly balanced distribution of baseline covariates between patient groups (standardized differences ranged from -2.45 × 10-8 to 3.18 × 108). After adjustment, despite no significant association with in-hospital mortality, percentage change prealbumin, length of stay, or readmission, PCD was associated with an approximately 2.25-day reduction in time to meet goal feeds (95% CI -3.76 to -0.74, P = 0.004) as well as decreased odds of reoperation (adjusted odds ratio 0.28, 95% CI 0.09-0.86, P = 0.026) and acute kidney injury (adjusted odds ratio 0.24, 95% CI 0.06-0.91, P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Despite having more comorbidities than non-PCD, adult enteral access patients with PCD experienced favorable nutritional and perioperative outcomes.

Factors influencing gastrostomy tube removal.

BACKGROUND: When commencing enteral feeding, patients and families will want to know the likelihood of returning to an oral diet. There is a paucity of data on the prognosis of patients with gastrostomies. We describe a large dataset of patients, which identifies factors influencing gastrostomy removal and assesses the likelihood of the patient having at home enteral nutrition. METHODS: Retrospective data was collected on patients from Sheffield Teaching Hospitals who had received a gastrostomy and had outpatient enteral feeding between January 2016 and December 2019. Demographic data, indication and outcomes were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 451 patients were assessed, median age: 67.7. 183/451(40.6%) gastrostomies were for head and neck cancer, 88/451 (19.5%) for stroke, 28/451 (6.2%) for Motor Neuron Disease, 32/451 (7.1%) for other neurodegenerative causes, 120/451 (26.6%) other. Of the 31.2% who had their gastrostomy removed within 3 years, head and neck cancer was the most common indication (58.3%) followed by stroke (10.2%), Motor Neuron Disease (7.1%) and other neurodegenerative diseases (3.1%). Gastrostomy removal was significantly influenced by age, place of residence, and having head and neck cancer (p < 0.05). There was the greatest likelihood of removal within the first year (24%). 70.5% had enteral feeding at home. CONCLUSION: This large cohort study demonstrates 31.2% of patients had their gastrostomy removed within 3 years. Head and neck cancer patients, younger age and residing at home can help positively predict removal. Most patients manage their feeding at home rather than a nursing home. This study provides new information on gastrostomy outcomes when counselling patients to provide realistic expectations.

Associations between enteral nutrition and outcomes in the SUP-ICU trial: Results of exploratory post hoc analyses.

BACKGROUND: Enteral nutrition may affect risks of gastrointestinal bleeding, pneumonia and mortality in critically ill patients and may also modify the effects of pharmacological stress ulcer prophylaxis. We undertook post hoc analyses of the stress ulcer prophylaxis in the intensive care unit trial to assess for any associations and interactions between enteral nutrition and pantoprazole. METHODS: Extended Cox models with time-varying co-variates and competing events were used to assess potential associations, adjusted for baseline severity of illness. Potential interactions between daily enteral nutrition and allocation to pantoprazole on outcomes were similarly assessed. RESULTS: Enteral nutrition was associated with lower risk of clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding (cause-specific hazard ratio [HR]: 0.29, 95% confidence interval: [CI] 0.19-0.44, p < .001), higher risk of pneumonia (HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.14-1.82, p = .003), and lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.18-0.27, p < .001). Enteral nutrition with allocation to pantoprazole was associated with a lower risk of mortality (HR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.21-0.35, p < .001), similar to enteral nutrition with allocation to placebo (HR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.13-0.23, p < .001). Allocation to pantoprazole with no enteral nutrition had little effect on mortality (HR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.63-1.09, p = .179), whilst allocation to pantoprazole and receipt of enteral nutrition was mostly compatible with increased all-cause mortality (HR: 1.27, 95% CI: 0.99-1.64, p = .061). The test of interaction between enteral nutrition and pantoprazole treatment allocation for all-cause mortality was statistically significant (p = .024). CONCLUSIONS: Enteral nutrition was associated with an increased risk of pneumonia and a reduced risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. The interaction between pantoprazole and enteral nutrition suggesting an increased risk of mortality requires further study.

Clinical impact of diarrhea during enteral feeding after esophagectomy.

BACKGROUND: Enteral feeding (EF) is recommended to enhance nutritional status after esophagectomy; however, diarrhea is a common complication of EF. We investigated the clinical and prognostic impact of diarrhea during EF after esophagectomy. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-two patients who underwent transthoracic esophagectomy were enrolled. The King's stool chart was used for stool characterization. The short- and long-term outcomes were compared between a non-diarrhea (Group N) and diarrhea group (Group D). RESULTS: A higher dysphagia score (≥ 1) was observed more frequently in Group D than in Group N (45.7% vs. 19.8%, p = 0.002). Deterioration of serum total protein, serum albumin, serum cholinesterase, and the prognostic nutritional index after esophagectomy was greater in Group D than in Group N (p = 0.003, 0.004, 0.014, and 0.001, respectively). Patients in Group D had significantly worse overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) than those in Group N (median survival time (MST): OS, 21.9 vs. 30.6 months, p = 0.001; RFS, 12.4 vs. 27.7 months, p < 0.001). In stratified analysis due to age, although there was no difference in OS with or without diarrhea in young patients (MST: 24.1 months in a diarrhea group vs. 33.6 months in a non-diarrhea group, p = 0.218), patients in a diarrhea group had significantly worse OS than those in a non-diarrhea group in elderly patients (MST: 17.8 months vs. 27.9 months, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Diarrhea during EF can put elderly patients at risk of postoperative malnutrition and a poor prognosis after esophagectomy.

Characteristics of older adults receiving enteral feeding at a geriatric medical center.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is a prevalent and hard-to-treat condition in older adults. enteral feeding is common in acute and long-term care. Data regarding the prognosis of patients receiving enteral feeding in geriatric medical settings is lacking. Such data is important for decision-making and preliminary instructions for patients, caregivers, and physicians. This study aimed to evaluate the prognosis and risk factors for mortality among older adults admitted to a geriatric medical center receiving or starting enteral nutrition (EN). METHODS: A cohort retrospective study, conducted from 2019 to 2021. Patients admitted to our geriatric medical center who received EN were included. Data was collected from electronic medical records including demographic, clinical, and blood tests, duration of enteral feeding, Norton scale, and Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire score. Mortality was assessed during and after hospitalization. Data were compared between survivors and non-survivors. Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to identify the variables most significantly associated with in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Of 9169 patients admitted, 124 (1.35%) received enteral feeding tubes. More than half of the patients (50.8%) had polypharmacy (over 8 medications), 62% suffered from more than 10 chronic illnesses and the majority of patients (122/124) had a Norton scale under 14. Most of the patients had a nasogastric tube (NGT) (95/124) and 29 had percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies (PEGs). Ninety patients (72%) died during the trial period with a median follow-up of 12.7 months (0.1-62.9 months) and one-year mortality was 16% (20/124). Associations to mortality were found for marital status, oxygen use, and Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW). Age and poly-morbidity were not associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: In patients receiving EN at a geriatric medical center mortality was lower than in a general hospital. The prognosis remained grim with high mortality rates and low quality of life. This data should aid decision-making and promote preliminary instructions.

Time to full enteral feeding and its predictors among very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in comprehensive specialized hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Time to full enteral feeding is the time when neonates start to receive all of their prescribed nutrition as milk feeds. Delayed to achieve full enteral feeding had resulted in short- and long-term physical and neurological sequelae. However, there are limited studies to assess the time to full enteral feeding and its predictors among very low birth-weight neonates in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the time to full enteral feeding and its predictors among very low birth-weight neonates admitted to comprehensive specialized hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A multi-center institutional-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted among 409 VLBW neonates from March 1, 2019 to February 30, 2023. A simple random sampling method was used to select study participants. Data were entered into EpiData version 4.2 and then exported into STATA version 16 for analysis. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve together with the log-rank test was fitted to test for the presence of differences among groups. Proportional hazard assumptions were checked using a global test. Variables having a p- value < 0.25 in the bivariable Cox-proportional hazard model were candidates for multivariable analysis. An adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) was computed to report the strength of association, and variables having a P-value < 0.05 at the 95% confidence interval were considered statistically significant predictor variables. RESULT: The median time to full enteral feeding was 10 (CI: 10-11) days. Very Low Birth-Weight (VLBW) neonates who received a formula feeding (AHR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.53, 0.96), gestational age of 32-37 weeks (AHR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.23), without Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) (AHR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.65, 2.84), and single birth outcome (AHR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.88) were statistically significant variables with time to full enteral feeding. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This study found that the median time to full enteral feeding was high. Type of feeding, Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), Gestational Age (GA) at birth, and birth outcome were predictor variables. Special attention and follow-up are needed for those VLBW neonates with NEC, had a GA of less than 32 weeks, and had multiple birth outcomes.

Predictors of time to full enteral feeding in low birth weight neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit: a prospective follow up study.

BACKGROUND: Survival of LBW infants has increased in recent years because of novel perinatal interventions, but the introduction and advancement of enteral feeds for low birth weight infants is challenging. In Ethiopia the proportion of low birth weight infants is thought to be 17.3%. The purpose of this study was to determine the time to full enteral feeding (FEF) and its predictors in LBW neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit in selected hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHOD: An institutional based prospective follow up study was conducted from March 15 to June 15, 2022 among 282 LBW neonates admitted to six randomly selected hospitals. Both primary and secondary data was used by interviewing mothers and prospective medical chart review of neonates. The Cox regression model was used and variables having a p-value less than 0.05 with 95% CIs in a multivariable analysis were declared as statistically significant association with time to full enteral feeding. RESULT: Out of 282 neonates involved in this study, 211 (74.8%) of them reached at FEF. The overall median time to full enteral feeding was 5 days. Predictors significantly associated with time to full enteral feeding were educational level, birth weight, cesarean delivery, hospital acquired infection, being on antibiotics, age at initiation of trophic feeding, routine gastric residual evaluation and NICU location (hospital). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the difficulty of understanding which low birth weight neonate will attain FEF in a timely manner and factors that affect time to FEF. There is a delay in full enteral feeding achievement among low birth weight neonates and there is a great deal of heterogeneity of practice among health care providers regarding feeding of infants as it was evidenced by a variation in feeding practice among hospitals. Nutrition should be considered as part of the management in neonatal intensive care units since low birth weight neonates are developing edematous malnutrition while they are in the NICU. There should be standard feeding protocol to avoid heterogeneity of practice and additional study should be conducted for each categories of GA and BW with long follow up time.

An exploration of the experiences and attitudes of healthcare professionals towards enteral tube feeding for adults living in the community following stroke.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines recommend enteral feeding via gastrostomy should be considered for adult survivors of stroke with dysphagia who cannot eat or drink sufficiently for >4 weeks. Many people continue long-term tube-feeding via this route in the community where healthcare professionals contribute to their care and nutritional management, although little is known about their experiences of or attitudes towards enteral feeding in this situation. The present study aimed to explore the experiences and attitudes of healthcare professionals working with this patient group. METHODS: Healthcare professionals were invited to complete a questionnaire devised for the study which comprised closed and open questions about tube-feeding including their patients' participation in feeding processes and mealtimes and how these might be improved. Responses to closed questions were analysed descriptively and free-text responses analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-seven participants met the inclusion criteria. They identified patients' quality of life (77% of respondents) and nutritional support (75%) as the most important aspects of tube-feeding. Good communication and training with healthcare teams and carers were considered important. Their patients' participation in tube-feed administration and mealtime involvement were described as variable and potentially beneficial, but both were related to patients' choice and health impairment. Blended tube-feeding was considered an option by 89% provided practical and safety conditions were met. CONCLUSIONS: Participants' experiences of and attitudes towards tube feeding in adults living with stroke in the community in the sample in the present study are varied and focussed on individual patients' needs, safety and professional standards.

Pre-operative enteral feeding in single-ventricle CHD patients and necrotising enterocolitis risk.

INTRODUCTION: Enteral feeding prior to cardiac surgery has benefits in pre-operative and post-operative patient statuses. In 2020, to increase pre-operative feeding for single-ventricle patients prior to stage 1 palliation, an enteral feeding algorithm was created. The aim of this study is to monitor the impact of our practice change with the primary outcome of necrotising enterocolitis incidence from birth to 2 weeks following surgical intervention. METHODS: This is a single-site, retrospective cohort study including patients from 1 March, 2018 to 1 July, 2022. Variables assessed include demographics, age at cardiac surgery, primary cardiac diagnosis, necrotising enterocolitis pre-operative and 2 weeks post-operative cardiac surgery, feeding route, feeding type, volume of trophic enteral feeds, and near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: Following implementation of a pre-operative enteral feeding algorithm, the rate of neonates fed prior to surgery increased (39.5-75%, p = .001). The feedings included a mean volume of 28.24 ± 11.16 ml/kg/day, 83% fed breastmilk only, 44.4% tube fed, and 55.5% of infants had all oral feedings. Comparing enterally fed neonates and those not enterally fed, the necrotising enterocolitis incidence from birth to 2 weeks post-op was not significantly increased (p = 0.926). CONCLUSION: As a result of implementing our feeding algorithm, the frequency of infants fed prior to stage I Norwood or Hybrid surgeries increased to 75%, and there was no significant change in the incidence of necrotising enterocolitis. This study confirmed that pre-operative enteral feeds are safe and are not associated with increased incidence of necrotising enterocolitis.

Experiences and perceptions of multidisciplinary paediatric teams of blended tube feeding in children.

Background: Blended tube feeding (BTF) is the administration of pureed whole foods via gastric feeding tubes. There is some evidence to suggest that BTF may have clinical and psychosocial benefits when compared to commercial formula, but further investigation of how BTF is understood and recommended by health professionals is needed. This study aims to investigate awareness and knowledge of BTF among multi-disciplinary paediatric staff in Ireland. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among paediatric staff in Children's Health Ireland (CHI). The 16-item anonymous online survey gathered information on awareness of BTF, willingness to recommend BTF, confidence in BTF knowledge, and self-assessed competence in managing BTF. Results: Of the 207 responses, doctors (n68), nurses (n66), and dietitians (n32) provided 80.3% of responses. Two-thirds (n136, 66%) of the total group were aware of BTF. Of these, 68.1% had cared for a child on BTF and 70% (n = 63/90) were willing to recommend BTF. Three in five (n = 39/63, 61.9%) stated they were somewhat confident in their BTF knowledge and one in five (n = 12/56, 21.4%) were not yet competent in managing children on BTF. The most common reasons for recommending BTF were parental desire (n17, 39.5%) and commercial formula intolerance (n15, 34.9%). The most common barrier to recommending BTF was family logistics (n18, 41.9%). The most valuable sources of information on BTF for two-thirds (68.3%) of participants were other healthcare professionals (HCPs) and patients/caregivers. Conclusion: Healthcare settings should provide evidence-based training to HCPs on BTF to optimise the treatment and safety of children under their care.

Nursing staff adherence to guidelines on nutritional management for critically ill patients with cancer: A service evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Critically ill patients with cancer are at high risk of developing malnutrition, negatively affecting their outcome. AIM: To critically analyse nursing staff's adherence to nutrition management guidelines for critically unwell patients with cancer and identify barriers which prevent this. Two areas of nutrition management were evaluated: early initiation (<48 h from admission) of enteral nutrition (EN) and continuation of EN without interruption. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective data analysis was performed on mechanically ventilated adult patients admitted to a single cancer centre. Data from electronic patient records (EPR) were collected. Health care professionals' (HCP) documentation was analysed, and a nursing staff focus group (n = 5) was undertaken. RESULTS: Sixty-four patient records were included. Early EN was not administered in 67% (n = 43) of cases. The reasons for the three longest interruptions to EN feed were as follows: delays in EN tube insertion, gastric residual volumes (GRVs) less than the recommended feed discontinuation threshold and endotracheal intubation. Four main themes relating to barriers to practice were identified from the focus group data analysis: HCPs' approach towards nutrition management, the patient's physiological condition and stability, multi-disciplinary team (MDT) communication and guidance on nutrition management, and practical issues with patient care. CONCLUSIONS: Multi-disciplinary communication difficulties, lack of clear guidelines and inadequate awareness of the importance of nutrition for critically ill patients with cancer were barriers identified preventing optimal nutrition management. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nursing education is fundamental to help break down the barriers to practice which prevent critically ill patients from receiving optimal nutrition management.

Unraveling medication errors in enteral tube administration: A cross-sectional study in geriatric patients receiving home health care.

Background: Medication administration through enteral feeding tubes requires careful consideration, as several medications are unsuitable for such administration due to interactions with feeding formulas or adverse effects when crushed. These errors can lead to feeding tube obstruction, reduced drug efficacy, or drug toxicity. Objective: This study aimed to assess medication errors in geriatric patients using enteral feeding tubes who were enrolled in a home health care program. Method: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted at the Ministry of Health Government Hospital in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. Medication errors related to chronic oral drugs in geriatric patients using enteral feeding tubes were evaluated, including inappropriate medications for enteral tube administration, inappropriate preparation, drug-nutrient interaction, and availability of liquid formulation, following established guidelines. Results: Of the total 233 medications prescribed to 46 patients receiving enteral tube feeding at home, 49.3% exhibited at least one form of medication error, totaling 135 errors. Medication errors were highly prevalent among the patients (93.4%), with the leading cause being the administration of medications unsuitable for enteral feeding tubes (33.3%), predominantly due to the use of controlled release or enteric-coated formulations. Conclusion: This study underscores the high prevalence of medication errors in older patients receiving enteral feeding at home. To ensure patient safety and optimal outcomes, healthcare professionals should utilize available resources and seek expert advice when selecting medications and dosage forms for tube-fed patients. Pharmacists play a critical role in promoting safe drug use and can greatly contribute by educating patient caregivers on proper medication preparation and administration techniques, thus preventing harm to patients.

Blended diet in enteral feeding: current guidance.

The practice of administering blended food via enteral feeding tubes has been growing in popularity in recent years. Concerns have been raised as this practice was perceived to increase risk of gastrointestinal intolerance, allergic reactions, nutritional insufficiency, tube blockages, and infection compared with using commercial enteral feed (CEF), the gold standard, as well as risk of litigation against the professional due to their support of practice that is not evidence-based. However, research has shown that the physical, social and emotional benefits from receiving blended diet may outweigh the previously suggested risks. Guidance has been updated to encourage discussions around blended diet while informing the tube-fed individuals, families and carers of potential risks, potential benefits, barriers, considerations for training, safety and contraindications.

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Providing adequate and balanced nutrition for preterm infants, especially extremely/very preterm infants, is the material basis for promoting their normal growth and development and improving long-term prognosis. Enteral nutrition is the best way to feed preterm infants. Previous systematic reviews have shown that using evidence-based standardized feeding management strategies can effectively promote the establishment of full enteral feeding, reduce the duration of parenteral nutrition, improve the nutritional outcomes of preterm infants, and not increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis or death. Based on relevant research in China and overseas, the consensus working group has developed 20 recommendations in 5 aspects including the goal of enteral nutrition, transitioning to enteral nutrition, stable growth period enteral nutrition, supplementation of special nutrients, and monitoring of enteral nutrition for preterm infants, using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. The aim is to provide recommendations for healthcare professionals involved in the management of enteral nutrition for preterm infants, in order to improve the clinical outcomes of preterm infants.

Effects of fibre-supplemented enteral feeds on bowel function of non-critically ill tube-fed adults: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Diarrhoea is common in enterally fed patients and can impact their nutritional and overall outcomes. This meta-analysis evaluates the potential benefits of fibre-supplemented (FS) feeds on incidence of diarrhoea and stool frequency in non-critically ill tube-fed adults. Databases including PubMed, Embase and CINAHL with full text were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCT) with adults on exclusive tube feeding, published until August 2022. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used for quality assessment. Studies with published results on incidence of diarrhoea and stool frequency were analysed using RevMan 5. Thirteen RCT with 847 non-critically ill patients between 20 and 90 years old without diarrhoea at the onset of enteral feeding were included. Study duration ranged from 3 to 35 d. Nine papers investigated the incidence of diarrhoea where intervention group was given FS and control was given non-fibre-supplemented (NFS) enteral feeds. Those receiving FS feeds were significantly less likely to experience diarrhoea as compared with those using NFS feeds (OR 0·44; 95 % CI 0·20, 0·95; P = 0·04; I2 = 71 %). Combined analysis showed no differences in stool frequency in those receiving NFS feeds (SMD 0·32; 95 % CI -0·53, 1·16; P = 0·47; I2 = 90 %). Results should be interpreted with caution due to considerable heterogeneity between study population, assessment tool for diarrhoea, potential conflict of interest and short duration of studies. This meta-analysis shows that FS feeds can reduce the incidence of diarrhoea in non-critically ill adults; however, the effects of stool frequency remain debatable.

Impact of sarcopenia and myosteatosis on survival outcomes for patients with head and neck cancer undergoing curative-intent treatment.

Malnutrition and sarcopenia are prevalent in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Pre-treatment sarcopenia and adverse oncological outcomes in this population are well described. The impact of myosteatosis and post-treatment sarcopenia is less well known. Patients with HNSCC (n = 125) undergoing chemoradiotherapy, radiotherapy alone and/or surgery were assessed for sarcopenia and myosteatosis, using cross-sectional computed tomography (CT) imaging at the third lumbar (L3) vertebra, at baseline and 3 months post-treatment. Outcomes were overall survival (OS) at 12 months and 5 years post-treatment. One hundred and one participants had a CT scan evaluable at one or two time points, of which sixty-seven (66 %) participants were sarcopenic on at least one time point. Reduced muscle attenuation affected 93 % (n = 92) pre-treatment compared with 97 % (n = 90) post-treatment. Five-year OS favoured those without post-treatment sarcopenia (hazard ratio, HR 0·37, 95 % CI 0·16, 0·88, P = 0·06) and those without both post-treatment myosteatosis and sarcopenia (HR 0·33, 95 % CI 0·13, 0·83, P = 0·06). Overall, rates of myosteatosis were high at both pre- and post-treatment time points. Post-treatment sarcopenia was associated with worse 5-year OS, as was post-treatment sarcopenia in those who had myosteatosis. Post-treatment sarcopenia should be evaluated as an independent risk factor for decreased long-term survival post-treatment containing radiotherapy (RT) for HNSCC.

Survey on human milk feeding and enteral feeding practices for very-low-birth-weight infants in NICUs in China Neonatal Network.

BACKGROUND: The breastfeeding rate in China is lower than that in many other countries and the extent of adoption of the "Feeding Recommendations for Preterm Infants and Low Birth Weight Infants" guideline in NICUs remains unclear. METHOD: A web-based survey about the current status of human milk feeding and enteral feeding practices at NICUs was sent to all China Neonatal Network's cooperation units on September 7, 2021, and the respondents were given a month to send their responses. RESULTS: All sixty NICUs responded to the survey, the reply rate was 100%. All units encouraged breastfeeding and provided regular breastfeeding education. Thirty-six units (60.0%) had a dedicated breastfeeding/pumping room, 55 (91.7%) provided kangaroo care, 20 (33.3%) had family rooms, and 33 (55.0%) routinely provided family integrated care. Twenty hospitals (33.3%) had their own human milk banks, and only 13 (21.7%) used donor human milk. Eight units (13.3%) did not have written standard nutrition management guidelines for infants with body weight < 1500 g. Most units initiated minimal enteral nutrition with mother's milk for infants with birth weight ˂1500 g within 24 h after birth. Fifty NICUs (83.3%) increased the volume of enteral feeding at 10-20 ml/kg daily. Thirty-one NICUs (51.7%) assessed gastric residual content before every feeding session. Forty-one NICUs (68.3%) did not change the course of enteral nutrition management during drug treatment for patent ductus arteriosus, and 29 NICUs (48.3%) instated NPO for 1 or 2 feeds during blood transfusion. CONCLUSION: There were significant differences in human milk feeding and enteral feeding strategies between the NICUs in CHNN, but also similarities. The data obtained would be useful in the establishment of national enteral feeding guidelines for preterm infants and quality improvement of cooperation at the national level.

Administration of ciprofloxacin through a nasogastric tube in pediatric oncology and stem cell transplantation patients.

Pediatric oncology and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients are facing many gastrointestinal side effects of chemotherapy, including nausea, vomiting, mucositis, and diarrhea. International guidelines advise early enteral tube feeding as the first option of nutritional support in children undergoing myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. When using enteral feeding tubes for nutritional purposes as well as drug administration, some pharmaceutical, nursing, and technical issues have to be taken into account. Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone, widely used because of its broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. However, its co-administration with polyvalent cations (as present in enteral feeding) makes the absorption of ciprofloxacin more difficult and may alter the pharmacokinetic parameters. Literature data are conflicting on how long the enteral feeding should be discontinued for patients receiving ciprofloxacin via an enteral feeding tube, ranging from 2 h before to 6 h after the administration of ciprofloxacin. Our research question was guided by challenges and concerns of nurses about the delay time between ciprofloxacin administration and restart of the enteral feeding without compromising the nutritional intake of the children. Our guideline was adapted, nurses were instructed accordingly, and patient leaflets with correct information were created.