The influence of control beliefs on the cardiovascular fitness of college students: the chain mediating effect of subjective exercise experience and exercise adherence.

PURPOSE: Lack of adequate physical exercise is the main reason for the frequent occurrence of health problems among Chinese college students. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of control beliefs on cardiovascular fitness among college students and the mediating role of subjective exercise experience and exercise adherence in it. METHODS: The Control Belief Scale, the Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES), and the Exercise Adherence Scale were used to investigate 1854 freshmen and sophomores in Nantong and Suzhou, China. Cardiovascular fitness data for college students from the National Student Physical Health Standard and SPSS 23.0 statistical analysis software were used to carry out statistics and analyses on the questionnaires. Correlation analysis, regression analysis, and mediation models were used to assess control beliefs, subjective exercise experiences, exercise adherence, and cardiovascular fitness. RESULTS: The control belief of college students was directly related to cardiovascular fitness (effect value: 0.121), the mediating effect through subjective exercise experience was not significant, indirectly related through the mediating effect of exercise adherence (effect value: 0.101), and indirectly related through the mediating effect of subjective exercise experience and exercise adherence (effect value: 0. 019). The positive prediction effect of control belief on cardiovascular fitness of college students was significant (ß = 0.267, P < 0.001), and the positive prediction effect of control belief on cardiovascular fitness of college students was still significant (ß = 0.121, P < 0.01) after adding the intermediary variables (subjective exercise experience and exercise adherence). CONCLUSIONS: The cardiovascular fitness of college students was not only directly affected by control beliefs but also affected by the chain mediating effect of subjective exercise experience and exercise adherence. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the control beliefs, subjective exercise experiences, and exercise adherence of college students to improve their cardiovascular fitness level and enhance their physical health.

Relationship among subjective exercise experience, exercise behavior, and trait anxiety in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of subjective exercise experience on adolescent trait anxiety and to reveal the mediating effect of exercise behavior. METHODS: Using the Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES), Physical Exercise Rating Scale (PARS-3), and Trait Anxiety Inventory (T-AI), a questionnaire survey was conducted among 500 adolescents in Southwest China, and the SPSS21.0 and AMOS21.0 statistical analysis software was used to statistics and analysis on the questionnaires. RESULTS: 1) Among adolescents, the exercise behavior of boys was significantly higher than that of girls (p < 0.05), and the subjective exercise experience of students aged 9 to 12 was significantly higher than that of students aged 12 to 15 (p < 0.05). 2) The subjective exercise experience could directly and positively predict exercise behavior (ß = 0.45, p < 0.001) and negatively predict trait anxiety (ß = -0.26, p < 0.05), and exercise behavior could directly and negatively predict trait anxiety (ß = -0.32, p < 0.01). 3) The exercise behavior played a partial mediating effect between subjective exercise experience and trait anxiety (the mediation effect was -0.14). Among them, compared with low- and high-exercise amounts, the exercise behavior of moderate exercise amounts had the strongest mediating effect between subjective exercise experience and trait anxiety. CONCLUSION: The good subjective exercise experience not only has direct benefits for improving trait anxiety in adolescents but also helps to improve their exercise behavior, enrich daily physical exercise activities, and indirectly promote the reduction of trait anxiety.

The relationship between past exercise behavior and future exercise adherence: A sequential mediation analysis.

The present study explored the mediation role of past exercise adherence, self-reported frequency and intentions in the association between past experience and future exercise adherence. In total, 431 exercisers (female = 216; male = 215) aged 18 and 64 years, engaged in fitness activities such as group fitness classes and resistance training, were included in the analysis. Serial mediation procedures were employed to examine the direct, indirect, and total indirect effects among variables. The predictor variable and all mediators displayed a positive and significant association with future six-month adherence. Past six-month exercise adherence displayed the most significant association with future six-month adherence. The sequential indirect path from exercise experience → past six-months adherence → self-reported frequency → intentions future six-months adherence displayed a positive and significant effect (ß = .19 [CI95% = .09, .31]), presenting a partial mediation effect. Past behaviour is the most significant predictor of future adherence, and thus interventions should be based on promoting consistent exercise frequency. Professionals working in the fitness centre context can identify possible dropouts based on their past behaviour and intentions to be physically active in the future.

Experiences of augmented arm rehabilitation including supported self-management after stroke: a qualitative investigation.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the experiences of stroke survivors and their carers of augmented arm rehabilitation including supported self-management in terms of its acceptability, appropriateness and relevance. DESIGN: A qualitative design, nested within a larger, multi-centre randomized controlled feasibility trial that compared augmented arm rehabilitation starting at three or nine weeks after stroke, with usual care. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants in both augmented arm rehabilitation groups. Normalization Process Theory was used to inform the topic guide and map the findings. Framework analysis was applied. SETTING: Interviews were conducted in stroke survivors' homes, at Glasgow Caledonian University and in hospital. PARTICIPANTS: 17 stroke survivors and five carers were interviewed after completion of augmented arm rehabilitation. INTERVENTION: Evidence-based augmented arm rehabilitation (27 additional hours over six weeks), including therapist-led sessions and supported self-management. RESULTS: Three main themes were identified: (1) acceptability of the intervention (2) supported self-management and (3) coping with the intervention. All stroke survivors coped well with the intensity of the augmented arm rehabilitation programme. The majority of stroke survivors engaged in supported self-management and implemented activities into their daily routine. However, the findings suggest that some stroke survivors (male >70 years) had difficulties with self-management, needing a higher level of support. CONCLUSION: Augmented arm rehabilitation commencing within nine weeks post stroke was reported to be well tolerated. The findings suggested that supported self-management seemed acceptable and appropriate to those who saw the relevance of the rehabilitation activities for their daily lives, and embedded them into their daily routines.

The effect of subjective exercise experience on anxiety disorder in university freshmen: the chain-mediated role of self-efficacy and interpersonal relationship.

Background: Anxiety disorder is a significant concern in the context of mental health among university students. This study aimed to examine the impact of subjective exercise experience on anxiety disorder in freshmen and verify the mediating role of self-efficacy and interpersonal relationships between them. Methods: A total of 1,308 Chinese freshmen underwent an investigation using the Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and Interpersonal Relationship Comprehensive Diagnostic Scale (IRIDS). Results: The outcomes of this study are as follows: (1) Boys exhibited marginally greater performance in physical activity assessments compared to girls while displaying somewhat lower scores than girls in measures of anxiety disorders, self-efficacy, and interpersonal relationship tests. Of these, 63.39% were diagnosed with mild anxiety, 51.73% were diagnosed with moderate anxiety, and 10% were diagnosed with severe anxiety; (2) The subjective exercise experience had a significant negative correlation with an anxiety disorder (r = -0.36, p < 0.01), and the subjective exercise experience had a direct negative impact on anxiety disorder (ß = -0.112, t = -11.776, p < 0.01). Furthermore, subjective exercise experience positively predicted self-efficacy (ß = 0.125, t = 13.236, p < 0.01) and interpersonal relationship (ß = 0.395, t = 12.359, p < 0.01). Self-efficacy had a substantial impact on interpersonal relationships (ß = 0.724, t = 12.172, p < 0.01) and anxiety disorders (ß = -0.148, t = -8.387, p < 0.01). Interpersonal relationships had a significant positive predictive effect on anxiety disorder (ß = -0.081, t = -10.441, p < 0.01); (3) Self-efficacy and interpersonal relationships were identified as important mediators between subjective exercise experience and anxiety disorder. The intermediary effect accounted for 18.84% of the total effect. Specifically, subjective exercise had a direct impact on anxiety disorders through self-efficacy mediators (2.90%), interpersonal mediators (1.45%), and self-efficacy and interpersonal chain mediators (14.49%). Conclusion: Subjective exercise experience has a significant positive predictive effect on university students' self-efficacy, interpersonal relationships, and anxiety disorder. Moreover, self-efficacy and interpersonal interactions serve as intermediaries between subjective exercise experiences and anxiety disorders. These findings have immense importance in advancing the mental well-being of freshmen and serve as a theoretical foundation for formulating intervention strategies. However, the study had certain limitations, such as the specificity of the sample and the use of self-reported data. Further research could enhance the sample size and utilize various assessment techniques to validate these findings.

The Effect of Fitness Apps Usage Intensity on Exercise Adherence Among Chinese College Students: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model.

Purpose: With the rapid development of media network technology, college students' exercise is influenced by the use of fitness apps. How to improve the impact of fitness apps on college students' exercise is a current research hotspot. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence mechanism of fitness apps usage intensity (FAUI) on college students' exercise adherence. Methods: A large sample of Chinese college students (N=1300) completed measures by using the FAUI Scale, Subjective Exercise Experience Scale, Control Beliefs Scale and Exercise Adherence Scale. SPSS22.0 and Hayes PROCESS macro for SPSS were used to conduct statistical analysis. Results: (1) FAUI was positively associated with exercise adherence (p< 0.01); (2) Subjective exercise experience (p<0.01) mediated the relationship between FAUI and exercise adherence; (3) Control beliefs (p<0.01) moderated the relationship between FAUI and exercise adherence as well as subjective exercise experience and exercise adherence. Conclusion: The findings reveal the correlation between FAUI and exercise adherence. Furthermore, this study is important in investigating how FAUI is related to exercise adherence in Chinese college students. The results suggest that college students' subjective exercise experience and control beliefs may be prime targets for prevention and intervention programs. Thus, this study explored "how" and "when" FAUI may enhance college students' exercise adherence.

Impact of mindfulness tendency and physical activity on brain-gut interactions.

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder of brain-gut interactions characterized by abdominal pain and bowel dysfunction. Exercise and mindfulness have been reported to be effective on IBS, but there has been no study of their interaction. In this study, we hypothesized that exercise and mindfulness interactively affect the severity of IBS symptoms. METHODS: Subjects were 703 adolescents with 590 women and 113 men. Their IBS status was evaluated with Rome III Diagnostic Questionnaire and IBS Severity Index (IBS-SI). They also fulfilled past exercise experience, athletic performance and exercise enthusiasm, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Kessler 6 Scale (K6), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v25. RESULTS: In this population, 184 (158 women and 26 men, 14.1%) subjects had Rome III IBS symptoms. IBS subjects scored significantly less in exercise enthusiasm at high school (p = 0.017) and MAAS (p < 0.001) and significantly more K6 (p < 0.001) and PSS (p < 0.001) than non-IBS. The two-way ANOVA on IBS-SI showed a significant main effect of MAAS (p < 0.001) and interaction between MAAS and IPAQ (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: It is suggested that mindfulness per se decreases IBS severity, but that mindfulness and physical activity interactively affect the severity. Further studies on how to design interventional trials for IBS patients with mindfulness and physical exercise are warranted.

The influence of sport motivation on college students' subjective exercise experience: a mediation model with moderation.

Background: The degree to which an individual experiences a positive emotional state after exercise is a measurement of how much enjoyment sports bring to the individual. This can also be seen as the individual's essential motivation for engaging in sports, and an indirect means of improving the individual's physical health. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the factors that affect college students' subjective exercise experience and their effecting mechanism, thereby providing a basis for promoting college students' positive emotional experience after exercise. Methods: A questionnaire survey on 600 college students was conducted to examine the mediating effect of sport-confidence on the relationship between college students' sport motivation and their subjective exercise experience, and to investigate whether this process is moderated by the feelings of inadequacy. Results: The indirect effect of sport-confidence was significant (95% CI [0.133, 0.276]), and the index of moderated mediation Bootstrap 95% CI [0.003, 0.017] did not contain 0. Conclusion: The results indicated that: (1) sport-confidence had a partial mediating effect between college students' sport motivation and their subjective exercise experience; (2) the mediating effect of sport-confidence was moderated by the feelings of inadequacy, and the feelings of inadequacy moderated the latter half path of the mediating process of sport motivation - sport-confidence - subjective exercise experience. Therefore, the influence of college students' sport motivation on their subjective exercise experience is a moderated mediating model.

College students' exercise experience and aggression during COVID-19: A chain mediating model.

Aim: This study aimed to explore to how exercise experience affects the aggression of college students and the mediating effects of mood and exercise attitude in COVID-19. Methods: A questionnaire survey [The Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES); Profile of Mood State (POMS); Exercise Attitude Scale; and Aggression Questionnaire (AQ)] was conducted among 1,006 college students. Results: Exercise experience had a significant effect on aggression. The direct effect of exercise well-being was not significant, but indirectly affected the aggression through independent mediation and chain mediation of mood and exercise attitude. The direct effect of exercise distress was not significant, but indirectly affected the aggression through independent mediation and chain mediation of mood and exercise attitude. Conclusion: Mood and exercise attitude are powerful factors to alleviate the impact of exercise experience on aggression during the pandemic. Actively adjusting the mood and exercise attitude from a cognitive perspective may be an effective way to promote college students' physical exercise and reduce aggression.

Sports activities at a young age decrease hypertension risk-The J-Fit+ study.

This study aimed to assess (1) blood pressure between young, current athletes, and non-athletes early in life; (2) hypertension prevalence between former athletes and the general population later in life; and (3) understand the mechanisms between exercise training and hypertension risks in the form of DNA methylation. Study 1: A total of 354 young male participants, including current athletes, underwent blood pressure assessment. Study 2: The prevalence of hypertension in 1269 male former athletes was compared with that in the Japanese general population. Current and former athletes were divided into three groups: endurance-, mixed-, and sprint/power-group. Study 3: We analyzed the effect of aerobic- or resistance-training on DNA methylation patterns using publicly available datasets to explore the possible underlying mechanisms. In young, current athletes, the mixed- and sprint/power-group exhibited higher systolic blood pressure, and all groups exhibited higher pulse pressure than non-athletes. In contrast, the prevalence of hypertension in former athletes was significantly lower in all groups than in the general population. Compared to endurance-group (reference), adjusted-hazard ratios for the incidence of hypertension among mixed- and sprint/power-group were 1.24 (0.87-1.84) and 1.50 (1.04-2.23), respectively. Moreover, aerobic- and resistance-training commonly modified over 3000 DNA methylation sites in skeletal muscle, and these were suggested to be associated with cardiovascular function-related pathways. These findings suggest that the high blood pressure induced by exercise training at a young age does not influence the development of future hypertension. Furthermore, previous exercise training experiences at a young age could decrease the risk of future hypertension.

The Effect of Subjective Exercise Experience on Exercise Behavior and Amount of Exercise in Children and Adolescents: The Mediating Effect of Exercise Commitment.

PURPOSE: To explore the influencing factors that restrict the exercise behavior of children and adolescents, investigate the effect of subjective exercise experience on exercise behavior, and reveal the mediating effect of exercise commitment between subjective exercise experience and exercise behavior so as to promote children and adolescents to maintain good health exercise habits and improve their physical and mental health. METHODS: The Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES), Exercise Commitment Scale (ECC), and Physical Exercise Rating Scale (PARS-3) were used to conduct a questionnaire survey on 600 children and adolescents in Chongqing, China, and SPSS21.0 and AMOS21.0 statistical analysis software was used to carry out statistics and analyses on the questionnaires. RESULTS: (1) Among children and adolescents, boys' exercise commitment and exercise behavior were significantly higher than girls', and there was no significant gender difference in subjective exercise experience. The exercise behavior of children and adolescents aged 9-12 was significantly higher than that of children and adolescents aged 13-15, and there was no significant age difference in subjective exercise experience and exercise commitment. (2) There was a significant correlation between the subjective exercise experience, exercise commitment, and exercise behavior of children and adolescents, and subjective exercise experience could directly and positively predict exercise commitment (ß = 0.63) and exercise behavior (ß = 0.57)-exercise commitment could also directly and positively predict exercise behavior (ß = 0.52). (3) The exercise commitment of children and adolescents has a partial mediating effect between subjective exercise experience and exercise behavior (accounting for 37.50% of the total effect), and has a mediating effect between different exercise amounts, with the strongest mediating effect being on high exercise amount (32.10% of the total effect). CONCLUSIONS: The exercise behavior of children and adolescents was not only directly affected by subjective exercise experience, but also affected by the mediating effect of exercise commitment, and maintaining a good exercise experience and commitment was an effective way to effectively improve exercise behavior and amount of exercise in children and adolescents.

The Relationship between Social Support and Exercise Adherence among Chinese College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Effects of Subjective Exercise Experience and Commitment.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between social support and exercise adherence among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the mediating effects of subjective exercise experience and commitment in the relationship, in order to provide a reference for improving exercise adherence among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire, Subjective Exercise Experience Scale, Exercise Commitment Scale, and Exercise Adherence Scale were administered to 459 eligible college students in Jinan, Shandong Province, through convenience sampling. Results showed that social support positively predicted exercise adherence among college students. The separate and joint mediating effects of subjective exercise experience and commitment between social support and college students' exercise adherence were significant. This study demonstrated that social support can positively predict exercise adherence among college students. In addition, subjective exercise experience and commitment played mediation roles between social support and college students' exercise adherence, both separately and jointly. Therefore, enhancing social support and improving the level of subjective exercise experience and exercise commitment among college students may be an effective strategy for improving exercise adherence among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Association Between the Subjective Exercise Experience of Chinese Women Participating in Square Dance and Group Cohesion: The Mediating Effect of Income.

Background: Chinese square dance has become well known worldwide in recent years, and most participants are women who dance with a group in their communities. In particular, middle-aged women may have physical and mental health problems, and participating in square dance may increase women's positive subjective well-being and decrease their negative emotions, which may improve their health over the long term. In addition, participating in square dance can promote group cohesion. Our study aimed to examine the relationship between the subjective exercise experience of participating in square dance and group cohesion and whether some variables (e.g., age, education, duration, income level, and work) play a role as mediators in the association with subjective exercise experience and group cohesion. Methods: In total, 1,468 Chinese women from 31 provinces and 82 cities participated in this study by completing an online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of a subjective exercise experience questionnaire and a group environment questionnaire. We analyzed the collected data and built a statistical model. Results: (a) Square dance satisfied women's physical and psychological needs partly; (b) positive well-being (PWB) was positively correlated with group cohesion, and fatigue was negatively correlated with group cohesion; and (c) the income level was a partial mediator of the relationship between group cohesion and subjective exercise experience. Conclusion: Chinese women have different motivations for participating in square dance. Because this activity can help meet women's physical and psychological needs, an increasing number of individuals worldwide participate in square dance. As women's subjective well-being increases, group cohesion increases, and vice versa. Moreover, the subjective exercise experience remains a significant predictor of group cohesion after including income level as a mediator, suggesting that the model indicates partial mediation.

Obstructions and the Recognition of Cancer Inpatient Physical Activity Based on Exercise Experience.

The purpose of this study was to analyze and understand the mechanisms of physical activity obstructions in hospitalized cancer patients by investigating their physical activity levels, previous exercise experience levels, and exercise recognition. A survey was conducted for 194 hospitalized cancer patients using a questionnaire. In addition, we performed exploratory factor analysis, frequency analysis, reliability analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis, using SPSS Statistics for Windows, Ver. 23.0. The results were as follows: (1) The physical activity level of the previous exercise participation experience (EPE) group had a greater effect on physical activity obstructions compared with the non-experience (NE) group. (2) The results for the effects of exercise recognition on the physical activity level and physical activity obstructions indicated that exercise recognition in the two groups increased the relative effects on physical activity obstructions in all variables except for the physical obstructions of the EPE group. Consequently, the physical activity level, exercise experience level, and exercise recognition in those patients were confirmed to be the major factors affecting their physical activity obstruction. Therefore, in this study, we provided quantitative data required for establishing healing environments based on motion.