RESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recent developments in immunotherapy have transformed the landscape of melanoma therapy. Here, we review markers for response to immunotherapy. RECENT FINDINGS: Current immunotherapies disable immune checkpoints on T cells and other immune cells and allow immune rejection of tumor. This process depends crucially on a preexisting response to the development of the melanoma. Here we describe the complexity of the anti-tumor immune response and the links to the development of markers that are currently used or under investigation in the clinic. We describe immune response biomarkers along with new developments that could translate into advances.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico , Melanoma/imunologia , Melanoma/terapia , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Antineoplásicos/imunologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Antígeno B7-H1/biossíntese , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Antígeno CTLA-4/antagonistas & inibidores , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Humanos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/efeitos adversos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/imunologia , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Imunoterapia/métodos , Melanoma/genética , Prognóstico , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Evasão Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Evasão Tumoral/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologiaRESUMO
Patients sero-positive for the Systemic Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus2 (SARS-CoV2) virus develop the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (CoViD-19). CoViD-19 may be asymptomatic in some individuals, proffer mild symptoms in other patients, and can be a serious and even lethal disease in a sub-group of the population. The variables that determine the severity of CoViD-19 have not been fully characterized. What is clear is that the patients who survive CoViD-19 return to a state of sero-negativity for SARS-CoV2 generally within 3-5 weeks. However, several cases of repeated infection have been reported, and a large proportion of CoViD-19-recovered patients manifest multi-system and multi-organ symptomatic pathologies several weeks-to-months after resuming sero-negativity for SARS-CoV2. This new pathological condition, originally termed Long Covid, is now recognized as the Post Acute CoViD-19 Syndrome (PACS). The original principal clusters of signs and symptoms of PACS: likelihood of relapse and reinfection, physical fatigue and cognitive slowdown, may actually be broadened to include immune deregulation, cardiovascular disease and coagulation abnormalities. The development and evaluation of new and improved clinical interventions for PACS are critical and timely.