The Resurgence of Standing in Judicial Review.

It is now commonplace for courts to remark that standing to seek judicial review is 'context-sensitive'. The questions of how the courts adapt standing to context, and whether they do so appropriately, have, however, received remarkably little scholarly and judicial attention. This is perhaps because, until recently, there has been relatively little in the case law to spark scholarly interest. Standing, however, is in the midst of a resurgence. This article makes use of a distinction between three types of judicial review case-challenges to (i) favourable targeted, (ii) unfavourable targeted and (iii) non-targeted decisions-as a mode through which to explore the growing body of standing case law. In doing so, it both seeks to further understanding of how courts determine what constitutes a 'sufficient interest' and to highlight areas of the law in need of clarification or reconsideration.

Constitutional Reform by Legal Transplantation: The United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020.

This article develops the comparative law framework on legal transplantation to theorise the impact of the United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020 (UKIMA) on the UK constitution across three registers of analysis-the territorial, the material and the conceptual. It arrives at three conclusions. First, in relation to the territorial constitution, this article argues that the UKIMA introduces something transformative: the concept of an internal market as a shared regulatory space that cuts across the respective competences of the UK and devolved legislatures. Secondly, the legal transplant framework points to the introduction of a powerful commitment to the principles of a liberal market economy as the basis of the UK's material constitution. Finally, regarding the conceptual constitution, this article concludes that the UKIMA effects a qualitative change to established patterns of judicial review through its co-opting of courts as agents to secure the foundations of the newly recast material constitution.

Piercing the Parliamentary Veil against Judicial Review: The Case against Parliamentary Privilege.

For centuries, parliamentary privilege has stood as a bar against judicial review over the internal affairs of Parliament. The literature surrounding parliamentary privilege has mostly been about the scope of the privilege; few have discussed if the existence of the privilege itself is justified. This article undertakes that task, by examining parliamentary privilege as a defence against judicial review. Three propositions will be made. First, in the context of judicial review, parliamentary privilege is defined by the outer limits of the principle of exclusive cognisance. Article 9 of the Bill of Rights 1689 adds nothing. Second, parliamentary privilege as it relates to judicial review is incompatible with the two prevailing models of the separation of powers. Third, six arguments that may be made in favour of parliamentary privilege will be refuted. Accordingly, parliamentary privilege should no longer provide a defence towards judicial review.

Three Issues in the Law of Contractual Discretion.

The new law of contractual discretion is developing apace. This article addresses three major issues in this dynamic field. First, the article propounds an analytical framework for understanding the nature and practice of reasonableness review in the contractual setting, based on doctrinal exegesis of the full run of cases on contractual discretion. Significantly, the analysis demonstrates that review of contractual discretion is characterised by a 'variable intensity' approach: the intensity with which courts scrutinise exercises of discretion is dependent on a series of contextual factors. Second, the article analyses the genus of the implied term, which imposes legal constraints on contractual decision-makers, arguing that the term is properly conceptualised as a term implied in law. Third, the article addresses the remedial consequences of non-compliance with implied fetters, identifying three different remedial models in the case law. The article challenges the common assertion that damages are the invariable remedy, arguing that an impugned exercise of discretion may be void or voidable.

Legitimacy-not Justice-and the Case for Judicial Review.

Sceptics of judicial review-from Jeremy Waldron to those in the Judicial Power Project-have tended to attribute to their opponents an erroneous prioritisation of 'justice' over 'legitimacy'. They claim that those who make the case for judicial review do so on the grounds that 'judges know best', and that judicial review therefore helps promote the overall justness of a state's social order-rather than on the grounds that it helps enhance the overall legitimacy of a state's authority. This article interrogates that line of attack. It explores its roots in political theory, particularly the idea that those guilty of it (such as Aileen Kavanagh) follow in John Rawls's supposed prioritisation of justice over legitimacy. And it turns to republican and later-Rawlsian thinking on these two concepts to see whether it may offer a sound basis upon which the case for judicial review can be made … legitimately.

Rethinking Administrative Law for Algorithmic Decision Making.

The increasing prevalence of algorithmic decision making (ADM) by public authorities raises a number of challenges for administrative law in the form of technical decisions about the necessary metrics for evaluating such systems, their opacity, the scalability of errors, their use of correlation as opposed to causation and so on. If administrative law is to provide the necessary guidance to enable optimal use of such systems, there are a number of ways in which it will need to become more nuanced and advanced. However, if it is able to rise to this challenge, administrative law has the potential not only to do useful work itself in controlling ADM, but also to support the work of the Information Commissioner's Office and provide guidance on the interpretation of concepts such as 'meaningful information' and 'proportionality' within the General Data Protection Regulation.

Feats, Flops, and Free Lessons From NZ's Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Beginning from the first reports of COVID-19 out of China, this article provides a commentary on the actions taken by the Government of New Zealand in terms of nine themes-a national response with an elimination goal, speed, and comprehensiveness of the initial response; an evidence-based, science-led approach, prioritised on protecting lives; effective communication; leadership style which appealed to collective responsibility and attempted to de-politicise the Government's response to the virus; flexibility of response characterised by 'learning as you go'; oversight of coercive state powers, including a pragmatic response which attempted to defuse conflict and reserved use of 'hard power' to a last resort; deployment of public health interventions, and health system adaptations; the impact on Maori and marginalised communities; and economic protection and stimulus-to identify factors that might help explain why New Zealand's pandemic response was successful and those which could have been managed better. The partially successful legal challenge brought to the four-and-a half week lockdown, the most stringent in the world, in Borrowdale v Director-General of Health, is also considered.

Courts to look again at assisted dying law.

A man with motor neurone disease has been granted permission by the Court of Appeal to seek judicial review the criminalisation of assisted dying under the Suicide Act 1961, section 2(1). In this article, Richard Griffith reviews the Court of Appeal's decision in R (on the application of Conway) v Secretary of State for Justice [2017] and considers arguments for and against decriminalising assisted dying.

Rationing of resources in the National Health Service.

The National Health Service was set up to provide healthcare to every citizen, based not on the ability to pay, but on need. However, the Secretary of State for Health's duty under section 1 of the National Health Service Act 2006 to promote a comprehensive health service is to provide services that can be provided within the resources available. As those resources are not unlimited, it is necessary to ration them. The issue of rationing of resources in the NHS came up again in R (Wallpott) v Welsh Health Specialised Services Committee and Aneurin Bevan University Health Board [2021] EWHC 3291 (Admin). This paper reviews that case and comments on it, looking at why there is rationing of NHS resources and at the approach of the courts to the issue. It concludes that, although rationing of NHS resources is controversial, it is lawful and necessary.

What is evidence as evidence is used? A case of dualism?

How 'evidence' is conceptualised, generated and deployed in meso-level policy implementation on the ground is critical to health delivery. Using the case of a large-scale health service reconfiguration in northwest England, this study began as a narrative investigation into how different data types and sources are prioritised as NHS administrative structures change over time. During the research, one unpopular reconfiguration decision, the downgrading of a hospital, was challenged using judicial review. Suddenly, a key decision was being based not upon 'facts and data' type evidence but upon evidence of adherence to administrative procedure. This transferred focus away from the ever-shifting categories and hierarchies of data 'types' towards an emphasis on process. By comparing two deliberative contexts-committee and judicial review-this article proposes that evidence can be understood as simultaneously entity and process. As health service reconfigurations continue in response to austerity, integration agendas, evolving organisational landscapes, and demographic and political change, it is increasingly important to recognise the different meanings and uses of evidence.

[The competence of health authorities to take restrict measures on rights in a situation of health crisis]. / La competencia de las autoridades sanitarias para restringir derechos en situación de crisis sanitaria.

We carry out a brief analysis of the constitutional grounds on health protection (arts. 43 in connection with 15 of the Spanish Constitution [CE]), in the sense that we don't need to consider exogenous principles to a normative constitution as the Spanish one, such as the known and cited principle of necessity, under the aphorism Salus publica suprema lex esto. We find in the constitutional text itself the attribution to the public powers of the competence to organize and protect public health (art. 43 CE), therefore public powers are able to regulate by law the duties and obligations of citizens «in cases of serious risk, catastrophe or public calamity¼ (art. 32(4) CE). Moreover, we study the Spanish legal framework on public health, including the General Sanitary Law, the General Public Health Law, with a special attention to the art. 3 of Organic Law 3/1986, 14 April, on special measures in the field of public health, which attributes to the health authorities a huge competence to be able to adopt, in a situation of sanitary crisis such as the current one, decisions that, with the necessary guarantees, suppose a restriction or limitation of rights, including fundamental ones as in the case of confinement. These limitations on fundamental rights require a judicial authorization or ratification. However, we also consider the convenience of a new organic law to regulate in detail the procedure and the legal guarantees to carry out the adoption and development of these measures.

Psychiatric commitment under the criminal law in China: An empirical perspective.

This article examines the legislation and practice of compulsory treatment in China. Part I traces the Chinese history of criminal commitment law, explains the research methodology, and highlights some general empirical findings. Part II provides a comprehensive empirical analysis of compulsory treatment law in China, it covers both substantial issues such as criteria of compulsory treatment and procedural issues such as the commitment hearing, enforcement, and discharge of compulsory treatment. It also explores the compulsory treatment law from the human rights protection perspective. Our primary objective is to present the empirical findings to enable the legislative and other involved government agencies to make informed decisions about the future evolution of Chinese law in this area.

The courts as political players.

Courts are political animals; as a result, they strive not only to carry out their assigned role in national governance but also to balance that role within the political and social system in which they operate. Sperling and Cohen offer an elegant, in-depth analysis of how these institutional interests have helped shape decision-making by the Israeli Supreme Court in a health policy context. In doing so, the authors tell a universal story, one with enormous resonance in the U.S.

A neo-institutional analysis of the hidden interaction between the Israeli Supreme Court and the Ministry of Finance: the right to healthcare services.

BACKGROUND: Under structural conditions of non-governability, most players in the policy arena in Israel turn to two main channels that have proven effective in promoting the policies they seek: the submission of petitions to the High Court of Justice and making legislative amendments through the Economic Arrangements Law initiated by the Ministry of Finance. Nevertheless, an analysis of the principal trends emerging from the High Court of Justice rulings and legislative amendments through the Economic Arrangements Law indicates that these channels are open to influence, primarily by forces that are essentially neo-liberal. Little is known about the effects of these trends on the right to healthcare services, which in Israel has not been legislated as an independent constitutional law in Basic Laws. METHODS: We use four major legal cases decided by the Supreme Court of Israel in the past 10 years where the Court reviewed new legislative initiatives proposed by the Economic Arrangements Law in the area of healthcare. We utilize an institutional approach in our analysis. RESULTS: A neo-institutional analysis of the legal cases demonstrates that petitions against the Economic Arrangements Law in the area of healthcare services have been denied, even though the Court uses strong rhetoric against that law and the government more generally in addressing issues that concern access to healthcare services and reforms in the healthcare system. This move strengthens the trend toward a neo-liberal public policy and significantly weakens the legal protection of the right to healthcare services. CONCLUSION: In deciding petitions against the Economic Arrangements Law in the area of healthcare, the Supreme Court allows the Ministry of Finance to be a dominant player in the formation of public policy. In doing so, it may be promoting a goal of strengthening its position as a political institution that aspires to increase the public's trust in the judiciary and especially in the Supreme Court itself, in addition to exercising judicial restraint and allowing more leeway to the executive and legislative branches more generally.

Home closure as a weapon in the Dutch war on drugs: Does judicial review function as a safety net?

BACKGROUND: A widespread sense of a failing criminal justice system and increased feelings of insecurity changed the response to crime into a culture of control, which is characterized by policies that punish and exclude. In the Netherlands, these influences can be witnessed in the war on drugs where local authorities use their administrative power to close homes involved in drug-related crime. Citizens can invoke judicial review over these administrative interferences by claiming that such closure results in an unfair balance between purposes, means and consequences. This paper assesses whether judicial review functions as a safety net against losing one's home due to drug-related crime. METHODS: We used doctrinal legal research methods to examine the "law in the books" and empirical legal research methods to analyse the "law in action". We used a survey to investigate how often the drug-related closure power was used in 2015, and we statistically analysed all published case law of Dutch lower courts between 2007 and 2016. RESULTS: The scope of the closure power broadened over the years and our data show that local authorities fiercely make use of this instrument. In 41.4% of the cases, citizens are successful in fighting the closure. While scholarly literature indicates that judicial courts function as safeguards by questioning the proportionality of administrative action, raising a proportionality defence does not necessarily result in a more favourable outcome for citizens. In fact, raising a proportionality defence makes it more likely to result in dismissal of the appeal. CONCLUSION: The stretched scope of the drug-related closure power together with the relatively low success rate of citizens who fight the loss of their home and a seemingly meaningless proportionality check show no sign of a safety net against the loss of one's home at the suit of a local authority.

Balancing autonomy and beneficence at the time of psychiatric discharge.

As in much of the world, mental health law in Israel has evolved over the past half-century toward greater protection of patients' liberty and an increased emphasis on due process. Part of that process in Israel involved taking decisions about prolonged involuntary hospitalization out of the hands of treating psychiatrists and turning them over to independent review panels. Argo and colleagues examined outcomes of discharge decisions made by these panels compared with treating psychiatrists. In this brief commentary, we describe related trends in mental health law in other countries, especially the U.S., consider countervailing perspectives on the role of review panels, and suggest how the Argo et al. study might be followed up with additional research.

Análisis jurimétrico y revisión de jurisprudencia de los recursos de nulidad fallados por la Corte Suprema en Chile (2012-2019) / Jurimetric analysis and jurisprudence review of nullity appeals ruled by the Supreme Court in Chile (2012-2019) / Análise jurimétrica e revisão de jurisprudência dos recursos de anulação decididos pela Suprema Corte no Chile (2012-2019)

El artículo tiene por objeto efectuar un análisis jurimétrico de tipo exploratorio y descriptivo de las sentencias pronunciadas por la Corte Suprema, sobre los recursos de nulidad interpuestos y que tuvo conocimiento entre el 2012 y 2019. Se utiliza para su análisis, la estadística descriptiva y una revisión de la jurisprudencia. Se determinan dos dimensionesfuertesde los recursos de nulidad: los delitos de tráfico de estupefacientes y el control de las garantías procesales de los individuos; de cómo en el primero, la tendencia mayoritaria podría sugerir la orientación de la jurisprudencia hacia el cambio social respecto de la descriminalización del cannabis, y de cómo el segundo, la jurisprudencia parece entender el control de identidad como perturbaciones visibles del comportamiento social de un sujeto en un campo de legalidad.

The purpose of this article is to carry out an exploratory and descriptive legal analysis of the sentences pronounced by the Supreme Court on the appeals for annulment filed between 2012 and 2019. Descriptive statistics and a review of the jurisprudence are used for its analysis. Two strong dimensions of the nullity appeals are determined: drug trafficking crimes and the control of the procedural guarantees of individuals; of how in the first, the majority trend could suggest the orientation of the jurisprudence towards social change regarding the decriminalization of cannabis, and of how the second, the jurisprudence seems to understand the control of identity as visible disturbances of the social behavior of a subject in a field of legality.

O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma análise jurídica exploratória e descritiva das sentenças proferidas pela Suprema Corte sobre os recursos de anulação apresentados e ouvidos entre 2012 e 2019. Estatísticas descritivas e uma revisão da jurisprudência são utilizadas para a análise. Duas fortes dimensões dos recursos de nulidade são determinadas: os delitos de tráfico de drogas e o controle das garantias processuais dos indivíduos; como na primeira, a tendência majoritária poderia sugerir a orientação da jurisprudência para a mudança social em relação à descriminalização da cannabis, e como na segunda, a jurisprudência parece entender o controle de identidade como distúrbios visíveis do comportamento social de um sujeito em um campo da legalidade.

Análise do estado de coisas inconstitucional na ADPF 347 e seu papel como instrumento na efetivação da política pública carcerária / Analysis of the unconstitutional state of affairs in ADPF 347 and its role as an instrument in the effectiveness of carcerary public policy

Este trabalho objetiva perceber os desdobramentos da incorporação da técnica colombiana do "estado de coisas inconstitucional" pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal na jurisdição brasileira, por meio da Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental nº 347. Assim, propõe-se a analisar a ADPF 347 como instrumento de efetividade da política pública prisional, objeto da ação. A partir do modelo do "policy cycle", busca-se compreender em qual etapa desse ciclo da política pública carcerária a ADPF se insere e quais as repercussões da incorporação do ECI pelo STF nesta ação, para sua efetivação. Trata-se de um estudo de caso da ADPF 347, em uma análise qualitativa, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e jurisprudencial.

O Estado de Direito na Índia / El Estado de Derecho en la India / The Rule of Law in India

O autor destaca que o discurso do Estado de Direito liberal patrimonial geralmente desconsidera tradições alternativas. Primeiro não permite qualquer reflexão sobre as concepções de Estado de Direito socialista normativo. Segundo, desconsidera a própria existência de outras tradições de Estado de Direito: por exemplo, a pré-colonial, aquelas moldadas pela revolta contra o Velho Império, ou as contribuições não-miméticas do Poder Judiciário pretensioso de algumas "sociedades em desenvolvimento". Nesse contexto, o autor analisa a peculiaridade do Estado de Direito indiano e sustenta que o mesmo oferece revisões das concepções liberais de direitos. O autor acrescenta que o Estado de Direito indiano se ergue normativamente não somente como uma espada contra a dominação do Estado, mas também como um escudo, autorizando uma intervenção estatal "progressista" na sociedade civil. Por fim, são introduzidas algumas tendências atuais na jurisprudência constitucional, destacando-se a liderança da Suprema Corte indiana no desenvolvimento de uma forma extraordinária de jurisdição sob a rubrica de litígio de ação social.

El autor subraya que el discurso liberal patrimonial del Estado de Derecho (EDD) con frecuencia hace caso omiso de las tradiciones alternativas. En primer lugar, no permite reflexión alguna sobre las concepciones del EDD socialista y normativo. En segundo, desestima la existencia misma de otras tradiciones de EDD: por ejemplo, la precolonialista, las diseñadas por la revolución contra el Viejo Imperio, o las contribuciones no miméticas que elaboraron los orgullosos poderes judiciales de algunas "sociedades en vías de desarrollo". En dicho contexto, el autor analiza la individualidad del EED indio y sostiene que éste ofrece revisiones a las concepciones liberales de los derechos. El autor agrega que el EDD indio como normativa se yergue no sólo como una espada contra la dominación del Estado, sino como un escudo, facultando una intervención estatal "progresiva" en la sociedad civil. Finalmente, el autor presenta algunas tendencias actuales dentro de la jurisprudencia constitucional y subraya el liderazgo de la Corte Suprema en el desarrollo de una forma extraordinaria de jurisdicción bajo la rúbrica del litigio social.

The author underscores that the patrimonial liberal Rule of Law (ROL) discourse usually disregards alternative traditions. First, it does not permit any reflection on the normative socialist ROL conceptions. Second, it disregards the very existence of other ROL traditions: for example, the pre-colonial, those shaped by the revolt against the Old Empire, or the non-mimetic contributions by the proud judiciaries in some "developing societies". In this context, the author analyses the distinctiveness of the Indian ROL and argues that it offers revisions of the liberal conceptions of rights. The author adds that the Indian ROL stands normatively not just as a sword against State domination, but also as a shield, empowering a "progressive" state intervention in civil society. Finally, the author introduces some current trends in the constitutional jurisprudence and highlights the leadership of the Supreme Court in the development of an extraordinary form of jurisdiction under the rubric of social action litigation.