Molecular mechanism for endo-type action of glycoside hydrolase family 55 endo-ß-1,3-glucanase on ß1-3/1-6-glucan.

The glycoside hydrolase family 55 (GH55) includes inverting exo-ß-1,3-glucosidases and endo-ß-1,3-glucanases, acting on laminarin, which is a ß1-3/1-6-glucan consisting of a ß1-3/1-6-linked main chain and ß1-6-linked branches. Despite their different modes of action toward laminarin, endo-ß-1,3-glucanases share with exo-ß-1,3-glucosidases conserved residues that form the dead-end structure of subsite -1. Here, we investigated the mechanism of endo-type action on laminarin by GH55 endo-ß-1,3-glucanase MnLam55A, identified from Microdochium nivale. MnLam55A, like other endo-ß-1,3-glucanases, degraded internal ß-d-glucosidic linkages of laminarin, producing more reducing sugars than the sum of d-glucose and gentiooligosaccharides detected. ß1-3-Glucans lacking ß1-6-linkages in the main chain were not hydrolyzed. NMR analysis of the initial degradation of laminarin revealed that MnLam55A preferentially cleaved the nonreducing terminal ß1-3-linkage of the laminarioligosaccharide moiety at the reducing end side of the main chain ß1-6-linkage. MnLam55A liberates d-glucose from laminaritriose and longer laminarioligosaccharides, but kcat/Km values to laminarioligosaccharides (≤4.21 s-1 mM-1) were much lower than to laminarin (5920 s-1 mM-1). These results indicate that ß-glucan binding to the minus subsites of MnLam55A, including exclusive binding of the gentiobiosyl moiety to subsites -1 and -2, is required for high hydrolytic activity. A crystal structure of MnLam55A, determined at 2.4 Å resolution, showed that MnLam55A adopts an overall structure and catalytic site similar to those of exo-ß-1,3-glucosidases. However, MnLam55A possesses an extended substrate-binding cleft that is expected to form the minus subsites. Sequence comparison suggested that other endo-type enzymes share the extended cleft. The specific hydrolysis of internal linkages in laminarin is presumably common to GH55 endo-ß-1,3-glucanases.

Effects of laminarin on growth performance and resistance against Pseudomonas plecoglossicida of large yellow croaker （Larimichthys crocea）.

Laminarin (LAM) is widely used as an immunopotentiator in aquaculture, but its protective mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the effects of LAM on the growth performance and resistance against Pseudomonas plecoglossicida of large yellow croaker were studied in vitro and in vivo. The 42 d-feeding trial in large yellow croaker showed that dietary LAM could obviously promote the fish growth by improving the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion rate (FCR). Dietary LAM could also improve the survival rate of large yellow croakers subjected to P. plecoglossicida infection, and 500 mg/kg LAM produced the highest relative percent survival (RPS) of 35.00 %. LAM improved fish antioxidant level by enhancing serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) content. In addition, LAM also improved fish innate immunity by increasing serum acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities and complement 3 (C3) content under P. plecoglossicida infection. What is more, on 9 d post P. plecoglossicida challenge, LAM could significantly decrease the bacteria load in head kidneys, spleens and livers of fish, and the lowest bacterial load was found in 500 mg/kg LAM group. In vitro, LAM exerted a protective role against inactivated P. plecoglossicida-triggered inflammatory injury in primary head kidney macrophages (PKM) of large yellow croaker by recovering cell viability, suppressing NO production, and reversing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-8). All these findings therefore will provide insights into the protection mechanism of LAM in fish, facilitating its application in prevention and control of fish bacteriosis.

Essential bioactive competence of laminarin (ß-glucan)/ laminaran extracted from Padina tetrastromatica and Sargassum cinereum biomass.

Marine algae-based drug discovery has recently received a lot of attention. This study was conducted to extract laminarin-enriched solvent extracts from Padina tetrastromatica and Sargassum cinereum and to evaluate their anticancer activity against the HeLa cell line in vitro (MTT assay). Furthermore, their toxicity was determined through a zebra fish model study. P. tetrastromatica and S. cinereum biomasses have a higher concentration of essential biomolecules such as carbohydrates, protein, and crude fiber, as well as essential minerals (Na, Mg, K, Ca, and Fe) and secondary metabolites. Methanol extracts, in particular, contain a higher concentration of vital phytochemicals than other solvent extracts. The laminarin quantification assay states that methanol extracts of P. tetrastromatica and S. cinereum are rich in laminarin, which is primarily confirmed by FTIR analysis. In an anticancer study, laminarin-MeE from P. tetrastromatica and S. cinereum at concentrations of 750 and 1000 µg mL-1 demonstrated 100% activity against HeLa cells. The Zebra fish model-based toxicity study revealed that the laminarin-enriched MeE of P. tetrastromatica and S. cinereum is non-toxic. These findings revealed that the laminarin-enriched MeE of P. tetrastromatica and S. cinereum has significant anticancer activity without causing toxicity.

Antibiofilm and antivirulence activities of laminarin-gold nanoparticles in standard and host-mimicking media.

The rapidly rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogenic bacteria has become one of the most serious public health challenges, with a high death rate. Most pathogenic bacteria have been recognized as a source of AMR and a primary barrier to antimicrobial treatment failure due to the development of biofilms and the production of virulence factors. In this work, nanotechnology was employed as a substitute method to control the formation of biofilms and attenuate virulence features in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. We synthesized biocompatible gold nanoparticles from marine-derived laminarin as potential biofilm and virulence treatments. Laminarin-gold nanoparticles (Lam-AuNPs) have been identified as spherical, 49.84 ± 7.32 nm in size and - 26.49 ± 1.29 mV zeta potential. The MIC value of Lam-AuNPs against several drug-resistant microbial pathogens varied from 2 to 1024 µg/mL in both standard and host-mimicking media. Sub-MIC values of Lam-AuNPs were reported to effectively reduce the production of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilms in both standard and host-mimicking growth media. Furthermore, the sub-MIC of Lam-AuNPs strongly reduced hemolysis, pyocyanin, pyoverdine, protease, and several forms of flagellar and pili-mediated motility in P. aeruginosa. Lam-AuNPs also inhibited S. aureus hemolysis and the production of amyloid fibrils. The Lam-AuNPs strongly dispersed the preformed mature biofilm of these pathogens in a dose-dependent manner. The Lam-AuNPs would be considered an alternative antibiofilm and antivirulence agent to control P. aeruginosa and S. aureus infections. KEY POINTS: • Lam-AuNPs were biosynthesized to control biofilm and virulence. • Lam-AuNPs show effective biofilm inhibition in standard and host-mimicking media. • Lam-AuNPs suppress various virulence factors of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.

Laminarin-triggered defence responses are geographically dependent in natural populations of Solanum chilense.

Natural plant populations are polymorphic and show intraspecific variation in resistance properties against pathogens. The activation of the underlying defence responses can depend on variation in perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or elicitors. To dissect such variation, we evaluated the responses induced by laminarin (a glucan, representing an elicitor from oomycetes) in the wild tomato species Solanum chilense and correlated this to observed infection frequencies of Phytophthora infestans. We measured reactive oxygen species burst and levels of diverse phytohormones upon elicitation in 83 plants originating from nine populations. We found high diversity in basal and elicitor-induced levels of each component. Further we generated linear models to explain the observed infection frequency of P. infestans. The effect of individual components differed dependent on the geographical origin of the plants. We found that the resistance in the southern coastal region, but not in the other regions, was directly correlated to ethylene responses and confirmed this positive correlation using ethylene inhibition assays. Our findings reveal high diversity in the strength of defence responses within a species and the involvement of different components with a quantitatively different contribution of individual components to resistance in geographically separated populations of a wild plant species.

Heterologous expression and characterization of salt-tolerant ß-glucosidase from xerophilic Aspergillus chevalieri for hydrolysis of marine biomass.

A salt-tolerant exo-ß-1,3-glucosidase (BGL_MK86) was cloned from the xerophilic mold Aspergillus chevalieri MK86 and heterologously expressed in A. oryzae. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that BGL_MK86 belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 5 (aryl-phospho-ß-D-glucosidase, BglC), and exhibits D-glucose tolerance. Recombinant BGL_MK86 (rBGL_MK86) exhibited 100-fold higher expression than native BGL_MK86. rBGL_MK86 was active over a wide range of NaCl concentrations [0%-18% (w/v)] and showed increased substrate affinity for p-nitrophenyl-ß-D-glucopyranoside (pNPBG) and turnover number (kcat) in the presence of NaCl. The enzyme was stable over a broad pH range (5.5-9.5). The optimum reaction pH and temperature for hydrolysis of pNPBG were 5.5 and 45 °C, respectively. rBGL_MK86 acted on the ß-1,3-linked glucose dimer laminaribiose, but not ß-1,4-linked or ß-1,6-linked glucose dimers (cellobiose or gentiobiose). It showed tenfold higher activity toward laminarin (a linear polymer of ß-1,3 glucan) from Laminaria digitata than laminarin (ß-1,3/ß-1,6 glucan) from Eisenia bicyclis, likely due to its inability to act on ß-1,6-linked glucose residues. The ß-glucosidase retained hydrolytic activity toward crude laminarin preparations from marine biomass in moderately high salt concentrations. These properties indicate wide potential applications of this enzyme in saccharification of salt-bearing marine biomass.

Application of laminarin as a novel coagulant aid to improve coagulation-ultrafiltration efficiency.

Polyacrylamide (PAM) is the most commonly used coagulant aid in coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) systems; however, its hydrolyzed monomer is harmful to the human nervous system. In this study, laminarin (LA), was extracted from Laminaria japonica and used as a novel coagulant aid to improve coagulation efficiency and reduce membrane fouling during the C-UF process. Optimal LA usage conditions were systematically examined and compared with those of PAM to evaluate their potential for industrial applications. The results revealed that coagulation efficiency could be enhanced by 15-35% with moderate LA addition, which exhibited comparable aid effects to PAM. LA exhibited the highest coagulation aid effect at pH 8-9, and under this condition, turbidity and natural organic matter (NOM) removal achieved 82% and 54%, respectively. Compared with a one-time LA dosing strategy, the pollutant removal capacity of batch dosing was superior. Even in lower water temperatures (5-15 °C), coagulation efficiency was still satisfied, which exhibited a good practical application perspective. The coagulation aid role of LA should be attributed to its long-chain molecular structure, which enhances the bridging role between micro flocs and assists floc growth, thus facilitating the formation of large flocs. In addition, LA adsorption on floc surface was conducive to the direct electrostatic repulsion effect of electronegative membrane, which resulted in a more porous cake layer and higher membrane flux. Therefore, LA exhibits excellent application potential for eliminating NOM while simultaneously reducing membrane fouling through the C-UF process.

Chemical synthesis of oligosaccharide derivatives with partial structure of ß1-3/1-6 glucan, using monomeric units for the formation of ß1-3 and ß1-6 glucosidic linkages.

ß1-3/1-6 Glucans, known for their diverse structures, comprise a ß1-3-linked main chain and ß1-6-linked short branches. Laminarin, a ß1-3/1-6 glucan extracted from brown seaweed, for instance, includes ß1-6 linkages even in the main chain. The diverse structures provide various beneficial functions for the glucan. To investigate the relationship between structure and functionality, and to enable the characterization of ß1-3/1-6 glucan-metabolizing enzymes, oligosaccharides containing the exact structures of ß1-3/1-6 glucans are required. We synthesized the monomeric units for the synthesis of ß1-3/1-6 mixed-linked glucooligosaccharides. 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-ß-d-glucopyranoside served as an acceptor in the formation of ß1-3 linkages. Phenyl 2-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-3-O-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-1-thio-ß-d-glucopyranoside and phenyl 2,3-di-O-benzoyl-4,6-di-O-levulinyl-1-thio-ß-d-glucopyranoside acted as donors, synthesizing acceptors suitable for the formation of ß1-3- and ß1-6-linkages, respectively. These were used to synthesize a derivative of Glcß1-6Glcß1-3Glcß1-3Glc, demonstrating that the proposed route can be applied to synthesize the main chain of ß-glucan, with the inclusion of both ß1-3 and ß1-6 linkages.

Laminarin Reduces Cholesterol Uptake and NPC1L1 Protein Expression in High-Fat Diet (HFD)-Fed Mice.

Aberrantly high dietary cholesterol intake and intestinal cholesterol uptake lead to dyslipidemia, one of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Based on previous studies, laminarin, a polysaccharide found in brown algae, has hypolipidemic activity, but its underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of laminarin on intestinal cholesterol uptake in vitro, as well as the lipid and morphological parameters in an in vivo model of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, and addressed the question of whether Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein (NPC1L1), a key transporter mediating dietary cholesterol uptake, is involved in the mechanistic action of laminarin. In in vitro studies, BODIPY-cholesterol-labeled Caco-2 cells were examined using confocal microscopy and a fluorescence reader. The results demonstrated that laminarin inhibited cholesterol uptake into Caco-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50 = 20.69 µM). In HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice, laminarin significantly reduced the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). It also decreased hepatic levels of TC, TG, and total bile acids (TBA) while promoting the excretion of fecal cholesterol. Furthermore, laminarin significantly reduced local villous damage in the jejunum of HFD mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that laminarin significantly downregulated NPC1L1 protein expression in the jejunum of HFD-fed mice. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of NPC1L1 attenuated the laminarin-mediated inhibition of cholesterol uptake in Caco-2 cells. This study suggests that laminarin significantly improves dyslipidemia in HFD-fed mice, likely by reducing cholesterol uptake through a mechanism that involves the downregulation of NPC1L1 expression.

Unveiling the Assembly of Neutral Marine Polysaccharides into Electrostatic-Driven Layer-by-Layer Bioassemblies by Chemical Functionalization.

Marine-origin polysaccharides, in particular cationic and anionic ones, have been widely explored as building blocks in fully natural or hybrid electrostatic-driven Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assemblies for bioapplications. However, the low chemical versatility imparted by neutral polysaccharides has been limiting their assembly into LbL biodevices, despite their wide availability in sources such as the marine environment, easy functionality, and very appealing features for addressing multiple biomedical and biotechnological applications. In this work, we report the chemical functionalization of laminarin (LAM) and pullulan (PUL) marine polysaccharides with peptides bearing either six lysine (K6) or aspartic acid (D6) amino acids via Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition to synthesize positively and negatively charged polysaccharide-peptide conjugates. The successful conjugation of the peptides into the polysaccharide's backbone was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and the positive and negative charges of the LAM-K6/PUL-K6 and LAM-D6/PUL-D6 conjugates, respectively, were assessed by zeta-potential measurements. The electrostatic-driven LbL build-up of either the LAM-D6/LAM-K6 or PUL-D6/PUL-K6 multilayered thin film was monitored in situ by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, revealing the successful multilayered film growth and the enhanced stability of the PUL-based film. The construction of the PUL-peptide multilayered thin film was also assessed by scanning electron microscopy and its biocompatibility was demonstrated in vitro towards L929 mouse fibroblasts. The herein proposed approach could enable the inclusion of virtually any kind of small molecules in the multilayered assemblies, including bioactive moieties, and be translated into more convoluted structures of any size and geometry, thus extending the usefulness of neutral polysaccharides and opening new avenues in the biomedical field, including in controlled drug/therapeutics delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine strategies.

Laminarin is a major molecule in the marine carbon cycle.

Marine microalgae sequester as much CO2 into carbohydrates as terrestrial plants. Polymeric carbohydrates (i.e., glycans) provide carbon for heterotrophic organisms and constitute a carbon sink in the global oceans. The quantitative contributions of different algal glycans to cycling and sequestration of carbon remain unknown, partly because of the analytical challenge to quantify glycans in complex biological matrices. Here, we quantified a glycan structural type using a recently developed biocatalytic strategy, which involves laminarinase enzymes that specifically cleave the algal glycan laminarin into readily analyzable fragments. We measured laminarin along transects in the Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific oceans and during three time series in the North Sea. These data revealed a median of 26 ± 17% laminarin within the particulate organic carbon pool. The observed correlation between chlorophyll and laminarin suggests an annual production of algal laminarin of 12 ± 8 gigatons: that is, approximately three times the annual atmospheric carbon dioxide increase by fossil fuel burning. Moreover, our data revealed that laminarin accounted for up to 50% of organic carbon in sinking diatom-containing particles, thus substantially contributing to carbon export from surface waters. Spatially and temporally variable laminarin concentrations in the sunlit ocean are driven by light availability. Collectively, these observations highlight the prominent ecological role and biogeochemical function of laminarin in oceanic carbon export and energy flow to higher trophic levels.

Gut microbiota induces DNA methylation via SCFAs predisposing obesity-prone individuals to diabetes.

Obesity-prone (OP) individuals have a significant predisposition to obesity and diabetes. Previously, we have found that OP individuals, despite being normal in weight and BMI, have already exhibited diabetes-related DNA methylation signatures. However, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Here we determined the effects of gut microbiota on DNA methylation and investigated the underlying mechanism from microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Diabetes-related DNA methylation loci were screened and validated in a new OP cohort. Moreover, the OP group was revealed to have distinct gut microbiota compositions, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) demonstrated the role of gut microbiota in inducing diabetes-related DNA methylations and glucolipid disorders. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis indicated a significantly lower level of total fecal SCFAs in the OP group. The gut microbiota from OP subjects yielded markedly decreased total SCFAs, while notably enriched propionate. Additionally, propionate was also identified by variable importance in projection (VIP) score as the most symbolic SCFAs of the OP group. Further cellular experiments verified that propionate could induce hypermethylation at locus cg26345888 and subsequently inhibit the expression of the target gene DAB1, which was crucially associated with clinical vitamin D deficiency and thus may affect the development and progression of diabetes. In conclusion, our study revealed that gut microbiota-derived propionate induces specific DNA methylation, thus predisposing OP individuals to diabetes. The findings partially illuminate the mechanisms of diabetes susceptibility in OP populations, implying gut microbiota and SCFAs may serve as promising targets both for clinical treatment and medication development of diabetes.

Marine polysaccharide laminarin embedded ZnO nanoparticles and their based chitosan capped ZnO nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro and in vivo toxicity assessment.

In the current scenario where more and more products containing nanomaterials are on the technological or pharmaceutical market, it is crucial to have a thorough knowledge of their toxicity before proposing possible applications. A proper analysis of the toxicity of the nanoproducts should include both in vitro and in vivo biological approaches and should consider that the synthesis and purification methods of nanomaterials may affect such toxicity. In the current work, the green synthesis of laminarin embedded ZnO nanoparticles (Lm-ZnO NPs) and their based chitosan capped ZnO nanocomposites (Ch-Lm-ZnO NCmps) is described for the first time. Furthermore, the evaluation of their in vitro cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and in vivo (Zebrafish embryo) toxicity was described. First, the green synthesized Lm-ZnO NPs and Ch-Lm-ZnO NCmps were fully physicochemically characterized. Lm-ZnO NPs were greatly agglomerated and had a spindle morphology ranging from 100 to 350 nm, while Ch-Lm-ZnO NCmps had irregular rod shape with flake-like structure clusters randomly aggregated with diverse sizes ranging from 20 to 250 nm. The in vitro cytotoxicity assessment of the green synthesized Lm-ZnO NPs and Ch-Lm-ZnO NCmps was carried out in normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) cells and human colon cancer (HT-29) cells by MTT assay. Lm-ZnO NPs and Ch-Lm-ZnO NCmps (0.1-500 µg/mL), significantly inhibited the viability of both cell lines, revealing dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Besides, the Lm-ZnO NPs and Ch-Lm-ZnO NCmps significantly affected seed germination and roots and shoots length of mung (Vigna radiata). Moreover, the zebrafish embryo toxicity of Lm-ZnO NPs and Ch-Lm-ZnO NCmps among the various concentrations used (0.1-500 µg/mL) caused deformities, increased mortality and decreased the survival rate of zebrafish embryo dose-dependently.

Protective Effects of Topical Administration of Laminarin in Oxazolone-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-like Skin Lesions.

Laminarin is a polysaccharide isolated from brown marine algae and has a wide range of bioactivities, including immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effects of laminarin on atopic dermatitis have not been demonstrated. This study investigated the potential effects of topical administration of laminarin using a Balb/c mouse model of oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions. Our results showed that topical administration of laminarin to the ear of the mice improved the severity of the dermatitis, including swelling. Histological analysis revealed that topical laminarin significantly decreased the thickening of the epidermis and dermis and the infiltration of mast cells in the skin lesion. Serum immunoglobulin E levels were also significantly decreased by topical laminarin. Additionally, topical laminarin significantly suppressed protein levels of oxazolone-induced proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α in the skin lesion. These results indicate that topical administration of laminarin can alleviate oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis by inhibiting hyperproduction of IgE, mast cell infiltration, and expressions of proinflammatory cytokines. Based on these findings, we propose that laminarin can be a useful candidate for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

Biological Properties and Health-Promoting Functions of Laminarin: A Comprehensive Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies.

Marine algal species comprise of a large portion of polysaccharides which have shown multifunctional properties and health benefits for treating and preventing human diseases. Laminarin, or ß-glucan, a storage polysaccharide from brown algae, has been reported to have potential pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-coagulant, anticancer, immunomodulatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and neuroprotective potential. It has been widely investigated as a functional material in biomedical applications as it is biodegradable, biocompatible, and is low toxic substances. The reported preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the potential of laminarin as natural alternative agents in biomedical and industrial applications such as nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, functional food, drug development/delivery, and cosmeceuticals. This review summarizes the biological activities of laminarin, including mechanisms of action, impacts on human health, and reported health benefits. Additionally, this review also provides an overview of recent advances and identifies gaps and opportunities for further research in this field. It further emphasizes the molecular characteristics and biological activities of laminarin in both preclinical and clinical settings for the prevention of the diseases and as potential therapeutic interventions.

A deep eutectic solvent magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for extraction of laminarin from seaweeds.

Magnetic molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) based on 4-vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride (VBTAC) and 4-vinylbenzoic acid (VBA) deep eutectic solvent as dual functional monomers was successfully synthesized for the specific recognition of laminarin. The MIPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometer analysis. The results showed that the MIPs were spheres of a uniform size, with the surface rich in cavities and excellent superparamagnetism properties. The adsorption experiments showed that MIPs conform to pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity under optimal conditions was 322.58 µg·mg-1 and the imprinting factor was 2.13. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) of the developed material was 6.6 µM. Linearity of the material was obtained within the range 20-800 µM with a coefficient of determination (r2) being better 0.999. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 3.96%, and satisfactory recoveries were between 94.55 and 97.39%. The actual sample analysis manifested that MIPs could effectively separate laminarin from Laminarin japonica Aiesch.

Marine Polysaccharides: Occurrence, Enzymatic Degradation and Utilization.

Macroalgae species are fast growing and their polysaccharides are already used as food ingredient due to their properties as hydrocolloids or they have potential high value bioactivity. The degradation of these valuable polysaccharides to access the sugar components has remained mostly unexplored so far. One reason is the high structural complexity of algal polysaccharides, but also the need for suitable enzyme cocktails to obtain oligo- and monosaccharides. Among them, there are several rare sugars with high value. Recently, considerable progress was made in the discovery of highly specific carbohydrate-active enzymes able to decompose complex marine carbohydrates such as carrageenan, laminarin, agar, porphyran and ulvan. This minireview summarizes these achievements and highlights potential applications of the now accessible abundant renewable resource of marine polysaccharides.

Laminarin, a Major Polysaccharide in Stramenopiles.

During the processes of primary and secondary endosymbiosis, different microalgae evolved to synthesis different storage polysaccharides. In stramenopiles, the main storage polysaccharides are ß-1,3-glucan, or laminarin, in vacuoles. Currently, laminarin is gaining considerable attention due to its application in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceuticals industries, and also its importance in global biogeochemical cycles (especially in the ocean carbon cycle). In this review, the structures, composition, contents, and bioactivity of laminarin were summarized in different algae. It was shown that the general features of laminarin are species-dependence. Furthermore, the proposed biosynthesis and catabolism pathways of laminarin, functions of key genes, and diel regulation of laminarin were also depicted and comprehensively discussed for the first time. However, the complete pathways, functions of genes, and diel regulatory mechanisms of laminarin require more biomolecular studies. This review provides more useful information and identifies the knowledge gap regarding the future studies of laminarin and its applications.

Brown Algae Carbohydrates: Structures, Pharmaceutical Properties, and Research Challenges.

Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) have been consumed by humans for hundreds of years. Current studies have shown that brown algae are rich sources of bioactive compounds with excellent nutritional value, and are considered functional foods with health benefits. Polysaccharides are the main constituents of brown algae; their diverse structures allow many unique physical and chemical properties that help to moderate a wide range of biological activities, including immunomodulation, antibacterial, antioxidant, prebiotic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antitumor, and anticoagulant activities. In this review, we focus on the major polysaccharide components in brown algae: the alginate, laminarin, and fucoidan. We explore how their structure leads to their health benefits, and their application prospects in functional foods and pharmaceuticals. Finally, we summarize the latest developments in applied research on brown algae polysaccharides.

Effect of Supplementing Seaweed Extracts to Pigs until d35 Post-Weaning on Performance and Aspects of Intestinal Health.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of feeding laminarin (LAM) and fucoidan (FUC) enriched seaweed extracts up to d35 post-weaning on measures of animal performance, intestinal microbial and transcriptome profiles. 75 pigs were assigned to one of three groups: (1) basal diet; (2) basal diet + 250 ppm fucoidan; (3) basal diet + 300 ppm laminarin with 7 replicates per treatment group. Measures of performance were collected weekly and animals sacrificed on d35 post-weaning for the sampling of gastrointestinal tissue and digesta. Animal performance was similar between the basal group and the groups supplemented with FUC and LAM (P > 0.05). Pigs fed the basal diet had higher alpha diversity compared to both the LAM and FUC supplemented pigs (P < 0.05). Supplementation with LAM and FUC increased the production of butyric acid compared to basal fed pigs (P < 0.05). At genus level pigs fed the LAM supplemented diet had the greatest abundance of Faecalbacterium, Roseburia and the lowest Campylobacter of the three experimental treatments (P< 0.05). While neither extract had beneficial effects on animal performance, LAM supplementation had a positive influence on intestinal health through alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiome and increased butyrate production.