The Efficacy and Safety of Regional Nerve Blocks in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Systematic Review and Direct Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Regional nerve blocks may be used as a component of a multimodal analgesic protocol to manage postoperative pain after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purpose of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of regional nerve blocks after THA in support of the combined clinical practice guidelines of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Hip Society, Knee Society, and American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies published prior to March 24, 2020 on fascia iliaca, lumbar plexus, and quadratus lumborum blocks in primary THA. All included studies underwent qualitative and quantitative homogeneity testing followed by a systematic review and direct comparison meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of the regional nerve blocks. RESULTS: An initial critical appraisal of 3,382 publications yielded 11 publications representing the best available evidence for an analysis. Fascia iliaca, lumbar plexus, and quadratus lumborum blocks demonstrate the ability to reduce postoperative pain and opioid consumption. Among the available comparisons, no difference was noted between a regional nerve block or local periarticular anesthetic infiltration regarding postoperative pain and opioid consumption. CONCLUSION: Local periarticular anesthetic infiltration should be considered prior to a regional nerve block due to concerns over the safety and cost of regional nerve blocks. If a regional nerve block is used in primary THA, a fascia iliaca block is preferred over other blocks due to the differences in technical demands and risks associated with the alternative regional nerve blocks.

Improvement of analgesic efficacy for total hip arthroplasty by a modified ultrasound-guided supra-inguinal fascia iliaca compartment block.

BACKGROUND: Fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB) is an anterior approach to the lumbar plexus block and provides the effective adjunctive analgesia for total hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS: As a case series study, 28 patients (≥ 65 years old) with THA were received a modified in-plane ultrasound-guided supra-inguinal (S-FICB) as an analgesic adjunct to evaluate the analgesic effectiveness and the local anesthetic diffusion with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A combination of propofol and sufentanil was administered to conduct target-controlled infusion. RESULTS: The pain scores were 1 (0-4), 2 (1-5), 3 (1-6) and 3 (1-6) at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. The cumulative opioids were 8 (8-12), 18 (16-32), 28 (24-54) and 66 (48-104) mg of i.v. morphine equivalents at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. The patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) times were 0 (0-1), 1 (0-2), 2 (0-5) and 5 (3-8) at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. In lateral, anterior and medial part of thigh, the sensory blockade in 28 patients was 23 (82 %), 21 (75 %) and 19 (68 %) at 5 min; 28 (100 %) at 10 and 20 min. Motor blockade of femoral nerve (FN) and obturator nerve (ON) was present in 13 (46 %) and 3 (11 %) patients at 5 min, 24 (86 %) and 9 (32 %) at 10 min, 26 (93 %) and 11 (39 %) at 20 min. Injectate permeated to the FN and extended superiorly over the surface of iliac muscle (IM) and pectineus muscle (PM) in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: The modified S-FICB has provided an effective postoperative analgesic adjunct after THA with the satisfactory blockade of femoral (FN), obturator (ON) and sciatic (SN) nerves, especially for ON, when compared with the existing techniques.

The effect of the volume of supra-inguinal injected solution on the spread of the injectate under the fascia iliaca: a preliminary study.

The fascia iliaca compartment is the compartment confined by the fascia iliaca (FI) and a muscular layer formed by the iliac- and psoas muscle. This compartment creates a virtual tunnel that contains the femoral nerve (FN), the obturator nerve (ON), and the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) of the lumbar plexus. In this pilot study, we aimed to determine the suggested volume needed to reach the three target nerves of the lumbar plexus (FN, ON, and LFCN) with a single-injection ultrasound-guided supra-inguinal fascia iliaca compartment (S-FICB). A computer tomography (CT scan)-guided step-up/step-down sequence was used to determine the suggested injection volume to target all three nerves. Subsequently, an anatomist blinded for the injected volume and CT findings, dissected the cadavers, and evaluated the spread of dye underneath the fascia iliaca. In total, seven pelvic areas of four cadavers were evaluated on CT scan and dissected. Distribution of dye underneath the FI in relation to the FN, ON, and the LFCN was recorded in all dissected cadavers. Combining CT and dissection findings, the suggested volume to reach the FN, ON, and LFCN with an S-FICB was 40 mL.

Surgical anesthesia with a combination of T12 paravertebral block and lumbar plexus, sacral plexus block for hip replacement in ankylosing spondylitis: CARE-compliant 4 case reports.

BACKGROUND: Anesthesia management for patients with severe ankylosing spondylitis scheduled for total hip arthroplasty is challenging due to a potential difficult airway and difficult neuraxial block. We report 4 cases with ankylosing spondylitis successfully managed with a combination of lumbar plexus, sacral plexus and T12 paravertebral block. CASE PRESENTATION: Four patients were scheduled for total hip arthroplasty. All of them were diagnosed as severe ankylosing spondylitis with rigidity and immobilization of cervical and lumbar spine and hip joints. A combination of T12 paravertebral block, lumbar plexus and sacral plexus block was successfully used for the surgery without any additional intravenous anesthetic or local anesthetics infiltration to the incision, and none of the patients complained of discomfort during the operations. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of T12 paravertebral block, lumbar plexus and sacral plexus block, which may block all nerves innervating the articular capsule, surrounding muscles and the skin involved in total hip arthroplasty, might be a promising alternative for total hip arthroplasty in ankylosing spondylitis.

Lower limb orthopedic surgery in geriatric patients under paravertebral blocks: A prospective feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: Aging causes progressive deterioration of all the organ systems. Physiological changes of aging and co-morbidities make regional anesthesia a preferred technique for this age group. Regional anesthesia with risk of hypotension and its consequences is fraught with dangers. Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) are much safer and give much superior post-op analgesia. The present study was undertaken to perform major lower limb orthopedic surgeries PNBs in geriatric settings. METHODS: A feasibility study was undertaken in patients above age of 60 years admitted for lower limb surgeries to undertake these surgeries under para-vertebral blocks for a period of one year from Mar 2011 to Feb 2012. RESULTS: The responses and results of 203 eligible patients averaging 69.5 years. Mean duration of surgical procedure was 174.6 min and surgical analgesia was 334.5 min. Mean time of analgesic supplementation postoperative 398.3 min. The incidence of adverse effects (hypotension) requiring intervention was 5 out of 203, failure rate 2 out of 203. CONCLUSION: All major lower limb surgeries can be done under combined lumbar and sacral plexus block with additional supplementation for the skin at the line of incision especially in case the surgery involving hip with intercostal block at 11th ICS. The study strongly recommends it as a technique of choice in geriatric cases rather than reserving it for only moribund cases.

Surgeon delivered psoas compartment block in total hip arthroplasty.

Total hip arthroplasty is associated with significant postoperative pain. A psoas compartment block is superior to other regional techniques in analgesia post THA. However, traditional methods of delivery are associated with serious complications. We present a technique of a surgeon delivered lumbar plexus block through injection at the portion of the iliopsoas seen intraoperatively. We randomised fifty-three consecutive patients into two groups. The group that received the block had an increased period prior to requesting supplementary analgesia and lower overall pain scores. There were no adverse effects. We have demonstrated the analgesic efficacy of Psoas Compartment Block performed during surgical access for total hip arthroplasty. This technique should be considered in the analgesic regimen for total hip arthroplasty.

Efficacy of Continuous Lumbar Plexus Blockade in Managing Post-Operative Pain after Hip or Femur Orthopedic Surgeries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Post-operative pain management is essential for optimizing recovery, patient comfort, and satisfaction. Peripheral nerve blockade, or lumbar plexus block (LPB), has been widely used for analgesia and regional anesthesia. This study explored the existing literature to determine the efficacy of continuous lumbar plexus blockade in managing post-operative pain following hip or femur surgery. Methods: Reviewers comprehensively searched electronic databases to identify peer-reviewed scholarly articles reporting the efficacy of lumbar plexus block in managing post-operative pain after orthopedic surgery. The potential articles were carefully selected and assessed for the risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias assessment tool. Data were systematically extracted and analyzed. Results: The literature search yielded 206 articles, 20 of which were randomized controlled trials. Lumbar plexus block demonstrated superior pain relief compared to conventional pain management approaches like general anesthetics. In addition, LPB reduced patients' overall opioid consumption compared to controls, reduced adverse effects, and enhanced functional recovery, which underlines the broader positive impact of meticulous pain management. More patients could walk more than 40 feet after the second day post-operatively among the lumbar plexus group (14.7%) compared to the continuous femoral group (1.3%). Other parameters, including cortisol levels and hemodynamic stability, were evaluated, showing comparable outcomes. Conclusions: Lumbar plexus block is effective in pain management after orthopedic surgery, as shown by the lower pain scores and less opioid consumption. Additionally, patient satisfaction was relatively higher in LPB-treated patients compared to other approaches like general anesthesia.

Effects of ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus and sacral plexus block combined with general anesthesia on the anesthetic efficacy and surgical outcomes in elderly patients undergoing intertrochanteric fracture surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Surgery for intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients is challenging due to the risk of severe pain and significant stress responses. We investigated the effects of a combined approach of ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus and sacral plexus block with general anesthesia on anesthetic efficacy and surgical outcomes in these patients. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 150 elderly patients, divided into two groups: the combined anesthesia group (receiving ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus and sacral plexus block along with general anesthesia) and the general anesthesia alone group. Outcome measures included hemodynamic parameters, postoperative pain levels (VAS scores), postoperative recovery times, and incidence of adverse reactions. RESULTS: In the combined anesthesia group, the patients had more stable intraoperative hemodynamics, lower postoperative VAS scores at 1, 3, and 6 h, and faster recovery times (eye-opening upon command and return of respiratory function) compared to the general anesthesia group. Furthermore, the incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in the combined anesthesia group. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus and sacral plexus block combined with general anesthesia enhanced the anesthetic efficacy and improved surgical outcomes in elderly patients undergoing intertrochanteric fracture surgery.

The anesthetic efficacy of ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus combined with quadratus lumborum block with Shamrock approach in total hip arthroplasty: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: The lumbar plexus originates from multiple segments of the spinal cord. Both single-level lumbar plexus block (LPB) and transmuscular quadratus lumborum block (TQLB) are commonly used to provide analgesia for the patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, neither of them can completely cover the lumbar plexus. Multiple-level LPB is also not recommended since this expert technique involves more potential risks. To achieve a better anesthetic effect and avoid risks, we propose to combine ultrasound-guided LPB with TQLB with Shamrock approach. We aim to assess the anesthetic efficacy of this combination technique and expect it will be an ideal alternative for conventional LPBs in THA. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: In this prospective randomized controlled trial, 84 patients schedule for THA will be enrolled. The patients will be randomly assigned at a 1:1:1 ratio to receive LPB at L3 level (P group), T12 paravertebral block combined with LPB at L3 and L4 levels (TP group), or LPB combined with TQLB at L3 level (PQ group). Each method will be evaluated in terms of the successful rate of sensory blockade, postoperative pain, performance time of block, requirement for intraoperative sufentanil, cumulative doses of intraoperative vasoactive medications, and adverse events. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol has been approved by the institutional review board (IRB) at Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (No.2020-031). The results will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04266236 . Registered on 10 February 2020. CLINICALTRIALS: gov PRS: Record Summary NCT04266236 .

Comparing the Pericapsular Nerve Group Block and the Lumbar Plexus Block for Hip Fracture Surgery: A Single-Center Randomized Double-Blinded Study.

Lumbar plexus blocks (LPBs) are routinely employed for analgesia in hip fracture surgery; however, a novel regional technique, the pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block, potentially offers comparable pain reduction while preserving motor function. Patients aged 45-90 years who underwent hip fracture surgery were allocated to receive either a PENG block or an LPB for analgesia. The primary outcome was the incidence of quadriceps motor block (defined as the paresis or paralysis of the knee extension) at 12 h postoperatively. The secondary outcomes included the performance time, the time to first analgesic requirement, postoperative intravenous (IV) fentanyl consumption, the ability to undergo physiotherapy at 24 and 48 h, complications, sensory and motor block assessments, postoperative numeric rating scale (NRS) pain scores, and patient outcome questionnaires. There was a significantly lower incidence of quadriceps motor block at 6 h (26.7% vs. 80.0%; p < 0.001) and at 12 h (20.0% vs. 56.7%; p = 0.010). The PENG block provided better preservation of the sensory block as well as better performance time (p < 0.001) and time to first analgesia requirement (p = 0.034), whereas the LPB resulted in lower postoperative IV fentanyl consumption at 24 h (p = 0.013). The PENG block demonstrated superiority over the LPB in preserving quadriceps strength and patient satisfaction without any substantial complications, despite higher opioid consumption within the first 24 h post-surgery.

Short Communication: Lumbar Plexus Block versus Suprainguinal Fascia Iliaca Block to Provide Analgesia Following Hip and Femur Surgery in Pediatric-Aged Patients - An Analysis of a Case Series.

INTRODUCTION: For surgical procedures involving the hip and femur, various regional anesthetic techniques may be used to provide analgesia. Although there has been an increase in the use of lumbar plexus block (LPB), the technique may be time consuming and associated with complications. Suprainguinal fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB) is a potentially easier and safer alternative. The current study prospectively compares LPB with suprainguinal FICB. METHODS: This prospective, double-blinded, randomized, study included patients undergoing elective orthopedic procedures of the hip and/or femur. All study patients received general anesthesia with randomization to either an LPB or suprainguinal FICB using 0.5% ropivacaine with epinephrine and dexamethasone. Postoperative pain control was achieved with intravenous hydromorphone delivered by patient-controlled analgesia with scheduled acetaminophen and ketorolac. Outcome data included time to perform the block, perioperative opioid consumption, postoperative pain scores (VAS) and hospital length of stay. RESULTS: The study cohort included 15 patients between the ages of 7 and 16 years (LPB N = 7, FICB N = 8). The median block time was 6 minutes (IQR: 4.11) for the LPB group and 3 minutes (IQR: 3.6) for the FICB group (p = 0.107). Median postoperative pain scores were 4 (IQR: 0.6) for the LPB group and 2 (IQR: 0.5) for the FICB group (p = 0.032). There were no differences in the intraoperative or postoperative opioid and NSAID use between the two groups. DISCUSSION: The suprainguinal FICB provides analgesia that is at least as effective as a LPB following hip and femur surgery. Time to perform the block was shorter with the FICB due to the supine patient position and limited needle trajectory. Although we noted no adverse effects, the superficial needle trajectory of the FICB offers a less invasive approach and the potential for decreased risks of adverse effects.

Fascia Iliaca Block for Postoperative Pain Control After Hip Arthroscopy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Various analgesic modalities have been used to improve postoperative pain in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy. PURPOSE: To systematically review the literature to compare the efficacy of the fascia iliaca block (FIB) with that of other analgesic modalities after hip arthroscopy in terms of postoperative pain scores and analgesic consumption. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: A systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase up to April 2020 to identify randomized controlled trials that compared postoperative pain and analgesic consumption in patients after hip arthroscopy with FIB versus other pain control modalities. The search phrase used was "hip arthroscopy fascia iliaca randomized." Patients were evaluated based on postoperative pain scores and total postoperative analgesic consumption. RESULTS: Five studies (3 level 1, 2 level 2) were identified that met inclusion criteria, including 157 patients undergoing hip arthroscopy with FIB (mean age, 38.3 years; 44.6% men) and 159 patients among the following comparison groups: lumbar plexus block (LPB), intra-articular ropivacaine (IAR), local anesthetic infiltration (LAI), saline placebo, and a no-block control group (overall mean age, 36.2 years; 36.5% men). No significant differences in pain scores were reported in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) between the FIB and LPB (3.4 vs 2.9; P = .054), IAR (7.7 vs 7.9; P = .72), control group (no FIB: 4.1 vs 3.8; P = .76); or saline placebo (difference, -0.2 [95% CI, -1.1 to 0.7]). One study reported significantly higher pain scores at 1 hour postoperation in the FIB group compared with the LAI group (5.5 vs 3.4; P = .02). Another study reported significantly greater total analgesic consumption (in morphine equivalent dosing) in the PACU among the FIB group compared with the LPB group (20.8 vs 17.0; P = .02). No significant differences were observed in total PACU analgesic consumption between FIB and other analgesic modalities. CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing hip arthroscopy, the FIB does not appear to demonstrate superiority to other forms of analgesics in the immediate postoperative period. Therefore, it is not recommended as a routine form of pain control for these procedures.

Continuous Lumbar Plexus Block vs Continuous Lumbar Erector Spinae Plane Block for Postoperative Pain Control After Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Optimal pain management is key to successful recovery in revision total hip arthroplasty. Lumbar plexus blocks (LPBs) have traditionally been used for postoperative pain management. Recently, the lumbar erector spinae plane block (LESPB) has emerged as a promising regional anesthesia technique and is relatively simple to perform. Our study aimed to evaluate whether continuous LESPB provided better analgesia and clinical outcomes than continuous LPB in revision hip arthroplasty. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We compared 25 LPBs with 25 LESPBs performed from October 2017 to November 2018 for revision hip arthroplasty. The primary outcome of this study was difference in opioid consumption between the groups at 24 hours postoperatively. Secondary outcomes include pain scores, hospital lengths of stay, pain adjunct consumption, and incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in average opioid consumption between the LPB and LESPB groups during the first 24 hours postoperatively (73.8 ± 68.1 mg vs 85.1 ± 69.7 mg, respectively, P = .57). Similarly, there was no significant difference in average pain scores (3.3 ± 2.1 vs 3.7 ± 1.8, respectively, P = .42). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in opioid consumption and pain scores in patients with continuous LESPB compared with those with continuous LPB. While our study did not show a difference in these outcomes, the LESPB is a straightforward regional block that avoids many of the risks of LPBs and may be as effective for pain control.

Lumbar plexus block versus suprainguinal fascia iliaca block for total hip arthroplasty: A single-blinded, randomized trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Comparison of ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus block (LPB) and suprainguinal fascia iliaca block (SIFIB) in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). DESIGN: Randomized equivalence trial. SETTING: University Hospital. PATIENTS: Sixty patients undergoing primary THA. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly allocated to receive ultrasound-guided LPB (n = 30) or SIFIB (n = 30). The local anesthetic agent (40 mL of levobupivacaine 0.25% with epinephrine 5 µg/mL) and block adjuvant (4 mg of intravenous dexamethasone) were identical in all subjects. Postoperatively, all patients received patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (morphine) as well as acetaminophen and ketoprofen during 48 h. MEASUREMENTS: A blinded investigator recorded morphine consumption at 24 and 48 h as well as time to first morphine request, pain scores at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, incidence of adverse events, time to readiness for discharge, and length of hospital stay. The blinded investigator also carried out sensorimotor block assessment at 3, 6 and 24 h using a 10-point sensorimotor composite scale. MAIN RESULTS: No intergroup differences were found in terms of cumulative morphine consumption at 24 h (95% CI: -4.0 mg to 2.0 mg) and 48 h (95% CI, -5.0 mg to 2.0 mg) or time to first morphine request. Furthermore, pain scores were similar at all time intervals after 3 h. There were no intergroup differences in terms of composite sensorimotor scores at 3 and 6 h. However, SIFIB lasted longer than lumbar plexus block as evidenced by a higher composite score at 24 h. No intergroup differences were found in terms of complications. Compared with LPB, SIFIB was associated with shorter time to readiness for discharge (3 [1-4] vs. 2 [1-3] days; P = 0.042) and length of hospital stay (3 [2-5] vs. 3 [2-4] days; P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: For THA, no differences were found between LPB and SIFIB in terms of breakthrough morphine requirement and pain control. However, SIFIB resulted in a longer block and was associated with shorter time to readiness for discharge as well as decreased hospital stay.

Ultrasound Guidance and Nerve Stimulation Combined Versus Nerve Stimulation alone for Lumbar Plexus Block: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

A nerve stimulation-guided lumbar plexus block is a well-established technique. It is not clear whether ultrasound guidance has additional value for this deep block technique. This study aimed to examine whether ultrasound guidance using a paramedian transverse scan through the intertransverse space (PMTS-ITS) approach in combination with nerve stimulation reduces the onset time of a complete sensory block. Forty-four patients who were scheduled to undergo arthroscopic knee surgery with an ultrasound visibility score (UVS) of ≥10 for the lumbar plexus were enrolled and randomly allocated to the ultrasound guidance with nerve stimulation group (group U-N) or nerve stimulation group (group N) in this prospective, randomized, parallel-group, active-controlled study. The primary outcome was the onset time of a complete sensory block. The results showed that the onset time of a complete sensory block to pinprick and cold was 10 (10-40) min and 10 (10-40) min in group U-N, respectively, and 30 (10-40) min and 20 (10-40) min in group N (P=0.005, P=0.004), respectively. The performance time was 658±87 s in group U-N and 528±97 s in group N (P<0.001). There was no (0%) patient who required 5 or more needle passes in group U-N and 6 (27.3%) in group N (P=0.028). The block failure rate was 9.1% in group U-N and 31.8% in group N (P>0.05). In conclusion, ultrasound guidance using the PMTS-ITS approach in combination with nerve stimulation led to a faster onset of a complete sensory block than nerve stimulation alone for a lumbar plexus block in patients with a UVS ≥10. Ultrasound guidance with nerve stimulation significantly decreased the number of patients who required 5 or more needle passes.

[Incidence of epidural spread after Chayen's approach to lumbar plexus block: a retrospective study]. / Incidência de dispersão peridural após bloqueio do plexo lumbar com técnica de Chayen: estudo retrospectivo.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The lumbar plexus block (LPB) is a key technique for lower limb surgery. All approaches to the LPB involve a number of complications. We hypothesized that Chayen's approach, which involves a more caudal and more lateral needle entry point than the major techniques described in the literature, would be associated with a lower rate of epidural spread. METHOD: We reviewed the electronic medical records and chart of all adult patients who underwent orthopedic surgery for total hip arthroplasty (THA) and hip hemiarthroplasty due to osteoarthritis and femoral neck fracture with LPB and sciatic nerve block (SNB) between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2017, in our institute. The LPB was performed according to Chayen's technique using a mixture of mepivacaine and levobupivacaine (total volume, 25 mL) and a SNB by the parasacral approach. The sensory and motor block was evaluated bilaterally during intraoperative and postoperative period. RESULTS: A total number of 700 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I to IV who underwent LPB met the inclusion criteria. The LPB and SNB was successfully performed in all patients. Epidural spread was reported in a single patient (0.14%; p <0.05), accounting for an 8.30% reduction compared with the other approaches described in the literature. No other complications were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study indicates that more caudal and more lateral approach to the LPB, such as the Chayen's approach, is characterized by a lower epidural spread than the other approach to the LPB.

Evaluation of postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients after hip surgery: lumbar plexus versus caudal epidural analgesia.

Background:There continues to be focus on the value of regional and neuraxial anesthetic techniques when combined with general anesthesia to improve postoperative analgesia. The reported advantages include decreased postoperative opioid requirements, decreased medication-related adverse effects, decreased hospital length of stay, and increased patient satisfaction. Orthopedic procedures of the hip may be amenable to such techniques as there is significant postoperative pain with the requirement for hospital admission and the administration of parenteral opioids. Given the surgical site, various regional anesthetic techniques may be used to provide analgesia including caudal epidural anesthesia (CEA) or lumbar plexus blockade (LPB). Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of LPB versus CEA as an analgesic thechnique for patients undergoing elective hip surgery from the opioid consumption and pain scores perspective. Patients and methods : The current study retrospectively reviews our experience with CEA and LPB for postoperative analgesia after hip surgery in the pediatric population. Regional anesthesia technique was reviewed as well as opioid requirements and pain scores. Results: The study cohort included 61 patients, 29 who received an LPB and 32 who received CEA. No difference was noted in the demographics between the two groups. Intraoperative opioid use was 0.7 (IQR: 0.5, 1.1) mg/kg of oral morphine equivalents (MEs) in the LPB group compared to 0.6 (IQR: 0.5, 0.9) in the CEA group (p=0.479). Postoperative opioid use over the first 48 hrs was 4 (IQR: 1, 6) mg/kg of oral ME in the LPB group, compared to 2 (interquartile range [IQR]: 1, 3) in the CEA group (p=0.103). Over the first 24 hrs after surgery, the median pain score in the LPB group was 5 (IQR: 1-6), compared to 3 (IQR: 0, 5) in the CEA group (p=0.014).Conclusion: These retrospective data suggest a modest postoperative benefit of CEA when compared to LPB following hip surgery in the pediatric population. Postoperative pain scores were lower in patients receiving CEA; however, no difference in the intraoperative or postoperative opioid requirements was noted between the two groups.

Lumbar Plexus Block as an Effective Alternative to Subarachnoid Block for Intertrochanteric Hip Fracture Surgeries in the Elderly.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Elderly patients with hip fractures pose a medical challenge for the anesthesiologist and are often associated with a high incidence of perioperative morbidity and mortality. We aimed to compare the efficacy of lumbar plexus block (LPB) with subarachnoid block (SAB) in elderly patients undergoing closed reduction and internal fixation for hip fractures. METHODS: In this observational study, 50 patients with femoral intertrochanteric fracture were divided into LPB group and SAB group of 25 each by convenient sampling. Patients in the LPB group were given 20-25 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine to block the ipsilateral lumbar plexus with nerve stimulator assistance, whereas the patients in the SAB group received 0.5% bupivacaine intrathecally. Student's t-test was used for comparing the time for performing block, the time to achieving block, the time to the first request for analgesia, and the hemodynamic variables. RESULTS: Lumbar plexus blockade took a longer time for performing and achieving block (P < 0.001). The time for the first request for analgesia was significantly longer in the LPB group (P < 0.001). A statistically significant reduction in blood pressures was noted in the SAB group. CONCLUSIONS: Lumbar plexus blockade offered more stable intraoperative hemodynamics and longer duration of postoperative analgesia in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery.

Comparison of combined lumbar and sacral plexus block with sedation versus general anaesthesia on postoperative outcomes in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery (CLSB-HIPELD): study protocol for a prospective, multicentre, randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Hip fracture in elderly people is a global public health problem, with substantial associated mortality and disability. Nearly all patients with hip fracture undergo surgical treatment, but optimal anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in elderly patients is still inconclusive. Ultrasound-guided combined lumbar and sacral plexus block has been widely used in hip fracture surgery in recent years, especially for some high-risk patients. However, it is not clear whether it can improve the postoperative outcomes of elderly patients with hip fracture. METHOD AND ANALYSIS: This research project is a two-arm, parallel, multicentre, prospective randomised controlled trail. A total of 1086 patients aged 75 and older scheduled for hip fracture surgery in five clinical trial centres of China will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive either combined lumbar and sacral plexus block plus sedation or general anaesthesia. The primary outcome will be the postoperative 1-year all-cause mortality. The secondary outcomes will be the incidence of postoperative complications, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, early mobility after surgery, postoperative Visual Analogue Scale pain scores, postoperative delirium, length of stay in intensive care unit and hospital, cost-effective outcomes, Barthel Index and incidence of adverse events after discharge. Assessments will be conducted in four steps: preoperative, intraoperative, in-hospital data collection and post-discharge telephone follow-up. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been supported by Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning Foundation for Key Developing Disciplines (2015ZB0103) and approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital [No: 2016-28-(2)]. At the time of manuscript submission, the protocol version is V.1.6 (March 2nd, 2018) with one subsequent approved amendment. Results will be disseminated via an international peer-reviewed publication. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03318133.

Effect of ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus block on emergence agitation in children undergoing hip surgery: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Emergence agitation (EA) is a common postoperative issue in children that causes self-injury, increases stress on healthcare team members, and even leads to postoperative maladaptive behavioral changes in children. Clear answers regarding a 'gold standard' for prevention of EA are not available. Pain is regarded as an important causative factor of EA, and ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus block is a safe and efficient anesthetic method that can provide satisfactory pain relief in pediatric hip surgery. The purpose of our study is to determine whether ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus block can reduce the incidence of EA in children undergoing hip surgery. METHODS/DESIGN: We designed a prospective, randomized, controlled, blinded trial to determine the effect of ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus block on EA. A total of 100 American Society of Anesthesiologists class I-II children (1-6 years old) scheduled for elective hip surgery will be recruited for this study. Participants will be randomized at a 1:1 ratio to receive either ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus block or fentanyl after the induction of general anesthesia. The primary outcome is the incidence of EA 30 min after emergence from anesthesia using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) score. The secondary outcomes are the severity and duration of EA 30 min after emergence from anesthesia using the PAED score, postoperative pain evaluated by the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale, and the incidence of postoperative adverse events. Randomization will be conducted using a computer-generated randomization schedule. Outcome assessors and data collectors will be blinded to the group allocations. Assessments will be performed before surgery, intraoperatively, and postoperatively at every time point. DISCUSSION: Our hypothesis in this trial is that ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus block can decrease the incidence of EA in children undergoing elective hip surgery. This trial will provide clinical answers to verify our hypothesis. If our hypothesis is confirmed, the results could provide a safe method to prevent EA. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-INR-17011525 . Registered on 30 May 2017.