Electrochromic Covalent Organic Framework-Assembled Nanofibrous Membranes with Mimetic Chameleon Skin Architectures for Visible and Near-Infrared Camouflage Stealth.

The developments of modern surveillance technology pose great challenges to combat concealment for warfighters. Traditional camouflage suits cannot accommodate the need for camouflage stealth in complex warfare scenarios. Herein, a bidirectional diffusion-controlled in situ synthesis methodology is reported to achieve electrochromic nanofibrous membranes with mimetic chameleon skin structures (CSENs) by assembling electrochromic covalent organic frameworks on nanofibers. CSENs exhibit reversible color changes in the visible and near-infrared ranges under an applied potential with fast response times (25.8 s/26.2 s). The macro- and mesoporous structures in CSENs favored the transportation of electrolyte ions, achieving excellent color difference and coloration efficiency of 35.58 and 1053.26 cm2/C, respectively. Importantly, CSENs feature unique properties of self-standing, breathability, and flexibility, which are attributed to the micrometer pores constructed by entangled nanofibers. As a proof-of-concept study, the CSEN-based flexible electrochromic suit exhibits a dynamic camouflage function in real environments, showing promising properties as smart textiles for dynamic camouflage stealth.

Phospholipid Bilayer Inspired Sandwich Structural Nanofibrous Membrane for Atmospheric Water Harvesting and Selective Release.

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) has been broadly exploited to meet the challenge of water shortage. Despite the significant achievements of AWH, the leakage of hydroscopic salt during the AWH process hinders its practical applications. Herein, inspired by the unique selective permeability of the phospholipid bilayer, a sandwich structural (hydrophobic-hydrophilic-hydrophobic) polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membrane (San-PAN) was fabricated for AWH. The hydrophilic inner layer loaded with LiCl could capture water from the air. The hydrophobic microchannels in the outer layer could selectively allow the free transmission of gaseous water molecules but confine the hydroscopic salt solution in the hydrophilic layer, achieving continuous and recyclable water sorption/desorption. As demonstrated, the as-prepared AWH devices presented high-efficient adsorption kinetics from 1.66 to 4.08 g g-1 at 30% to 90% relative humidity. Thus, this work strengthens the understanding of the water transmission process along microchannels and provides insight into the practical applications of AWH.

Protective Topical Dual-Sided Nanofibrous Hemostatic Dressing Using Mussel and Silk Proteins with Multifunctionality of Hemostasis and Anti-Bacterial Infiltration.

Topical hemostatic agents are preferred for application to sensitive bleeding sites because of their immediate locoregional effects with less tissue damage. However, the majority of commercial hemostatic agents fail to provide stable tissue adhesion to bleeding wounds or act as physical barriers against contaminants. Hence, it has become necessary to investigate biologically favorable materials that can be applied and left within the body post-surgery. In this study, a dual-sided nanofibrous dressing for topical hemostasis is electrospun using a combination of two protein materials: bioengineered mussel adhesive protein (MAP) and silk fibroin (SF). The wound-adhesive inner layer is fabricated using dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-containing MAP, which promotes blood clotting by aggregation of hemocytes and activation of platelets. The anti-adhesive outer layer is composed of alcohol-treated hydrophobic SF, which has excellent spinnability and mechanical strength for fabrication. Because both proteins are fully biodegradable in vivo and biocompatible, the dressing would be suitable to be left in the body. Through in vivo evaluation using a rat liver damage model, significantly reduced clotting time and blood loss are confirmed, successfully demonstrating that the proposed dual-sided nanofibrous dressing has the right properties and characteristics as a topical hemostatic agent having dual functionality of hemostasis and physical protection.

Hyperbranched Polymer Induced Antibacterial Tree-Like Nanofibrous Membrane for High Effective Air Filtration.

The air filtration materials with high efficiency, low resistance, and extra antibacterial property are crucial for personal health protection. Herein, a tree-like polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibrous membrane with hierarchical structure (trunk fiber of 447 nm, branched fiber of 24.7 nm) and high filtration capacity is demonstrated. Specifically, 2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride terminated hyperbranched polymer (HBP-HTC) with near-spherical three-dimensional molecular structure and adjustable terminal positive groups is synthesized as an additive for PVDF electrospinning to enhance the jet splitting and promote the formation of branched ultrafine nanofibers, achieving a coverage rate of branched nanofibers over 90% that is superior than small molecular quaternary ammonium salts. The branched nanofibers network enhances mechanical properties and filtration efficiency (99.995% for 0.26 µm sodium chloride particles) of the PVDF/HBP-HTC membrane, which demonstrates reduced pressure drop (122.4 Pa) and a quality factor up to 0.083 Pa-1 on a 40 µm-thick sample. More importantly, the numerous quaternary ammonium salt groups of HBP-HTC deliver excellent antibacterial properties to the PVDF membranes. Bacterial inhibitive rate of 99.9% against both S. aureus and E. coli is demonstrated in a membrane with 3.0 wt% HBP-HTC. This work provides a new strategy for development of high-efficiency and antibacterial protection products.

Microfiber/Nanofiber/Attapulgite Multilayer Separator with a Pore-Size Gradient for High-Performance and Safe Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have an extremely diverse application nowadays as an environmentally friendly and renewable new energy storage technology. The porous structure of the separator, one essential component of LIBs, provides an ion transport channel for the migration of ions and directly affects the overall performance of the battery. In this work, we fabricated a composite separator (GOP-PH-ATP) via simply laminating an electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) nanofibrous membrane coated with attapulgite (ATP) nanoparticles onto a PP nonwoven microfibrous fabric, which exhibits a unique porous structure with a pore-size gradient along the thickness direction that ranges from tens of microns to hundreds of nanometers. As a result, besides the enhanced thermal stability given by the chosen materials, the GOP-PH-ATP separator was endowed with a superhigh porosity of ~95%, strong affinity with electrolyte, and great electrolyte uptake of ~760%, thus effectively enabling an ionic conductivity of 2.38 mS cm-1 and a lithium-ion transference number of 0.62. Furthermore, the cell with the GOP-PH-ATP separator shows an excellent cycling performance with a capacity retention of 91.2% after 150 cycles at 1 C, suggesting that the composite separator with a pore-size gradient structure has great potential to be applied in LIBs.

Directional vapor transported and water-proof nanofibrous membranes for liquid desiccant dehumidification systems.

The membrane-based liquid desiccant dehumidification system is a newly developed method in the field of air dehumidification. In this study, double-layer nanofibrous membranes (DLNMs) with directional vapor transport and water repellency for liquid dehumidification were fabricated by a simple electrospinning process. Specifically, the combination of thermoplastic polyurethane nanofibrous membrane and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibrous membrane forms a cone-like structure in DLNMs, resulting in directional vapor transportation. The nanoporous structure and rough surface of PVDF nanofibrous membrane provide waterproof performance for DLNMs. Compare with the commercial membranes, the proposed DLNMs have a significantly higher water vapor permeability coefficient, which is as high as 539.67 g·µm m-2·24 h·Pa. This study not only provides a new route to construct a directional vapor transport and waterproof membrane, but also demonstrates the huge application prospect of the nanofibrous membrane formed by electrospinning in the field of solution dehumidification.

Crypt-like patterned electrospun nanofibrous membrane and probiotics promote intestinal epithelium models close to tissues.

In vitro intestinal epithelium models have drawn great attention to investigating intestinal biology in recent years. However, the difficulty to maintain the normal physiological status of primary intestinal epithelium in vitro limits the applications. Here, we designed patterned electrospun polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibrous membranes with crypt-like topography and mimic ECM fibrous network to support crypt culture and construct in vitro intestinal epithelium models. The patterned electrospun PLA nanofibrous membranes modified with Matrigels at 0 °C showed high biocompatibility and promoted cell growth and proliferation. The constructed duodenum epithelium models and colon epithelium models on the patterned electrospun PLA nanofibrous membranes expressed the typical differentiation markers of intestinal epithelia and the gene expression levels were close to the original tissues, especially with the help of probiotics. The constructed intestinal epithelium models could be used to assess probiotic adhesion and colonization, which were verified to show significant differences with the Caco-2 cell models due to the different cell types. These findings provide new insights and a better understanding of the roles of biophysical, biochemical, and biological signals in the construction of in vitro intestinal epithelium models as well as the potential applications of these models in the study of host-gut microbes interactions. KEY POINTS: • Patterned electrospun scaffold has crypt-like topography and ECM nanofibrous network. • Matrigels at 0°C modify scaffolds more effectively than at 37°C. • Synergy of biomimic scaffold and probiotics makes in vitro model close to tissue.

Armor-Structured Interconnected-Porous Membranes for Corrosion-Resistant and Highly Permeable Waste Ammonium Resource Recycling.

Ammonium recovery from wastewater by gas-permeable membranes is promising but suffers from the tradeoff between membrane stability and permeability under harsh operating conditions. Chemical-resistant membranes display modest permeability due to the poor solubility and processibility; chemically active membranes are easier to be endowed with better permeability however hinder by instability. To resolve such a problem, we cleverly design a novel membrane configuration via one-step solution-electrospinning, with the chemical-active component (low-strength fluorine polymer) as the inner skeleton to construct interconnected porous structures and the chemical-resistant component (high-strength fluorine polymer) as the outer armor to serve as a protective layer. Due to the significantly enhanced mass transfer coefficient, the interconnected-porous armor-structured membrane exhibited much higher permeability for NH4+-N recovery, which was 1.4 and 5 times that of the traditional PTFE membrane and PP membrane, respectively. Through long-term intermittent and consecutive experiments, the reusability and durability of the armor-structured nanofibrous membrane were verified. When treating actual hoggery wastewater with complicated water quality, the armor-structured nanofibrous membrane also displayed robust stable performance with excellent antiwettability. The mechanisms of membrane formation, corrosion resistance, and mass transfer were discussed in detail.

Electrospun nanofibrous membrane with antibacterial and antiviral properties decorated with Myoporum bontioides extract and silver-doped carbon nitride nanoparticles for medical masks application.

Public health safety issues have been plaguing the world since the pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). However, most personal protective equipments (PPE) do not have antibacterial and anti- toxicity effects. In this work, we designed and prepared a reusable, antibacterial and anti-toxicity Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based nanofibrous membrane cooperated with Ag/g-C3N4 (Ag-CN), Myoporum.bontioides (M. bontioides) plant extracts and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) by an electrospinning-process. The SEM and TEM characterization revealed the formation of raised, creased or wrinkled areas on the fiber surface caused by the Ag nanoparticles, the rough surface prevented the aerosol particles on the fiber surface from sliding and stagnating, thus providing excellent filtration performance. The PAN/M. bontioides/Ag-CN/Ag nanofibrous membrane could be employed as a photocatalytic bactericidal material, which not only degraded 96.37% of methylene blue within 150 min, but also exhibited the superior bactericidal effect of 98.65 ± 1.49% and 97.8 ± 1.27% against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, under 3 hs of light exposure. After 3 cycles of sterilization experiments, the PAN/M. bontioides/Ag-CN/Ag nanofibrous membrane maintained an efficient sterilization effect. Molecular docking revealed that the compounds in M. bontioides extracts interacted with neo-coronavirus targets mainly on Mpro and RdRp proteins, and these compounds had the strongest docking energy with Mpro protein, the shortest docking radius, and more binding sites for key amino acids around the viral protein targets, which influenced the replication and transcription process of neo-coronavirus. The PAN/M.bontioides/Ag-CN/Ag nanofibrous membrane also performed significant inhibition of influenza A virus H3N2. The novel nanofiber membrane is expected to be applied to medical masks, which will improve human isolation and protection against viruses.

Ferroelectric PVDF nanofiber membrane for high-efficiency PM0.3 air filtration with low air flow resistance.

The significant public health concerns related to particulate matter (PM) air pollutants and the airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have led to considerable interest in high-performance air filtration membranes. Highly ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber (NF) filter membranes are successfully fabricated via electrospinning for high-performance low-cost air filtration. Spectroscopic and ferro-/piezoelectric analyses of PVDF NF show that a thinner PVDF NF typically forms a ferroelectric ß phase with a confinement effect. A 70-nm PVDF NF membrane exhibits the highest fraction of ß phase (87%) and the largest polarization behavior from piezoresponse force microscopy. An ultrathin 70-nm PVDF NF membrane exhibits a high PM0.3 filtration efficiency of 97.40% with a low pressure drop of 51 Pa at an air flow of 5.3 cm/s owing to the synergetic combination of the slip effect and ferroelectric dipole interaction. Additionally, the 70-nm PVDF NF membrane shows excellent thermal and chemical stabilities with negligible filtration performance degradation (air filtration efficiency of 95.99% and 87.90% and pressure drop of 55 and 65 Pa, respectively) after 24 h of heating at 120 °C and 1 h immersion in isopropanol.

An Efficient Strategy for Reinforcing Flexible Ceramic Membranes.

Herein, we present a facile reinforcement method for the large-scale fabrication of highly flexible, mechanically stable, temperature-resistant ceramic lightweight membranes based on the cross-linked assembly of zirconia-silica (ZrO2-SiO2) nanofibrous and montmorillonite (MMT) nanosheets through electrospinning and a subsequent calcination process. The resulting MMT@ZrO2-SiO2 membranes exhibit high flexibility with a bending rigidity of 0.2 cN mm-1, robust mechanical performance with a tensile strength of up to 1.83 MPa, robust fire resistance, and temperature-invariant mechanical stability from -196 to 1000 °C. The thermal superinsulation with a thermal conductivity as low as 0.026 W m-1 K-1 and the improved mechanical strength can be attributed to the cross-linked interfacial interaction between the ZrO2-SiO2 nanofibers and the MMT nanosheets. Additionally, a firefighter uniform with MMT@ZrO2-SiO2 membranes inside features a superior thermal protective property up to the A2 level (combined flame and radiant exposure) and an excellent fire resistance of up to 1000 °C, which is ideal for next-generation firefighter uniform manufacturing.

Novel adsorptive PVC nanofibrous/thiol-functionalized TNT composite UF membranes for effective dynamic removal of heavy metal ions.

The development of efficient strategies for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions is rapidly demanded as these contaminants are very toxic and carcinogenic and show detrimental effects on the living creatures. The main focus of the current study is on the preparation and assessment of electrospun adsorptive nanofiber membranes for the removal of toxic Ni(II) and Cu(II) from wastewater in the ultrafiltration process. Hydrothermally synthesized titanate nanotubes (TNT) was modified with thiol functional groups and then directly incorporated to the polyvinyl chloride nanofiber matrices via electrospinning process to fabricate an adsorptive membrane. The as-prepared electrospun nanofiber membranes and the nanoadsorbents were characterized with respect to the physiochemical properties, surface structure and morphology, applying XPS, FTIR, FESEM, EDX and TEM analysis and then, the membranes were evaluated in terms of the removal of the heavy metal ions in a continuous ultrafiltration mode. In adsorptive filtration of the metal ions, the effective factors including nanoadsorbents loading (0.5-1.5 wt%), initial metal ion concentration (60-150 mg/L), feed temperature (~25 °C-45 °C), presence of competing ion and reusability were investigated in the UF system where the membranes containing 1.5 wt% thiol-modified TNT and virgin TNT adsorbents demonstrated excellent removal efficiency compared to the other membranes. The Cu(II) and Ni(II) removal efficiency of the membrane containing 1.5 wt% functionalized TNT was 90% and 86.7%, respectively which was the highest ones. As was expected and due to the uniform dispersion and less aggregation of the modified TNT adsorbents on the large surface area of the electrospun nanofibers, more adsorption capacity of the nanoparticles can be exploited. Moreover, the strong affinity of the thiol functional groups toward the metal cations, these membranes removed metal contaminants more efficiently. Besides, the Cu(II) removal efficiency of the fabricated membranes didn't show any drastic changes in the presence of the competing ions. Furthermore, acceptable performance was achieved for the prepared membranes even after four adsorption/regeneration cycles in the continuous UF experiments, demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of the prepared adsorptive nanofiber membranes for the removal of heavy metal ions.

Rapid removal of nitrate from liquid dairy manure by cationic poly (vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) nanofiber membrane.

Elevated levels of nitrate in surface water is a leading concern, which impacts human and animal health, and controlling it requires improved and sustainable methods capable of removing nitrate anions from source waste water to reduce nitrate anions transport to environment. In liquid dairy manure, nitrogen content can vary from 200 to 600 ppm and the transport of manure nitrogen into ambient water through hydrologic processes has a potential to exceed the maximum contaminant level limit (10 ppm) of nitrate nitrogen for regulated public water systems. Dairy manure is considered as a reservoir of nitrate. This research investigates on the determination of optimal designing of nanofiber membrane to remove nitrate anions from liquid dairy manure. A cationic poly (vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) nanofiber membrane (EVOH) NFM was grafted via UV with 2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl trimethylammonium chloride (DMAC) monomers. The adsorption efficiency of nitrate by the membrane was determined on liquid manure of dairy lagoons located in Central Valley of California. Initial nitrate concentrations in dairy manure varied from 75 to 100 ppm. Results showed that nitrate in dairy water was removed by 70% in 40 min. Tortuous structure and chemical stability of membrane resulted in nitrate dynamic binding capacity of 40 mg g-1. Furthermore, it exhibits efficient reusability without significant changes in its performance using 0.5 M sodium hydroxide solution for nitrate desorption. Results showed that change in pH, and multi-anion conditions had limited effects on nitrate removal efficiency, and EVOH NFM can be a viable option to remove nitrate of liquid manure. This could be used for mitigating transport of excess nitrate from manure to environment. Overall, the results suggest that EVOH-g-DMAC NFM is efficient, low-cost (13 USD/m3) and recyclable material for sustainable removal of nitrate from dairy manure wastewater without requiring any ionic strength or pH adjustment.

In-line coupling of supported liquid membrane extraction across nanofibrous membrane to capillary electrophoresis for analysis of basic drugs from undiluted body fluids.

Planar polyamide 6 nanofibrous membrane was for the first time used in direct coupling of supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction to CE analysis. Disposable microextraction device with the nanofibrous membrane was preassembled and stored for immediate use. The membrane in the device was impregnated with 1 µL of 1-ethyl-2-nitrobenzene and the device was subsequently filled with 10 µL of acceptor solution (10 mM HCl) and 15 µL of donor solution (sample). The device was in-line coupled to CE system for selective extraction and direct injection, separation and quantification of model basic drugs (nortriptyline, haloperidol, loperamide and papaverine) from standard saline solutions (150 mM NaCl) and from undiluted human body fluids (urine and blood plasma). Compared to standard polypropylene supporting material, the nanofibrous membrane demonstrated superior characteristics in terms of lower consumption of organic solvents, constant volumes of operational solutions, full transparency and possibility to preassemble the devices. Extraction parameters were better or comparable for the nanofibrous vs. the polypropylene membrane and the hyphenated SLM-CE method with the nanofibrous membrane was characterized by good repeatability (RSD ≤ 11.3%), linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9953; 0.5-20 mg/L), sensitivity (LOD ≤ 0.4 mg/L) and transfer (27-126%) of the basic drugs.

Carbon-Nanoplated CoS@TiO2 Nanofibrous Membrane: An Interface-Engineered Heterojunction for High-Efficiency Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction.

Developing noble-metal-free electrocatalysts is important to industrially viable ammonia synthesis through the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). However, the present transition-metal electrocatalysts still suffer from low activity and Faradaic efficiency due to poor interfacial reaction kinetics. Herein, an interface-engineered heterojunction, composed of CoS nanosheets anchored on a TiO2 nanofibrous membrane, is developed. The TiO2 nanofibrous membrane can uniformly confine the CoS nanosheets against agglomeration, and contribute substantially to the NRR performance. The intimate coupling between CoS and TiO2 enables easy charge transfer, resulting in fast reaction kinetics at the heterointerface. The conductivity and structural integrity of the heterojunction are further enhanced by carbon nanoplating. The resulting C@CoS@TiO2 electrocatalyst achieves a high ammonia yield (8.09×10-10  mol s-1 cm-2 ) and Faradaic efficiency (28.6 %), as well as long-term durability.

Chitosan-Based Nanofibrous Membrane Unit with Gradient Compositional and Structural Features for Mimicking Calcified Layer in Osteochondral Matrix.

Chitosan (CH), silk fibroin (SF), and hydroxyapatite (HA) were used to prepare CH/SF/HA composites and the resulting composites were electrospun into nanofibrous membrane units with gradient compositional and structural features. The optimal membrane unit was used together with CH/HA and CH/SF composites to fabricate a type of three-layer scaffold that is intended for osteochondral repair. The bottom layer of the scaffold was built with CH/HA composites and it served as a subchondral layer, the integrated nanofibrous membrane unit functioned as the middle layer for mimicking the calcified layer and the top layer was constructed using CH/SF composites for acting as a chondral layer. The nanofibrous membrane unit was found to be permeable to some molecules with limited molecular weight and was able to prevent the seeded cells from migrating cross the unit, functioning approximately like the calcified layer in the osteochondral matrix. Layered scaffolds showed abilities to promote the growth of both chondrocytes and osteoblasts that were seeded in their chondral layer and bony layer, respectively, and they were also able to support the phenotype preservation of seeded chondrocytes and the mineralization of neotissue in the bony layer. Results suggest that this type of layered scaffolds can function as an analogue of the osteochondral matrix and it has potential in osteochondral repair.

Fabrication of In Vitro Cancer Microtissue Array on Fibroblast-Layered Nanofibrous Membrane by Inkjet Printing.

In general, a drug candidate is evaluated using 2D-cultured cancer cells followed by an animal model. Despite successful preclinical testing, however, most drugs that enter human clinical trials fail. The high failure rates are mainly caused by incompatibility between the responses of the current models and humans. Here, we fabricated a cancer microtissue array in a multi-well format that exhibits heterogeneous and batch-to-batch structure by continuous deposition of collagen-suspended Hela cells on a fibroblast-layered nanofibrous membrane via inkjet printing. Expression of both Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) was higher in cancer microtissues than in fibroblast-free microtissues. The fabricated microtissues were treated with an anticancer drug, and high drug resistance to doxorubicin occurred in cancer microtissues but not in fibroblast-free microtissues. These results introduce an inkjet printing fabrication method for cancer microtissue arrays, which can be used for various applications such as early drug screening and gradual 3D cancer studies.

Rapid determination of sulfonamide residues in pork by surface-modified hydrophilic electrospun nanofibrous membrane solid-phase extraction combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography.

This study aimed to rapidly determine 13 representative sulfonamide (SA) residues in pork by using a surface-modified hydrophilic polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA) electrospun nanofibrous membrane as the solid-phase extraction (SPE) pretreatment sorbent, followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis. The highly hydrophilic nature of PSSA nanofibrous membrane created by vacuum plasma treatment was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), water contact angle, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. In the pretreatment procedures, 13 SA standards, which were spiked in the fatty pork samples, were extracted, enriched, and purified by the SPE procedure based on the principle of ion exchange with the sulfonic groups on the PSSA chains. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves of 13 SA compounds showed good linearities with correlation coefficients (r) of more than 0.99 in the range of 50.0-200 µg kg(-1). The mean recoveries of 13 SAs at the spiked concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 µg kg(-1) were in the range of 70.3-92.5 % with average RSDs (n = 6) of less than 15 % (except for sulfacetamide, 56.9-61.6 %). Compared with other pretreatment methods reported previously, less organic solvent (especially without degreasing the extract with n-hexane) was used in this time-saving SPE procedure, which avoids the possibility of emulsification and therefore enhances the recoveries. The developed and validated analysis method was sensitive, accurate, rapid, convenient, environmentally friendly, and was successfully applied for the detection of 13 SA residues in commercially available pork samples.

Sustained relief of pain from osteosynthesis surgery of rib fracture by using biodegradable lidocaine-eluting nanofibrous membranes.

Various effective methods are available for perioperative pain control in osteosynthesis surgery, but they are seldom applied intraoperatively. The aim of this study was to evaluate a biodegradable poly([d,l]-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)/lidocaine nanofibrous membrane for perioperative pain control in rib fracture surgery. Scanning electron microscopy showed high porosity of the membrane, and an ex vivo high-performance liquid chromatography study revealed an excellent release profile for both burst and controlled release of lidocaine within 30days. Additionally, the PLGA/lidocaine nanofibrous membrane was applied in an experimental rabbit rib osteotomy model. Implantation of the membrane around the osteotomized rib during osteosynthesis surgery resulted in a significant increase in weight gain, food and water consumption, and daily activity compared to the study group without the membrane. In addition, all osteotomized ribs were united. Thus, application of the PLGA/lidocaine nanofibrous membrane may be effective for sustained relief of pain in oeteosynthesis surgery.

Functionalization of cellulose acetate nanofibrous membranes for removal of particulate matters and dyes.

Particulates and organic toxins, such as microplastics and dye molecules, are contaminants in industrial wastewater that must be purified due to environmental and sustainability concerns. Carboxylated cellulose acetate (CTA-COOH) nanofibrous membranes were fabricated using electrospinning followed by an innovative one-step surface hydrolysis/oxidation replacing the conventional two-step reactions. This approach offers a new pathway for the modification strategy of cellulose-based membranes. The CTA-COOH membrane was utilized for the removal of particulates and cationic dyes through filtration and adsorption, respectively. The filtration performance of the CTA-COOH nanofibrous membrane was carried out; high separation efficiency and low pressure drop were achieved, in addition to the high filtration selectivity against 0.6-µm and 0.8-µm nanoparticles. A cationic Bismarck Brown Y, was employed to challenge the adsorption capability of the CTA-COOH nanofibrous membrane, where the maximum adsorption capacity of the membrane for BBY was 158.73 mg/g. The self-standing CTA-COOH membrane could be used to conduct adsorption-desorption for 17 cycles with the regeneration rate as high as 97.0 %. The CTA-COOH nanofibrous membrane has excellent mechanical properties and was employed to manufacture a spiral wound adsorption cartridge, which exhibited remarkable separation efficiency in terms of treated water volume, which was 5.96 L, and retention rate, which was 100 %.