Transradial access in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: Stratified analysis by shock severity.

BACKGROUND: Transradial access (TRA) is associated with improved survival and reduced vascular complications in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Limited data exist regarding TRA utilization and outcomes for AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS). We sought to assess the safety, feasibility, and clinical outcomes of TRA in AMI-CS. METHODS: One-hundred and fifty-three patients with AMI-CS were stratified into tertiles of disease severity using the CardShock score. The primary endpoint was successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), defined as Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction III flow with survival to 30 days. RESULTS: Mean age was 66 years, 72% were men, and 47% had diabetes. TRA was the preferred access site in patients with low and intermediate disease severity. Overall, 50 (32%) patients experienced major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events; most events (78%) occurred in patients undergoing transfemoral access (TFA) in the intermediate-high tertiles of CS severity. Of the 41 (27%) total bleeding events, 32% occurred at the coronary angiography access site, of which 92% were in the TFA group. The use of ultrasound (US) guidance for TFA resulted in reduced coronary access-site bleeding (8.5 vs. 33.0%, p = .01). In a hierarchical logistic regression model, utilizing TRA did not result in lower odds of successful PCI (Odds ratio [OR]: 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54-3.40). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that TRA is feasible across the entire spectrum of AMI-CS and is associated with reduced coronary access-site bleeding. In addition, US-guided TFA is associated with reductions in access-site bleeding and vascular complications. Concerted efforts should be made to incorporate vascular access protocols into existing CS algorithms in dedicated shock care centers.

Prediction of Judkins Left Catheter Size during Left Transradial Coronary Angiography by Simple Chest Radiographic and Echocardiographic Index.

Background and Objectives: Appropriate catheter selection when conducting transradial coronary angiography (CAG) helps shorten examination time, preventing vascular complications and lowering medical expense. However, catheter selection is made based on the practitioner's experience in almost all cases. Therefore, we undertook this study to define radiologic and echocardiographic indices that would enable physicians to anticipate appropriate catheter selection. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of 244 undergoing transradial diagnostic CAG at an established center from February 2006 to April 2014. Patients who successfully underwent angiography with a JL3.5 catheter were defined as the control group, and patients who successfully underwent angiography after the catheter was replaced with a JL4.0 or higher were defined as the switched group. To identify predictors for appropriate catheter selection, radiologic and echocardiographic indices were analyzed. Results: A total of 122 patients in the switched group and 122 patients in the control group were analyzed in this study. Average age was 64.65 ± 8.6 years. In the radiographic index, the switched group exhibited a significantly higher mediastinal-thoracic ratio (0.27 ± 0.05 vs. 0.23 ± 0.03, p < 0.001. Additionally, the mediastinal-cardiac ratio was significantly greater in the switched group (0.50 ± 0.08 vs. 0.45 ± 0.05, p < 0.001). Aortic root diameter, which is used here as the echocardiographic index, was significantly larger in the switched group compared to the control group (34.94 ± 4.18 mm vs. 32.66 ± 3.99 mm, p < 0.001). In the multivariable logistic regression model, mediastinal-cardiac ratio (OR 5.197, 95% CI 2.608-10.355, p < 0.001) and increased aortic root (OR 2.115, 95% CI 1.144-3.912, p = 0.017) were significantly associated with catheter change. Conclusions: Mediastinal-cardiac ratio and aortic root diameter provide helpful and effective indices for appropriate catheter selection during transradial coronary angiography.

It is both possible and safe to perform coronary angiography through the same radial artery, after retrograde recanalization of radial artery occlusion, following a previous coronary angiography.

INTRODUCTION: Radial artery occlusions (RAOs) impose an important problem that limit transradial interventions. In this study, we represent that it is possible to perform interventions through occluded radial arteries. METHOD: Twenty-five patients with RAO who had retrograde flow shown by doppler ultrasonography were enrolled into our study. After preparing the radial region, the radial artery was accessed with a puncture needle. A 0.014″ guidewire was introduced into the brachial artery via the radial artery with the aid of balloon back up. Lesion was predilated with a drug coated peripheral balloon, and a sheath was placed at the end. RESULTS: Radial artery recanalization could be established in 22 of 25 cases and coronary angiography could be performed from those occluded radial arteries. Neither the occlusion duration nor the caliber of the radial artery had any effect on the success rate of recanalization attempts. Two patients had a hematoma because of the intervention and there were no other complications.The patency rates at 1 month follow up have been only 33.4%, too much lower than we expected. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In patients with RAO because of a previous angiographic intervention via their radial arteries may be reintervened from their occluded radial artery safely and effectively. So, our procedure is not intended for neither the recanalization nor keeping the patency of the radial artery, but suitable for those patients in whom other routes of intervention are not wanted.

Case report: radial artery occlusion post-radial angiogram in essential thrombocytosis.

Coronary angiographies that are performed via the radial artery generally have lower bleeding complications, however, patients are at risk of radial artery occlusion, with resultant digital ischaemia. This report describes a case of digital ischaemia after transradial coronary angiography in a patient with essential thrombocytosis. Risk factors for thrombo-occlusive complications, and potential prevention strategies are also explored.

A Randomized Comparison of Radial Artery Intimal Hyperplasia Following Distal Versus Proximal Transradial Access for Coronary Angiography: PRESERVE RADIAL.

BACKGROUND: Distal transradial access (dTRA) is an alternative to conventional forearm transradial access (fTRA) for coronary angiography (CAG). Differences in healing of the radial artery (RA) in the forearm have not been evaluated between these 2 access strategies. We sought to compare the mean difference in forearm RA intimal-medial thickening (IMT) in patients randomized to dTRA versus fTRA. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this single-center randomized clinical trial, 64 patients undergoing nonemergent CAG were randomized (1:1) to dTRA versus fTRA. Ultra-high-resolution (55-MHz) vascular ultrasound of the forearm and distal RA was performed pre-CAG and at 90 days. The primary end point was the mean change in forearm RA IMT. Secondary end points included procedural characteristics, vascular injury, RA occlusion, and ipsilateral hand pain and function. Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics, mean forearm RA IMT, and procedural specifics were similar between the dTRA and fTRA cohorts. There was no difference in mean change in forearm RA IMT between the 2 cohorts (0.07 versus 0.07 mm; P=0.37). No RA occlusions or signs of major vascular injury were observed at 90 days. Ipsilateral hand pain and function (Borg pain scale score: 12 versus 11; P=0.24; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulders, and Hand scale score: 6 versus 8; P=0.46) were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: Following CAG, dTRA was associated with no differences in mean change of forearm RA IMT, hand pain, and function versus fTRA for CAG. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate mechanisms and predictors of RA healing and identify effective strategies to preserving RA integrity for repeated procedures. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT04801901.

The relationship between radial artery spasm and adropin levels in patients undergoing transradial coronary angiography.

Introduction: Transradial coronary angiography (TRA) is associated with a lower incidence of bleeding rate and access site complications and is associated with better outcomes compared to transfemoral angiography. However, radial artery spasm (RAS) is an important limitation of TRA procedures. Little is known regarding the relationship of serum vasodilator and inflammatory markers with RAS. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the association between serum adropin level and RAS in patients undergoing TRA. Methods: From February 2020 to January 2021, 39 consecutive patients who underwent elective daiagnostic TRA and experienced RAS during the procedure, and 42 age and sex matched controls who did not experience RAS were prospectively included into the study. The groups were compared regarding serum adropin levels and inflammatory markers. Results: Although adropin levels were found to be lower in the RAS group, this difference was not statistically significant between the the patients with RAS and controls (14.9 vs. 16.1, P=0.105). However, inflammatory parameters monocyte count and MHR (monocyte/HDL cholesterol ratio) were found to be statistically significantly higher in the RAS group compared to controls (P=0.001 and P=0.010, respectively). Moreover, a significant positive correlation was found between the monocyte count and RAS (r:0.360, P<0.001), and between MHR and RAS (r:0.288, P=0.009). Furthermore, multivariate analysis demonstrated that monocyte count (OR:1.671, 95%CI:1.312-2.094, P=0.001) and MHR (OR:1.116, 95%CI:1.054-1.448, P=0.022) were found to be independent predictors of RAS. Conclusion: Serum vasodilator and inflammatory markers may be useful in the prediction of RAS in patients undergoing TRA procedures.

Iatrogenic aortic dissection following transradial coronary angiography in a patient with an aberrant right subclavian artery.

An aberrant right subclavian artery is a congenital aortic arch anomaly in which the right subclavian artery originates from the proximal descending aorta. The presence of an aberrant right subclavian artery can make right transradial coronary interventions more difficult and even lead to complications. Iatrogenic intramural hematomas and dissection of aberrant right subclavian arteries during transradial coronary angiography have been previously reported. We herein report a case of iatrogenic aortic dissection following attempts to perform right transradial coronary angiography in a patient with an aberrant right subclavian artery. Clinicians should be vigilant for the presence of an aberrant right subclavian artery during right transradial coronary angiography and ensure gentle manipulation of wires and catheters to avoid complications.

[Radial approach in the elderly]. / Abord radial chez le sujet âgé.

Due to the steady increase in life expectancy, the number of patients over 80 years of age proposed for coronary angioplasty is increasing significantly. The elderly patient is a patient at high cardiovascular risk and high risk of bleeding; whose severity of prognosis depends of comorbidities. The radial approach presents particularities and technical difficulties that have to be known in this part of the population, but reduce vascular and hemorrhagic complications, as well as mortality. Because of greater safety, the radial approach is therefore the first choice for the elderly.

Safety and efficacy of transradial coronary angiography and intervention in patients older than 80 years: from the Korean Transradial Intervention Prospective Registry.

BACKGROUND: Radial artery access for coronary procedures is a safe and beneficial technique. However, elderly patients have been considered as a higher risk group of access site related complications compared to younger patients. This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility and safety of transradial coronary angiography or intervention in the elderly. METHODS: A total of 6132 patients from Korean Transradial Intervention Prospective Registry at 20 centers were analyzed. Patients were divided into the non-elderly group (n = 5667) and the elderly (≥ 80 years) group (n = 465). Using propensity score matching, the elderly group (n = 465) was compared with one-to-one matched the non-elderly group (n = 465). RESULTS: After propensity score matching, mean age was 64.3 ± 10.3 years in the non-elderly group and 83.5 ± 3.3 years in the elderly group. There was no difference of procedural characteristics, procedural and fluoroscopic times. Access site cross-over rate was not different between the non-elderly group and elderly group (7.5% vs. 6.2%, P = 0.074). Bleeding complications occurred similarly in two groups (2.6% of the non-elderly group vs. 1.9% of the elderly group, P = 0.660). Access site complications were 1.9% of the non-elderly group and 0.9% of the elderly group (P = 0.263). Both of in hospital death and cardiovascular death for one year were also similar between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Transradial angiography or intervention was safe and feasible in elderly patients. Complication rates and clinical outcomes in elderly patients were comparable with those in non-elderly patients.

Complications of Transradial Cardiac Catheterization and Management.

The transradial approach for coronary angiography has become an increasingly used alternative to the conventional transfemoral approach. Decreased access site complications and bleeding, reduced hospital stays and health care costs, and increased patient satisfaction contribute to the attractiveness of this approach. However, operators must be familiar with the distinct complications associated with the transradial approach. In this article, we discuss the common and less common complications of transradial catheterization, prevention strategies, and management options.

Initial experience of cardiac catheterization through distal radial access in a femoralist center / Experiencia inicial de cateterización cardiaca mediante acceso radial distal en un centro femoralista

Objective: to share our experience in the radial distal approach to perform coronary angiography and / or dilation of coronary stenosis. The initial results are exposed in the access of the distal radial artery or in the so-called anatomical "snuff box". Methods: The left or right radial distal artery was used as an access site in 6 patients admitted to the Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery for coronary angiography and dilatation of coronary stenosis between May 6 and June 6 of 2019. All with pulse present in their distal radial artery. In the laboratory, they had the access arm flexed with respect to the homolateral shoulder so that the hand was placed on their contralateral groin. In all cases, the operator was placed on the right side of the patient, to perform coronary angiography and / or dilation of coronary stenosis. During the hospital stay, the main demographic characteristics and complications were recorded. Results: the average age of the patients was 72 +/- 10 years and 83.3 percent were men. We use the Judkins and Amplatz 6 and 5 French catheters for the procedures. Five admitted with the diagnosis of angina and one with severe aortic valve stenosis. In 5 patients, distal transradial coronary angiography was successfully performed. Only one patient experienced distal radial spasm, using in this case the ipsilateral proximal radial access, without making it necessary to approach the femoral artery. In total, 4 patients had coronary intervention, performing successfully in the 4 patients. The right coronary artery was the artery that required most of the intervention (3 patients). There were no cases of occlusion of the radial arteries, no hematoma of the hand, of the B.A.R.C scale greater than 1 was observed in any patient. Numbness of the hand was documented in none. The radial introducer was removed at the end of the procedure. Hemostasis was achieved with manual compression. Conclusion: the distal radial approach is feasible in a selected group of patients as a procedure for coronary angiography and dilatation of coronary stenosis(AU)

Objetivo: compartir nuestra experiencia en el abordaje radial distal para realizar la angiografía coronaria y/o la dilatación de la estenosis coronaria. Se exponen los resultados iniciales en el acceso de la arteria radial distal o en la llamada "tabaquera" anatómica. Métodos: se utilizó la arteria radial distal izquierda o derecha como sitio de acceso en 6 pacientes ingresados en el Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular para angiografía coronaria y dilatación de estenosis coronaria del 6 de mayo al 6 de junio de 2019. Todos los pacientes tenían pulso en la arteria radial distal. En el laboratorio, se les flexionó el brazo de acceso con respecto al hombro homolateral de modo que la mano descansara sobre la ingle contralateral. En todos los casos, el técnico se situó a la derecha del paciente para realizar la angiografía coronaria y/o dilatación de la estenosis coronaria. Durante la estancia de los pacientes en el hospital, se registraron sus principales características demográficas y complicaciones. Resultados: la edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 72 +/- 10 años y 83,3 por ciento eran hombres. Usamos catéteres franceses Judkins y Amplatz 6 y 5 para los procedimientos. Cinco pacientes habían sido ingresados con un diagnóstico de angina y uno con estenosis valvular aórtica severa. La angiografía coronaria transradial distal fue exitosa en 5 pacientes. Solo un paciente experimentó un espasmo distal radial, usándose en ese caso el acceso radial proximal ipsilateral sin que fuera necesario abordar la arteria femoral. Un total de 4 pacientes se sometieron a intervención coronaria, la que fue exitosa en los 4. La arteria coronaria derecha fue la que requirió la mayor parte de la intervención (3 pacientes). No hubo ningún caso de oclusión de las arterias radiales ni de hematoma de la mano. Tampoco se observó un valor de la escala BARC mayor de 1 en ningún paciente. No se documentó entumecimiento de la mano en ningún paciente. El introductor radial se retiró al final del procedimiento. La hemostasia se alcanzó mediante compresión manual. Conclusión: el abordaje radial distal es factible en un grupo seleccionado de pacientes como procedimiento para la angiografía coronaria y la dilatación de la estenosis coronaria(AU)

Early and late response-to-injury in patients undergoing transradial coronary angiography: arterial remodeling in smokers.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of smoking on vascular response to transradial coronary angiography (TCA). BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is the most important modifiable cardiovascular risk factor associated with endothelial dysfunction. METHODS: Radial artery flow-mediated vasodilation (RA-FMD), local stiffness (fractional diameter change), intima-media thickness (IMT), luminal and external arterial diameter were measured in 40 current smokers (CS) and former smokers (FS) at 6-14 months at the site of previous TCA and contralateral control artery. Vascular regenerative capacity was studied as chemotactic cell migration in vitro and ex vivo (n=10) and the time course of endothelial functional recovery following RA-FMD up to 72 h after TCA (n=10). RESULTS: At 10 ± 3 months after TCA, subjects exhibited significant local stiffening and increased IMT as compared to the control arm. These late structural changes were significantly more pronounced in CS as compared to FS. IMT thickening correlated with packyears, number of daily cigarettes, and inversely with RA-FMD. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent chemotaxis of CS' circulating angiogenic cells was impaired. Ex vivo incubation of endothelial cells with CS' plasma inhibited NOS-dependent endothelial wound closure and chemotaxis. In vivo, TCA acutely decreased RA-FMD. At 24 h, RA-FMD had recovered in FS but remained impaired at 24 h and only recovered at 48 h in CS. CONCLUSION: In active smokers, transradial coronary angiography is associated with delayed early recovery from transient endothelial dysfunction, decreased NOS-dependent vascular regeneration, and late arterial remodeling pointing towards potential harmful effects of transradial coronary angiography on vascular function in distinct subsets of patients.