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1.
PLoS Biol ; 16(10): e2006906, 2018 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30278047

RESUMO

On April 24, 2018, a suspect in California's notorious Golden State Killer cases was arrested after decades of eluding the police. Using a novel forensic approach, investigators identified the suspect by first identifying his relatives using a free, online genetic database populated by individuals researching their family trees. In the wake of the case, media outlets reported privacy concerns with police access to personal genetic data generated by or shared with genealogy services. Recent data from 1,587 survey respondents, however, provide preliminary reason to question whether such concerns have been overstated. Still, limitations on police access to genetic genealogy databases in particular may be desirable for reasons other than current public demand for them.


Assuntos
Criminosos , Genética Forense/métodos , Genealogia e Heráldica , Polícia , Adolescente , Adulto , California , Criminosos/legislação & jurisprudência , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/ética , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Feminino , Genética Forense/ética , Genética Forense/legislação & jurisprudência , Privacidade Genética/ética , Privacidade Genética/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Masculino , Linhagem , Polícia/ética , Polícia/legislação & jurisprudência , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
2.
Int J Legal Med ; 134(4): 1323-1324, 2020 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31707566

RESUMO

In the present study, genetic diversity indices and forensic parameters of Rajput population of Himachal Pradesh, India, were obtained at 20 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci included in the PowerPlex® 21 System (Promega, USA). With 227 alleles and 11.35 ± 0.89 alleles per locus, none of the locus deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). The most polymorphic and discriminative locus was Penta E. Phylogenetic tree showed high genetic affinity of Rajput population of Himachal Pradesh with Rajputs of Madhya Pradesh and Yadav of Bihar. Overall, the tested 20 autosomal STRs were polymorphic in Rajput population and found suitable in forensic casework and population genetic studies.


Assuntos
Impressões Digitais de DNA/métodos , Etnicidade/genética , Frequência do Gene , Repetições de Microssatélites , Polimorfismo Genético , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Feminino , Genética Populacional , Humanos , Índia/etnologia , Masculino
3.
Int J Legal Med ; 134(4): 1329-1330, 2020 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31729604

RESUMO

In this study, we evaluated the genetic diversity indices and forensic parameters of scheduled caste population of Himachal Pradesh, India, at 20 autosomal STR loci. Altogether, 233 alleles were observed with an average of 11.65 ± 0.88 alleles per locus. In exception of locus D13S317, no loci deviated from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. Locus Penta E was found to be the most polymorphic and discriminative loci. The combined power of discrimination and the combined power of exclusion were 1 and 0.999. Further, we established the phylogenetic relationship between the scheduled caste population of Himachal Pradesh and 14 other populations of India. We found 20 autosomal STR loci used in the present study were polymorphic and can be used in population genetic studies and forensic related case works.


Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Frequência do Gene , Loci Gênicos , Repetições de Microssatélites , Polimorfismo Genético , Classe Social , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Feminino , Humanos , Índia/etnologia , Masculino
4.
Genet Med ; 19(7): 838-841, 2017 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27977006

RESUMO

Public variant databases support the curation, clinical interpretation, and sharing of genomic data, thus reducing harmful errors or delays in diagnosis. As variant databases are increasingly relied on in the clinical context, there is concern that negligent variant interpretation will harm patients and attract liability. This article explores the evolving legal duties of laboratories, public variant databases, and physicians in clinical genomics and recommends a governance framework for databases to promote responsible data sharing.Genet Med advance online publication 15 December 2016.


Assuntos
Bases de Dados Genéticas/ética , Bases de Dados Genéticas/legislação & jurisprudência , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/ética , Curadoria de Dados/normas , Bases de Dados Genéticas/estatística & dados numéricos , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/tendências , Variação Genética , Genômica/ética , Genômica/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Disseminação de Informação/ética , Disseminação de Informação/legislação & jurisprudência
5.
Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet ; 13: 395-413, 2012.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22404491

RESUMO

There are an increasing number of population studies collecting data and samples to illuminate gene-environment contributions to disease risk and health. The rising affordability of innovative technologies capable of generating large amounts of data helps achieve statistical power and has paved the way for new international research collaborations. Most data and sample collections can be grouped into longitudinal, disease-specific, or residual tissue biobanks, with accompanying ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI). Issues pertaining to consent, confidentiality, and oversight cannot be examined using a one-size-fits-all approach-the particularities of each biobank must be taken into account. It remains to be seen whether current governance approaches will be adequate to handle the impact of next-generation sequencing technologies on communication with participants in population biobanking studies.


Assuntos
Privacidade Genética/legislação & jurisprudência , Genoma Humano , Acesso à Informação , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/ética , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Privacidade Genética/ética , Variação Genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/ética , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/legislação & jurisprudência , Internacionalidade , População , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Bancos de Tecidos/ética , Bancos de Tecidos/legislação & jurisprudência
7.
Forensic Sci Int ; 361: 112154, 2024 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39047516

RESUMO

The inception of forensic DNA elimination database represents a pivotal advancement in forensic science, aiming to streamline the process of distinguishing between DNA found at crime scenes and that of individuals involved in the investigation process, such as law enforcement personnel and forensic lab staff. In subsequent phases, once familiarity with the database is achieved by its administrators and other stakeholders, and they have accrued sufficient experience, the possibility of expanding the database to encompass first responders-including firefighters, paramedics, emergency medical technicians, and other emergency services personnel-can be contemplated. Key challenges in managing these databases encompass the grounds for collecting samples, ensuring the integrity of both samples and profiles, along with the duration of retention, access to the database, and the protocols to follow when a match is found in the database. This paper outlines the conceptual and detailed legislative framework in Hungary, where the forensic DNA elimination database was introduced in 2022.


Assuntos
Impressões Digitais de DNA , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos , Humanos , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Impressões Digitais de DNA/legislação & jurisprudência , Hungria , DNA , Genética Forense/legislação & jurisprudência
8.
J Forensic Sci ; 69(5): 1758-1770, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38922865

RESUMO

In 2019, the Texas Department of Public Safety (TXDPS) Texas Ranger Division (TRD) identified approximately 3300 registered sex offenders (RSOs) from whom a "lawfully owed" DNA sample was missing from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). Lawfully owed DNA (LODNA) is defined as a DNA sample from a qualifying offender who should have had their sample entered into CODIS, but for unknown reasons did not. As a result of those findings, TXDPS then applied for and was awarded a grant from the Bureau of Justice Assistance's Sexual Assault Kit Initiative to collect DNA specimens from these RSOs, and to perform a statewide LODNA census. TXDPS TRD sought to determine: Are the missed DNA collection problems limited to RSO's or are they occurring among individuals with a qualifying arrest or conviction as specified by state law too? What processes are used to identify individuals who are eligible for DNA sample collection? How is an individuals' DNA collection eligibility conveyed to external agencies? The findings from TXDPS' LODNA census, identified 43,245 individuals who were likely eligible for DNA collection between 1995 and 2020, therefore indicating statewide DNA collection issues. Over 4 years, collection efforts pertaining to the aforementioned lawfully owed census, have yielded 5183 LODNA sample collections, and 276 CODIS hits. This manuscript aims to create an awareness within other agencies of the importance of implementing best practices to ensure the collection and upload of LODNA from every eligible individual.


Assuntos
Impressões Digitais de DNA , DNA , Delitos Sexuais , Manejo de Espécimes , Humanos , Impressões Digitais de DNA/legislação & jurisprudência , Texas , Delitos Sexuais/legislação & jurisprudência , DNA/isolamento & purificação , DNA/análise , Criminosos/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Estados Unidos , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência
9.
Duke Law J ; 62(4): 933-73, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23461001

RESUMO

Pursuant to federal statutes and to laws in all fifty states, the United States government has assembled a database containing the DNA profiles of over eleven million citizens. Without judicial authorization, the government searches each of these profiles one-hundred thousand times every day, seeking to link database subjects to crimes they are not suspected of committing. Yet, courts and scholars that have addressed DNA databasing have focused their attention almost exclusively on the constitutionality of the government's seizure of the biological samples from which the profiles are generated. This Note fills a gap in the scholarship by examining the Fourth Amendment problems that arise when the government searches its vast DNA database. This Note argues that each attempt to match two DNA profiles constitutes a Fourth Amendment search because each attempted match infringes upon database subjects' expectations of privacy in their biological relationships and physical movements. The Note further argues that database searches are unreasonable as they are currently conducted, and it suggests an adaptation of computer-search procedures to remedy the constitutional deficiency.


Assuntos
Acesso à Informação/legislação & jurisprudência , Direitos Civis/legislação & jurisprudência , Impressões Digitais de DNA/legislação & jurisprudência , Bases de Dados Factuais/legislação & jurisprudência , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Privacidade Genética/legislação & jurisprudência , Armazenamento e Recuperação da Informação/legislação & jurisprudência , Acesso à Informação/ética , Direitos Civis/ética , Direito Penal/ética , DNA/análise , Impressões Digitais de DNA/ética , Bases de Dados Factuais/ética , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/ética , Governo Federal , Medicina Legal/ética , Medicina Legal/legislação & jurisprudência , Privacidade Genética/ética , Humanos , Armazenamento e Recuperação da Informação/métodos , Estados Unidos
10.
Int J Legal Med ; 125(5): 733-9, 2011 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20567841

RESUMO

DNA databases are the most efficient tools in criminal investigations with unknown perpetrators. Due to a significant number of random matches in cross-border DNA profile exchanges, the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) proposed the addition of further short tandem repeats (STRs) to European DNA databases. Therefore, the new Powerplex® ESX17 and Powerplex® ESI17 kits from Promega comprised the 11 established DNA database STRs and additionally the well-known loci D1S1656 and D12S391, as well as D2S441, D10S1248, and D22S1045. The latter three STRs are thereby established as so-called mini-STRs to fulfill the increasing requirements regarding sensitivity and reproducibility for analysis of minute amounts of DNA. Here, we provide allele frequencies for the five additional STRs from two populations from Germany. A test regarding suitability and robustness of the new kits for routine trace analysis showed that it is more likely to obtain a meaningful profile using Powerplex® ESX17 and Powerplex® ESI17 kits compared to the Powerplex® ES kit. However, for both new kits the range of template DNA amount is rather small, e.g., slightly more DNA than recommended resulted in DNA profiles which could not be reliably evaluated due to allelic drop-in or imbalances and overshoots. In our opinion, the new kits are very promising new tools in forensic trace analysis even though handling and evaluation should yet be carried out with great caution.


Assuntos
Impressões Digitais de DNA/legislação & jurisprudência , Impressões Digitais de DNA/métodos , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Genética Forense/legislação & jurisprudência , Genética Forense/métodos , Frequência do Gene/genética , Genética Populacional , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex/métodos , Feminino , Alemanha , Humanos , Masculino , Paternidade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes
11.
Forensic Sci Int ; 316: 110543, 2020 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33152660

RESUMO

Forensic genetic genealogy, a technique leveraging new DNA capabilities and public genetic databases to identify suspects, raises specific considerations in a law enforcement context. Use of this technique requires consideration of its scientific and technical limitations, including the composition of current online datasets, and consideration of its scientific validity. Additionally, forensic genetic genealogy needs to be considered in the relevant legal context to determine the best way in which to make use of its potential to generate investigative leads while minimising its impact on individual privacy. This article presents these issues from an Australian perspective, with the observations and conclusions likely to be applicable to other jurisdictions.


Assuntos
Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos , Linhagem , Austrália , Confidencialidade/legislação & jurisprudência , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Genética Forense , Privacidade Genética/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Controle de Qualidade , Confiança
12.
Forensic Sci Int ; 316: 110540, 2020 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33128929

RESUMO

The Iberoamerican Working Group on DNA Analysis (GITAD) as part of the Iberoamerican Academy of Criminalistics and Forensic Studies (AICEF), which has existed since 1998, has several working commissions in its structure in order to carry out actions in its specific areas of activity. Among them is the Database Commission, which has been monitoring the development of DNA databases in Latin America, Portugal and Spain. The members of this commission produced a questionnaire and submitted it to the institutions that integrate or collaborate with GITAD in order to obtain an overview of the DNA databases in these countries. Among the representatives of the 15 countries that responded to the survey, 13 have some kind of database - criminal or related to the search for missing persons. However, 11 reported that they have some kind of legal norm. That is, there are countries that do not have legislation but that have already implemented their DNA databases. In addition, an investigation was carried out on local legislation to complement the information presented by the representatives of said institutions. After analyzing the results, it was possible to observe a large movement in Latin America that points to the advancement of DNA databases and their use both in the search for missing persons and for criminal investigation purposes. However, the scenario is still heterogeneous and articles like this can support different countries in making decisions about the development of these tools.


Assuntos
Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Academias e Institutos , Comitês Consultivos , Crime/legislação & jurisprudência , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Humanos , América Latina , Inquéritos e Questionários
14.
Fordham Law Rev ; 77(2): 917-49, 2008 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19353834

RESUMO

DNA plays an indispensable role in modern law enforcement, and courts uniformly find that DNA extraction statutes targeting criminals satisfy the Fourth Amendment. Courts differ on which Fourth Amendment test--totality of the circumstances or special needs--ought to be employed in this context. This Note concludes that courts should apply Samson v. California's less stringent totality of the circumstances test to analyze DNA extraction statutes in order to maintain the integrity of the special needs test.


Assuntos
Direitos Civis/legislação & jurisprudência , Impressões Digitais de DNA/legislação & jurisprudência , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Medicina Legal/legislação & jurisprudência , Privacidade Genética/legislação & jurisprudência , Delitos Sexuais/legislação & jurisprudência , California , Humanos , Manejo de Espécimes , Estados Unidos
15.
Forensic Sci Int ; 284: 117-128, 2018 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29367171

RESUMO

In 2008, the European Court of Human Rights, in S and Marper v the United Kingdom, ruled that a retention regime that permits the indefinite retention of DNA records of both convicted and non-convicted ("innocent") individuals is disproportionate. The court noted that there was inadequate evidence to justify the retention of DNA records of the innocent. Since the Marper ruling, the laws governing the taking, use, and retention of forensic DNA in England and Wales have changed with the enactment of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (PoFA). This Act, put briefly, permits the indefinite retention of DNA profiles of most convicted individuals and temporal retention for some first-time convicted minors and innocent individuals on the National DNA Database (NDNAD). The PoFA regime was implemented in October 2013. This paper examines ten post-implementation reports of the NDNAD Strategy Board (3), the NDNAD Ethics Group (3) and the Office of the Biometrics Commissioner (OBC) (4). Overall, the reports highlight a considerable improvement in the performance of the database, with a current match rate of 63.3%. Further, the new regime has strengthened the genetic privacy protection of UK citizens. The OBC reports detail implementation challenges ranging from technical, legal and procedural issues to sufficient understanding of the requirements of PoFA by police forces. Risks highlighted in these reports include the deletion of some "retainable" profiles, which could potentially lead to future crimes going undetected. A further risk is the illegal retention of some profiles from innocent individuals, which may lead to privacy issues and legal challenges. In conclusion, the PoFA regime appears to be working well, however, critical research is still needed to evaluate its overall efficacy compared to other retention regimes.


Assuntos
Impressões Digitais de DNA/legislação & jurisprudência , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Privacidade Genética/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Polícia , Prisioneiros , Reino Unido
16.
Forensic Sci Rev ; 29(2): 145-169, 2017 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28691916

RESUMO

This review describes the social and ethical responses to the history of innovations in forensic genetics and their application to criminal investigations. Following an outline of the three recurrent social perspectives that have informed these responses (crime management, due process, and genetic surveillance), it goes on to introduce the repertoire of ethical considerations by describing a series of key reports that have shaped subsequent commentaries on forensic DNA profiling and databasing. Four major ethical concerns form the focus of the remainder of the paper (dignity, privacy, justice, and social solidarity), and key features of forensic genetic practice are examined in the light of these concerns. The paper concludes with a discussion of the concept of "proportionality" as a resource for balancing the social and ethical risks and benefits of the use of forensic genetics in support of criminal justice.


Assuntos
Genética Forense/ética , Genética Forense/legislação & jurisprudência , Impressões Digitais de DNA/ética , Impressões Digitais de DNA/legislação & jurisprudência , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/ética , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Privacidade Genética/ética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/ética , Direitos Humanos/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Autonomia Pessoal
17.
Forensic Sci Int Genet ; 16: 52-57, 2015 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25531059

RESUMO

Pet hair has a demonstrated value in resolving legal issues. Cat hair is chronically shed and it is difficult to leave a home with cats without some level of secondary transfer. The power of cat hair as an evidentiary resource may be underused because representative genetic databases are not available for exclusionary purposes. Mitochondrial control region databases are highly valuable for hair analyses and have been developed for the cat. In a representative worldwide data set, 83% of domestic cat mitotypes belong to one of twelve major types. Of the remaining 17%, 7.5% are unique within the published 1394 sample database. The current research evaluates the sample size necessary to establish a representative population for forensic comparison of the mitochondrial control region for the domestic cat. For most worldwide populations, randomly sampling 50 unrelated local individuals will achieve saturation at 95%. The 99% saturation is achieved by randomly sampling 60-170 cats, depending on the numbers of mitotypes available in the population at large. Likely due to the recent domestication of the cat and minimal localized population substructure, fewer cats are needed to meet mitochondria DNA control region database practical saturation than for humans or dogs. Coupled with the available worldwide feline control region database of nearly 1400 cats, minimal local sampling will be required to establish an appropriate comparative representative database and achieve significant exclusionary power.


Assuntos
Gatos/genética , Impressões Digitais de DNA/veterinária , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Genética Forense/métodos , Cabelo/química , Animais , Impressões Digitais de DNA/legislação & jurisprudência , Impressões Digitais de DNA/métodos , DNA Mitocondrial/análise , Genética Forense/legislação & jurisprudência , Mitocôndrias/química , Mitocôndrias/genética , Animais de Estimação
19.
Curr Opin Mol Ther ; 4(6): 542-7, 2002 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12596355

RESUMO

The protection of inventions based on human DNA sequences has been achieved mainly through application of the patent system. Over the past decade, there has been continuing debate about whether this use of intellectual property rights is acceptable. Companies and universities have been active during this period in filing thousands of patent applications. Although many have argued that to claim a DNA sequence in a patent is to claim a discovery, patent law allows discoveries that are useful to be claimed as part of an invention. As the technology to isolate DNA sequences has advanced, the criterion for inventiveness, necessary for any invention to be eligible for filing, has become more difficult to justify in the case of claims to DNA sequences. Moreover, the discovery that a gene is associated with a particular disease is, it is argued, to discover a fact about the world and undeserving of the status of an invention. Careful examination of the grounds for allowing the patenting of DNA sequences as research tools suggests such rewards will rarely be justified. The patenting of DNA sequences as chemical intermediates necessary for the manufacture of therapeutic proteins is, however, reasonable given that the information within the sequence is applied to produce a tangible substance which has application as a medicine. Despite the legal, technical and political complexities of applying the flexibilities with the current law, it is argued that much could be achieved in the area of patenting DNA by raising the thresholds for patentability.


Assuntos
DNA/genética , Patentes como Assunto/legislação & jurisprudência , Animais , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos
20.
Acad Med ; 77(12 Pt 2): 1339-47, 2002 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12480644

RESUMO

Two kinds of currently available genomic patents may significantly interfere with medical research: (1) patents such as those on specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which may include claims that control the inference of phenotypic characteristics from specific genotypes, and (2) patents on computer-based genomic information, databases, or manipulation procedures. These will create more serious encumbrances than will patents on expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Two approaches should be considered vis-à-vis these genomic patents: (1) Reconsideration and redefinition of the recent extensions of patentable subject matter into more and more intangible areas. This could be pursued by legislation or by test litigation to seek Supreme Court reversal of certain of the decisions of the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC). (2) A narrow legislative exemption protecting the ability to use SNPs and phenotypic-genotypic relationships in medical research, including contexts in which medical research and clinical practice are substantially intertwined.


Assuntos
Pesquisa em Genética/economia , Pesquisa em Genética/legislação & jurisprudência , Genômica/economia , Genômica/legislação & jurisprudência , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/economia , Patentes como Assunto/legislação & jurisprudência , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/economia , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Propriedade/economia , Propriedade/legislação & jurisprudência , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único
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