RESUMO
COVID-19-induced "acute respiratory distress syndrome" (ARDS) is associated with prolonged respiratory failure and high mortality, but the mechanistic basis of lung injury remains incompletely understood. Here, we analyze pulmonary immune responses and lung pathology in two cohorts of patients with COVID-19 ARDS using functional single-cell genomics, immunohistology, and electron microscopy. We describe an accumulation of CD163-expressing monocyte-derived macrophages that acquired a profibrotic transcriptional phenotype during COVID-19 ARDS. Gene set enrichment and computational data integration revealed a significant similarity between COVID-19-associated macrophages and profibrotic macrophage populations identified in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. COVID-19 ARDS was associated with clinical, radiographic, histopathological, and ultrastructural hallmarks of pulmonary fibrosis. Exposure of human monocytes to SARS-CoV-2, but not influenza A virus or viral RNA analogs, was sufficient to induce a similar profibrotic phenotype in vitro. In conclusion, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 triggers profibrotic macrophage responses and pronounced fibroproliferative ARDS.
Assuntos
COVID-19/patologia , COVID-19/virologia , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/patologia , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/virologia , Macrófagos/patologia , Macrófagos/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciação Mielomonocítica/metabolismo , COVID-19/diagnóstico por imagem , Comunicação Celular , Estudos de Coortes , Fibroblastos/patologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/diagnóstico por imagem , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/genética , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Fenótipo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Receptores de Superfície Celular/metabolismo , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/patologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/virologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
Progression and persistence of malignancies are influenced by the local tumor microenvironment, and future eradication of currently incurable tumors will, in part, hinge on our understanding of malignant cell biology in the context of their nourishing surroundings. Here, we generated paired single-cell transcriptomic datasets of tumor cells and the bone marrow immune and stromal microenvironment in multiple myeloma. These analyses identified myeloma-specific inflammatory mesenchymal stromal cells, which spatially colocalized with tumor cells and immune cells and transcribed genes involved in tumor survival and immune modulation. Inflammatory stromal cell signatures were driven by stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines, and analyses of immune cell subsets suggested interferon-responsive effector T cell and CD8+ stem cell memory T cell populations as potential sources of stromal cell-activating cytokines. Tracking stromal inflammation in individuals over time revealed that successful antitumor induction therapy is unable to revert bone marrow inflammation, predicting a role for mesenchymal stromal cells in disease persistence.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/imunologia , Mieloma Múltiplo/imunologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacologia , Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Óssea/imunologia , Medula Óssea/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mieloma Múltiplo/tratamento farmacológico , Mieloma Múltiplo/patologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/prevenção & controle , Cultura Primária de Células , Estudos Prospectivos , RNA-Seq , Análise de Célula Única , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Microambiente Tumoral/genéticaRESUMO
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the leading cause of cardiovascular death and remains the most common cause of heart failure. Reopening of the occluded artery, i.e., reperfusion, is the only way to save the myocardium. However, the expected benefits of reducing infarct size are disappointing due to the reperfusion paradox, which also induces specific cell death. These ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) lesions can account for up to 50% of final infarct size, a major determinant for both mortality and the risk of heart failure (morbidity). In this review, we provide a detailed description of the cell death and inflammation mechanisms as features of I/R injury and cardioprotective strategies such as ischemic postconditioning as well as their underlying mechanisms. Due to their biological properties, the use of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) has been considered a potential therapeutic approach in AMI. Despite promising results and evidence of safety in preclinical studies using MSCs, the effects reported in clinical trials are not conclusive and even inconsistent. These discrepancies were attributed to many parameters such as donor age, in vitro culture, and storage time as well as injection time window after AMI, which alter MSC therapeutic properties. In the context of AMI, future directions will be to generate MSCs with enhanced properties to limit cell death in myocardial tissue and thereby reduce infarct size and improve the healing phase to increase postinfarct myocardial performance.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Infarto do Miocárdio , Humanos , Infarto do Miocárdio/terapia , Infarto do Miocárdio/patologia , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Cardiovasculares , Insuficiência Cardíaca/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologiaRESUMO
How organ-specific metastatic traits arise in primary tumors remains unknown. Here, we show a role of the breast tumor stroma in selecting cancer cells that are primed for metastasis in bone. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in triple-negative (TN) breast tumors skew heterogeneous cancer cell populations toward a predominance of clones that thrive on the CAF-derived factors CXCL12 and IGF1. Limiting concentrations of these factors select for cancer cells with high Src activity, a known clinical predictor of bone relapse and an enhancer of PI3K-Akt pathway activation by CXCL12 and IGF1. Carcinoma clones selected in this manner are primed for metastasis in the CXCL12-rich microenvironment of the bone marrow. The evidence suggests that stromal signals resembling those of a distant organ select for cancer cells that are primed for metastasis in that organ, thus illuminating the evolution of metastatic traits in a primary tumor and its distant metastases.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas/secundário , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Metástase Neoplásica , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ósseas/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Quimiocina CXCL12/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Camundongos , Transplante de Neoplasias , Transcrição Gênica , Transplante Heterólogo , Quinases da Família src/genética , Quinases da Família src/metabolismoRESUMO
Bone marrow is the tissue filling the space between bone surfaces. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are maintained by special microenvironments known as niches within bone marrow cavities. Mesenchymal cells, termed CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)-abundant reticular (CAR) cells or leptin receptor-positive (LepR+) cells, are a major cellular component of HSC niches that gives rise to osteoblasts in bone marrow. However, it remains unclear how osteogenesis is prevented in most CAR/LepR+ cells to maintain HSC niches and marrow cavities. Here, using lineage tracing, we found that the transcription factor early B-cell factor 3 (Ebf3) is preferentially expressed in CAR/LepR+ cells and that Ebf3-expressing cells are self-renewing mesenchymal stem cells in adult marrow. When Ebf3 is deleted in CAR/LepR+ cells, HSC niche function is severely impaired, and bone marrow is osteosclerotic with increased bone in aged mice. In mice lacking Ebf1 and Ebf3, CAR/LepR+ cells exhibiting a normal morphology are abundantly present, but their niche function is markedly impaired with depleted HSCs in infant marrow. Subsequently, the mutants become progressively more osteosclerotic, leading to the complete occlusion of marrow cavities in early adulthood. CAR/LepR+ cells differentiate into bone-producing cells with reduced HSC niche factor expression in the absence of Ebf1/Ebf3 Thus, HSC cellular niches express Ebf3 that is required to create HSC niches, to inhibit their osteoblast differentiation, and to maintain spaces for HSCs.
Assuntos
Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores Etários , Animais , Medula Óssea/patologia , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem da Célula , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Osteogênese/genética , Nicho de Células-Tronco , Transativadores/genética , Transativadores/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
Preclinical models that display spontaneous metastasis are necessary to improve the therapeutic options for hormone receptor-positive breast cancers. Within this study, detailed cellular and molecular characterization was conducted on MCa-P1362, a newly established mouse model of metastatic breast cancer that is syngeneic in BALB/c mice. MCa-P1362 cancer cells express estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. MCa-P1362 cancer cells proliferate in vitro and in vivo in response to estrogen, yet do not depend on steroid hormones for growth and tumor progression. Analysis of MCa-P1362 tumor explants revealed the tumors contained a mixture of cancer cells and mesenchymal stromal cells. Through transcriptomic and functional analyses of both cancer and stromal cells, stem cells were detected within both populations. Functional studies demonstrated that MCa-P1362 cancer stem cells drove tumor initiation, whereas stromal cells from these tumors contributed to drug resistance. MCa-P1362 may serve as a useful preclinical model to investigate the cellular and molecular basis of breast tumor progression and therapeutic resistance.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Receptor ErbB-2 , Receptores de Estrogênio , Animais , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Receptor ErbB-2/metabolismo , Camundongos , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/patologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/metabolismoRESUMO
Chronic inflammation is often associated with the development of tissue fibrosis, but how mesenchymal cell responses dictate pathological fibrosis versus resolution and healing remains unclear. Defining stromal heterogeneity and identifying molecular circuits driving extracellular matrix deposition and remodeling stands to illuminate the relationship between inflammation, fibrosis, and healing. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of colon-derived stromal cells and identified distinct classes of fibroblasts with gene signatures that are differentially regulated by chronic inflammation, including IL-11-producing inflammatory fibroblasts. We further identify a transcriptional program associated with trans-differentiation of mucosa-associated fibroblasts and define a functional gene signature associated with matrix deposition and remodeling in the inflamed colon. Our analysis supports a critical role for the metalloprotease Adamdec1 at the interface between tissue remodeling and healing during colitis, demonstrating its requirement for colon epithelial integrity. These findings provide mechanistic insight into how inflammation perturbs stromal cell behaviors to drive fibroblastic responses controlling mucosal matrix remodeling and healing.
Assuntos
Proteínas ADAM/imunologia , Colite/imunologia , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/imunologia , Proteínas ADAM/deficiência , Proteínas ADAM/genética , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/genética , Colite/patologia , Colo/imunologia , Colo/patologia , Matriz Extracelular/imunologia , Fibroblastos/patologia , Fibrose , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Inflamação , Interleucina-11/genética , Interleucina-11/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Masculino , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Análise de Célula Única , Dodecilsulfato de Sódio/administração & dosagem , Transcrição Gênica , Transcriptoma , Cicatrização/genética , Cicatrização/imunologiaRESUMO
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) consisting of an abundance of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which is known to facilitate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The development of single-cell genomics is a powerful method for defining the intricate genetic landscapes of malignancies. In this study, we have employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to dissect the intra-tumoral heterogeneity and analyze the single-cell transcriptomic landscape to detect rare consequential cell subpopulations of significance. The scRNA-seq analysis of TNBC and Normal patient derived samples revealed that EMT markers and transcription factors were most upregulated in MSC population. Further, exploration of gene expression analysis among TNBC and Normal patient-derived MSCs ascertained the role of SQSTM1/P62 and Wnt/ß-catenin in TNBC progression. Wnt/ß-catenin and Wnt/PCP signaling pathways are prominent contributors of EMT, stemness, and cancer stem cell (CSC) properties of TNBC. SQSTM1/P62 cooperates with the components of the Wnt/PCP signaling pathway and is critically involved at the interface of autophagy and EMT. Moreover, siRNA targeting SQSTM1/P62 and inhibitor of Wnt/ß-catenin (FH535) in conjunction was used to explore molecular modification of EMT and stemness markers. Although SQSTM1/P62 is not crucial for cell survival, cytotoxicity assay revealed synergistic interaction between the siRNA/inhibitor. Modulation of these important pathways helped in reduction of expression of genes and proteins contributing to CSC properties. Gene and protein expression analysis revealed the induction of EMT to MET. Moreover, co-treatment resulted in inactivation of non-canonical Wnt VANGL2-JNK signaling axis. The synergistic impact of inhibition of SQSTM1/P62 and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling facilitates the development of a potential therapeutic regimen for TNBC.
Assuntos
Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas , Proteína Sequestossoma-1 , Análise de Célula Única , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Via de Sinalização Wnt , Feminino , Humanos , beta Catenina/metabolismo , beta Catenina/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Proteína Sequestossoma-1/metabolismo , Proteína Sequestossoma-1/genética , Análise de Célula Única/métodos , Transcriptoma/genética , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genética , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Via de Sinalização Wnt/genéticaRESUMO
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and multiple myeloma (MM) are age-related haematological malignancies with defined precursor states termed myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL), and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), respectively. While the progression from asymptomatic precursor states to malignancy is widely considered to be mediated by the accumulation of genetic mutations in neoplastic haematopoietic cell clones, recent studies suggest that intrinsic genetic changes, alone, may be insufficient to drive the progression to overt malignancy. Notably, studies suggest that extrinsic, microenvironmental changes in the bone marrow (BM) may also promote the transition from these precursor states to active disease. There is now enhanced focus on extrinsic, age-related changes in the BM microenvironment that accompany the development of AML, CLL, and MM. One of the most prominent changes associated with ageing is the accumulation of senescent mesenchymal stromal cells within tissues and organs. In comparison with proliferating cells, senescent cells display an altered profile of secreted factors (secretome), termed the senescence-associated-secretory phenotype (SASP), comprising proteases, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors that may render the local microenvironment favourable for cancer growth. It is well established that BM mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are key regulators of haematopoietic stem cell maintenance and fate determination. Moreover, there is emerging evidence that BM-MSC senescence may contribute to age-related haematopoietic decline and cancer development. This review explores the association between BM-MSC senescence and the development of haematological malignancies, and the functional role of senescent BM-MSCs in the development of these cancers.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Hematológicas , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Mieloma Múltiplo , Humanos , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/metabolismo , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/patologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Senescência Celular , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) can hijack the normal bone marrow microenvironment to create a leukemic niche which facilitates blast cell survival and promotes drug resistance. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) mimic this protective environment in ex vivo co-cultures with leukemic cells obtained from children with newly diagnosed BCP-ALL. We examined the potential mechanisms of this protection by RNA sequencing of flow-sorted MSC after co-culture with BCP-ALL cells. Leukemic cells induced an interferon (IFN)-related gene signature in MSC, which was partially dependent on direct cell-cell signaling. The signature was selectively induced by BCP-ALL cells, most profoundly by ETV6-RUNX1-positive ALL cells, as co-culture of MSC with healthy immune cells did not provoke a similar IFN signature. Leukemic cells and MSC both secreted IFNα and IFNß, but not IFNγ. In line, the IFN gene signature was sensitive to blockade of IFNα/ß signaling, but less to that of IFNγ. The viability of leukemic cells and level of resistance to three chemotherapeutic agents was not affected by interference with IFN signaling using selective IFNα/ß inhibitors or silencing of IFN-related genes. Taken together, our data suggest that the leukemia-induced expression of IFNα/ß-related genes by MSC does not support survival of BCP-ALL cells but may serve a different role in the pathobiology of BCP-ALL.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Cocultura , Interferon-alfa , Interferon beta , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B , Humanos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/patologia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/genética , Interferon-alfa/farmacologia , Interferon beta/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Transdução de Sinais , Criança , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Transcriptoma , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/genética , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/metabolismo , Regulação Leucêmica da Expressão Gênica , Variante 6 da Proteína do Fator de Translocação ETS , Subunidade alfa 2 de Fator de Ligação ao CoreRESUMO
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a multifactorial disease in which abnormal growth factor activation and embryonic reawakening are considered important factors. Here we demonstrated that the aberrant activation of transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß)/Rho kinase 1 (ROCK1) increased the stemness of BPH tissue by recruiting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), indicating the important role of embryonic reawakening in BPH. When TGF-ß/ROCK1 is abnormally activated, MSCs are recruited and differentiate into fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, leading to prostate stromal hyperplasia. Further research showed that inhibition of ROCK1 activation suppressed MSC migration and their potential for stromal differentiation. Collectively, our findings suggest that abnormal activation of TGF-ß/ROCK1 regulates stem cell lineage specificity, and the small molecule inhibitor GSK269962A could target ROCK1 and may be a potential treatment for BPH.
Assuntos
Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Hiperplasia Prostática , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta , Quinases Associadas a rho , Quinases Associadas a rho/metabolismo , Masculino , Hiperplasia Prostática/patologia , Hiperplasia Prostática/metabolismo , Humanos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Próstata/patologia , Próstata/metabolismo , Movimento Celular , Camundongos , Células Estromais/metabolismo , Células Estromais/patologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of an adjuvant allogenic umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cell (UC-MSC) patch applied during fetal surgery on motor and sphincter function in the ovine MMC model. DESIGN: MMC defects were surgically created at 75 days of gestation and repaired 14 days later. POPULATION: Ovine MMC model: fetal lambs. METHODS: We compared lambs that received a UC-MSC patch with a control group of lambs that received an acellular patch. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical neurological assessment was performed at 2 and 24 hours of life and included determination of the Sheep Locomotor Rating scale (SLR), which has been validated in the ovine MMC model. Electrophysical examinations, spine scans and histological analyses were also performed. RESULTS: Of the 13 operated lambs, nine were born alive: five had of these had received a UC-MSC patch and four an acellular patch. At 24 hours of life, lambs in the UC-MSC group had a significantly higher score (14 versus 5, P = 0.04). Amyotrophy was significantly more common in the control group (75% versus 0%, P = 0.02). All the lambs in the control group and none of those in the UC-MSC group were incontinent. No significant differences were observed between the UC-MSC and control groups in terms of the presence of spontaneous EMG activity, nerve conduction or spinal evoked potentials. In the microscopic examination, lambs in the UC-MSC group had less fibrosis between the spinal cord and the dermis (mean thickness, 453 versus 3921 µm, P = 0.03) and around the spinal cord (mean thickness, 47 versus 158 µm, P < 0.001). Examination of the spinal cord in the area of the MMC defect showed a higher large neuron density in the UC-MSC group (14.5 versus 5.6 neurons/mm2, P < 0.001). No tumours were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal repair of MMC using UC-MSC patches improves motor and sphincter function as well as spinal preservation and reduction of fibrosis.
Assuntos
Meningomielocele , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Gravidez , Feminino , Ovinos , Animais , Humanos , Meningomielocele/cirurgia , Cordão Umbilical , Medula Espinal/patologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/fisiologia , FibroseRESUMO
Large cutaneous ulcers are, in severe cases, life threatening1,2. As the global population ages, non-healing ulcers are becoming increasingly common1,2. Treatment currently requires the transplantation of pre-existing epithelial components, such as skin grafts, or therapy using cultured cells2. Here we develop alternative supplies of epidermal coverage for the treatment of these kinds of wounds. We generated expandable epithelial tissues using in vivo reprogramming of wound-resident mesenchymal cells. Transduction of four transcription factors that specify the skin-cell lineage enabled efficient and rapid de novo epithelialization from the surface of cutaneous ulcers in mice. Our findings may provide a new therapeutic avenue for treating skin wounds and could be extended to other disease situations in which tissue homeostasis and repair are impaired.
Assuntos
Reprogramação Celular , Células Epiteliais/citologia , Úlcera Cutânea/patologia , Pele/citologia , Ferimentos e Lesões/patologia , Animais , Linhagem da Célula , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Feminino , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Queratinócitos/citologia , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Camundongos , Medicina Regenerativa , Pele/patologia , Úlcera Cutânea/terapia , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Cicatrização , Ferimentos e Lesões/terapiaRESUMO
Although bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs)-derived exosomes have been reported to be closely associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) progression and chemo-resistance, but its detailed functions and molecular mechanisms have not been fully delineated. Besides, serum RNA m6A demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO)-containing exosomes are deemed as important indicators for cancer progression, and this study aimed to investigate the role of BM-MSCs-derived FTO-exosomes in regulating the malignant phenotypes of AML cells. Here, we verified that BM-MSCs-derived exosomes delivered FTO to promote cancer aggressiveness, stem cell properties and Cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C)-chemoresistance in AML cells, and the underlying mechanisms were also uncovered. Our data suggested that BM-MSCs-derived FTO-exo demethylated m6A modifications in the m6A-modified LncRNA GLCC1 to facilitate its combination with the RNA-binding protein Hu antigen R (HuR), which further increased the stability and expression levels of LncRNA GLCC1. In addition, LncRNA GLCC1 was verified as an oncogene to facilitate cell proliferation and enhanced Ara-C-chemoresistance in AML cells. Further experiments confirmed that demethylated LncRNA GLCC1 served as scaffold to facilitate the formation of the IGF2 mRNA binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1)-c-Myc complex, which led to the activation of the downstream tumor-promoting c-Myc-associated signal pathways. Moreover, our rescuing experiments validated that the promoting effects of BM-MSCs-derived FTO-exo on cancer aggressiveness and drug resistance in AML cells were abrogated by silencing LncRNA GLCC1 and c-Myc. Thus, the present firstly investigated the functions and underlying mechanisms by which BM-MSCs-derived FTO-exo enhanced cancer aggressiveness and chemo-resistance in AML by modulating the LncRNA GLCC1-IGF2BP1-c-Myc signal pathway, and our work provided novel biomarkers for the diagnosis, treatment and therapy of AML in clinic.
Assuntos
Adenina/análogos & derivados , Exossomos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , RNA Longo não Codificante , Humanos , Exossomos/metabolismo , Exossomos/patologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Citarabina/farmacologia , Citarabina/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Desmetilação , Dioxigenase FTO Dependente de alfa-Cetoglutarato/genética , Dioxigenase FTO Dependente de alfa-Cetoglutarato/metabolismoRESUMO
Job syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by STAT3 mutations and primarily characterized by immune dysfunction along with comorbid skeleton developmental abnormalities including osteopenia, recurrent fracture of long bones, and scoliosis. So far, there is no definitive cure for the skeletal defects in Job syndrome, and treatments are limited to management of clinical symptoms only. Here, we have investigated the molecular mechanism whereby Stat3 regulates skeletal development and osteoblast differentiation. We showed that removing Stat3 function in the developing limb mesenchyme or osteoprogenitor cells in mice resulted in shortened and bow limbs with multiple fractures in long bones that resembled the skeleton symptoms in the Job Syndrome. However, Stat3 loss did not alter chondrocyte differentiation and hypertrophy in embryonic development, while osteoblast differentiation was severely reduced. Genome-wide transcriptome analyses as well as biochemical and histological studies showed that Stat3 loss resulted in down-regulation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling. Restoration of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling by injecting BIO, a small molecule inhibitor of GSK3, or crossing with a Lrp5 gain of function (GOF) allele, rescued the bone reduction phenotypes due to Stat3 loss to a great extent. These studies uncover the essential functions of Stat3 in maintaining Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in early mesenchymal or osteoprogenitor cells and provide evidence that bone defects in the Job Syndrome are likely caused by Wnt/ß-catenin signaling reduction due to reduced STAT3 activities in bone development. Enhancing Wnt/ß-catenin signaling could be a therapeutic approach to reduce bone symptoms of Job syndrome patients.
Assuntos
Osso e Ossos/patologia , Síndrome de Job/metabolismo , Síndrome de Job/patologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/deficiência , Via de Sinalização Wnt , Alelos , Animais , Cartilagem/patologia , Diferenciação Celular , Embrião de Mamíferos/patologia , Extremidades/patologia , Deleção de Genes , Humanos , Integrases/metabolismo , Proteína-5 Relacionada a Receptor de Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Mesoderma/embriologia , Camundongos Transgênicos , Osteoblastos/patologia , OsteogêneseRESUMO
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) encompass a heterogeneous population of fibroblastic progenitor cells that reside in multiple tissues around the body. They are endowed with capacities to differentiate into multiple connective tissue lineages, including chondrocytes, adipocytes, and osteoblasts, and are thought to function as trophic cells recruited to sites of injury and inflammation where they contribute to tissue regeneration. In keeping with these roles, MSCs also to home to sites of breast tumorigenesis, akin to their migration to wounds, and participate in tumor stroma formation. Mounting evidence over the past two decades has described the critical regulatory roles for tumor-associated MSCs in various aspects of breast tumor pathogenesis, be it tumor initiation, growth, angiogenesis, tumor microenvironment formation, immune evasion, cancer cell migration, invasion, survival, therapeutic resistance, dissemination, and metastatic colonization. In this review, we present a brief summary of the role of MSCs in breast tumor development and progression, highlight some of the molecular frameworks underlying their pro-malignant contributions, and present evidence of their promising utility in breast cancer therapy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/etiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Microambiente Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Adipócitos , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/patologiaRESUMO
Primary cilia are immotile appendages that have evolved to receive and interpret a variety of different extracellular cues. Cilia play crucial roles in intercellular communication during development and defects in cilia affect multiple tissues accounting for a heterogeneous group of human diseases called ciliopathies. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is one of these cues and displays a unique and symbiotic relationship with cilia. Not only does Hh signaling require cilia for its function but the majority of the Hh signaling machinery is physically located within the cilium-centrosome complex. More specifically, cilia are required for both repressing and activating Hh signaling by modifying bifunctional Gli transcription factors into repressors or activators. Defects in balancing, interpreting or establishing these repressor/activator gradients in Hh signaling either require cilia or phenocopy disruption of cilia. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge on how spatiotemporal control of the molecular machinery of the cilium allows for a tight control of basal repression and activation states of the Hh pathway. We will then discuss several paradigms on how cilia influence Hh pathway activity in tissue morphogenesis during development. Last, we will touch on how cilia and Hh signaling are being reactivated and repurposed during adult tissue regeneration. More specifically, we will focus on mesenchymal stem cells within the connective tissue and discuss the similarities and differences of how cilia and ciliary Hh signaling control the formation of fibrotic scar and adipose tissue during fatty fibrosis of several tissues.
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Cílios/metabolismo , Ciliopatias/genética , Proteínas Hedgehog/genética , Obesidade/genética , Regeneração/genética , Proteína GLI1 em Dedos de Zinco/genética , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/patologia , Centrossomo/metabolismo , Centrossomo/ultraestrutura , Cílios/patologia , Cílios/ultraestrutura , Ciliopatias/metabolismo , Ciliopatias/patologia , Tecido Conjuntivo/metabolismo , Tecido Conjuntivo/patologia , Fibrose , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas Hedgehog/metabolismo , Humanos , Transdução de Sinal Luminoso , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Microtúbulos/ultraestrutura , Morfogênese/genética , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade/patologia , Proteína GLI1 em Dedos de Zinco/metabolismoRESUMO
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells found in a variety of tissues in the body, including but not limited to bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and umbilical cord blood. Given their immunomodulatory effect and ability to be readily isolated from several tissues, they have great potential to be used as a therapeutic agent in a variety of immune-mediated disorders. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a persistent and relapsing immune skin condition that has recently become more common in several species such as humans, canines, equines, and felines. The use of MSCs to treat AD has piqued the great interest of researchers in recent years. In this article, we review the recent understanding of AD pathology and advances in preclinical and clinical studies of MSCs, MSCs-derived conditional media and exosomes as therapeutic tools to treat AD.
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Dermatite Atópica , Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Humanos , Animais , Cães , Gatos , Cavalos , Dermatite Atópica/patologia , Dermatite Atópica/terapia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Cordão Umbilical , Pele/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Secreted mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) promotes pancreatic cancer (PC) progression and chemoresistance, suggesting its clinical association with poor prognosis. RNA sequencing analysis from the autochthonous pancreatic tumors showed a significant stromal alteration on genetic ablation of Muc5ac. Previously, depletion or targeting the stromal fibroblasts showed an ambiguous effect on PC pathogenesis. Hence, identifying the molecular players and mechanisms driving fibroblast heterogeneity is critical for improved clinical outcomes. METHODS: Autochthonous murine models of PC (KrasG12D, Pdx1-Cre [KC] and KrasG12D, Pdx1-Cre, Muc5ac-/- [KCM]) and co-implanted allografts of murine PC cell lines (Muc5ac wild-type and CRISPR/Cas knockout) with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) were used to assess the role of Muc5ac in stromal heterogeneity. Proliferation, migration, and surface expression of cell-adhesion markers on AD-MSCs were measured using live-cell imaging and flow cytometry. MUC5AC-interactome was investigated using mass-spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The KCM tumors showed a significant decrease in the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin compared with histology-matched KC tumors. Our study showed that MUC5AC, carrying tumor secretome, gets enriched in the adipose tissues of tumor-bearing mice and patients with PC, promoting CD44/CD29 (integrin-ß1) clustering that leads to Rac1 activation and migration of AD-MSCs. Furthermore, treatment with KC-derived serum enhanced proliferation and migration of AD-MSCs, which was abolished on Muc5ac-depletion or pharmacologic inhibition of CXCR2 and Rac1, respectively. The AD-MSCs significantly contribute toward α-smooth muscle actin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts population in Muc5ac-dependent manner, as suggested by autochthonous tumors, co-implantation xenografts, and patient tumors. CONCLUSION: MUC5AC, secreted during PC progression, enriches in adipose and enhances the mobilization of AD-MSCs. On recruitment to pancreatic tumors, AD-MSCs proliferate and contribute towards stromal heterogeneity.
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Receptores de Hialuronatos , Integrina beta1 , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Mucina-5AC , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Actinas/metabolismo , Animais , Análise por Conglomerados , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuronatos/metabolismo , Integrina beta1/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Camundongos , Mucina-5AC/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: All body functions are activated, synchronized and controlled by a substantial, complex network, the nervous system. Upon injury, pathophysiology of the nerve injury proceeds through different paths. The axon may undergo a degenerative retraction from the site of injury for a short distance unless the injury is near to the cell body, in which case it continues to the soma and undergoes retrograde neuronal degeneration. Otherwise, the distal section suffers from Wallerian degeneration, which is marked by axonal swelling, spheroids, and cytoskeleton degeneration. The objective of the study was to evaluate the potential of mesenchymal stem cell laden neural scaffold and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in nerve regeneration following sciatic nerve injury in a rat model. METHODS: The animals were anaesthetized and a cranio-lateral incision over left thigh was made. Sciatic nerve was exposed and crush injury was introduced for 90 seconds using haemostat at second locking position. The muscle and skin were sutured in routine fashion and thus the rat model of sciatic crush injury was prepared. The animal models were equally distributed into 5 different groups namely A, B, C, D and E and treated with phosphate buffer saline (PBS), carbon nanotubes based neural scaffold only, scaffold with IGF-I, stem cell laden scaffold and stem cell laden scaffold with IGF-I respectively. In vitro scaffold testing was performed. The nerve regeneration was assessed based on physico-neuronal, biochemical, histopathological examination, and relative expression of NRP-1, NRP-2 and GAP-43 and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Sciatic nerve injury model with crush injury produced for 90 seconds was standardized and successfully used in this study. All the biochemical parameters were in normal range in all the groups indicating no scaffold related changes. Physico-neuronal, histopathological, relative gene expression and scanning electron microscopy observations revealed appreciable nerve regeneration in groups E and D, followed by C and B. Restricted to no regeneration was observed in group A. CONCLUSION: Carbon nanotubes based scaffold provided electro-conductivity for proper neuronal regeneration while rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were found to induce axonal sprouting, cellular transformation; whereas IGF-I induced stem cell differentiation, myelin synthesis, angiogenesis and muscle differentiation.