Cholesteroloma of the breast: A 10 year retrospective review of 79 cases with radiology correlation.

A cholesteroloma or cholesterol granuloma of the breast is an uncommon lesion representing an inflammatory/reactive process with unclear etiology. In this study, we reviewed our 10-year experience with cholesteroloma of the breast with clinical, radiologic, and histopathological correlation. Seventy-nine cases were selected. The mean patient age was 57.7 (range 25-90) years old. Patients had hypercholesterolemia with mean blood cholesterol level of 201 mg/dL (P < 0.001). The mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.7 kg/m2 (P = 0.1976). The indications for the breast biopsies were mass lesion on radiology (85.5%, n = 65) and microcalcifications (10.5%, n = 8). Of the 65 cases of the mass lesions, 52 presented as solid masses and 13 were cystic. On the diagnostic mammogram or ultrasound, 81.9% were BI-RADS 4% and 6.9% were BI-RADS 5. Macrocysts were the most common pathological finding associated with cholesteroloma suggesting the etiology of cholesteroloma may be the result of repair process from obstruction and rupture of the macrocysts. Six cases (9.2%) of cholesterolomas had persistent masses during follow-up. The recognition of this lesion and radio-pathological correlation can help us better understand this entity and distinguish it from its mimickers.

Galactocele After Aesthetic Breast Augmentation with Silicone Implants: An Uncommon Presentation.

BACKGROUND: Breast augmentation is one of the most frequently performed esthetic operations. Galactorrhea and galactocele formation are both very rare complications. The real cause still remains unknown, but various risk factors have been well reported in the literature. This report concerns a case of postoperative galactocele following bilateral breast augmentation via the inframammary approach with dual-plane insertion of implants, which is usually considered a protective approach in terms of risk factors for induction of postoperative galactorrhea. METHODS: The patient had no significant surgical, gynecological or medical history, including galactorrhea or hyperprolactinemia, and did not present any chest wall abnormalities. There has been no use of oral contraceptives or any other drugs. After the surgical procedure, the patient presented with infection-like symptoms, for which galactorrhea or galactocele was initially not considered, mainly for the absence of specific risk factors. RESULTS: After antibiotic and bromocriptine therapy, her breast returned to normal, with no pain, inflammation, enlargement or esthetic alterations. After 6 months of follow-up, the patient did not present any abnormality and she was satisfied with the result. CONCLUSION: With our report, we want to underline that galactorrhea and galactocele cannot be ruled out, even in patients with no risk factors and with procedures considered as "protective." With a fast diagnosis and a specific therapy, implants and final result can be rescued. Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Complications of Fat Transfer for Breast Augmentation.

Autologous fat grafting is quite common for breast augmentations as well as for reconstructive breast surgery. Coleman has described the surgical technique of fat grafting. Fat is harvested, and after centrifugation and refinement, blunt infiltration cannulas are used to place the fat through small incisions. The grafted tissue is placed in small aliquots with each withdrawal of the cannula. In order to achieve an aesthetically pleasing contour of the breast, the fat should be layered into different levels from the chest wall to the skin. However, autogenous lipotransfer if not performed lege artis might lead to complications such as fat necrosis, calcification, formation of encapsulated fatty masses (cystic lesions), lymphadenopathy, disfigurement of breast contouring, hypersensitive breasts, itchy nipples. A 36-year old female patient, presented with multiple palpable cystic lesions, disrupted breast contouring, asymmetry, hypersensation and pain during examination, 6 months after autologous fat grafting for breast augmentation elsewhere. The patient had ultrasound and MRI screening, which revealed the multiple bilateral cysts formation in the breast tissue. Surgical removal of the large lesions was performed, and specimens were sent for pathology and cytology consideration and screening. A few months after surgical removal of these lesions and after symptoms subsided, breast augmentation was performed with silicone implants. An aesthetically pleasing result together with relief of the patient's initial symptomatology was achieved. Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Immediate Large-Volume Grafting of Autologous Fat to the Breast Following Implant Removal.

BACKGROUND: To optimize autologous breast augmentation, a simple and reproducible surgical approach that maximizes the volume of fat transferred to the breast while minimizing the number of sessions and the operating time is needed. OBJECTIVES: The authors describe a novel approach for large-volume fat grafting to the expanded skin and subcutaneous tissue of the breast immediately after explantation, exchanging the volume provided by the implants with transplanted fat in a single session. METHODS: Eighty patients (160 breasts) undergoing explantation and autologous fat transfer were evaluated in a prospective study. Fat was harvested with the lipomatic power-assisted liposuction machine (Lipomatic Eva SP, Euromi SA, Verviers, Belgium) and was injected with simultaneous vibration and tunnelization of the recipient site by means of the same machine with suction disabled. Changes in breast volume were measured in terms of bra cup size, and patients were monitored by mammography and ultrasonography. Patient satisfaction was assessed with a questionnaire administered 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Injected fat volumes ranged from 300 to 600 mL per breast. Operating times ranged from 45 to 90 minutes. For all patients, one injection session was sufficient to replace the volume of the previous implant. Patients were monitored for an average of 2 years, and complications included cyst formation in 9 of 160 breasts (5.6%) and infection in 2 breasts (1.25%). CONCLUSIONS: Power-assisted transfer of autologous fat to the breast improves the ability of the recipient site to receive the graft and allows for explantation and fat transplantation in a single session. This approach is suitable for patients who desire a natural-appearing breast that is similar in volume to their previous implant.

[Lactation after breast plastic surgery: literature review]. / Montée laiteuse après chirurgie plastique du sein: revue de la littérature.

The occurrence of lactation is a rare complication of breast plastic surgery. During the course of his practice, the plastic surgeon will probably encounter this complication. The goal of this article is to carry out a literature review of all published galactorrhea and/or galactocele cases following a breast-reduction or a breast-augmentation, representing a total of 34 cases reported in 21 articles. The physiopathology of this complication is linked to an inappropriate secretion of prolactin in a surgical context. The factors favoring this complication would be the number of pregnancies, a history of recent and extensive nursing, and the intake of certain medicines such as an oestro-progestative pill. The main symptom of this complication is the occurrence of a uni- or bilateral galactorrhea, on average 12.6 days after the surgery. The main differential diagnosis is a postoperative infection. The explorations presented a hyperprolactinemia in 69% of cases. No biological inflammatory syndrome was reported. A fluid collection evoking a galactocele was visible on the ultrasound in 65% of cases. One case of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma was reported. Depending on the case, the treatment varied from a simple surveillance to the association of a dopamine agonist, an antibiotic therapy, and a surgical revision. A diagnostic and therapeutic management strategy is proposed.

Polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for augmentation mammaplasty: loss of ability for breastfeeding.

Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) has been widely used for injection augmentation mammaplasty in Russia, China, and Iran for more than 2 decades. In recent years, it has been advocated as a safe permanent filler for soft-tissue augmentation. However, the complications associated with PAAG injection in soft-tissue augmentation have not been extensively investigated. Augmentation mammaplasty through PAAG injection is associated with some complications. The incidence of infection during breastfeeding was reported to be higher than 50%. Herein, we report 58 cases of infection in breastfeeding women receiving PAAG injection, including 50 with unilateral injection (36 on the right, 14 on the left) and 8 bilateral injection. They experienced large breast autoinflation and some severe symptoms, such as local and systemic fever, breast swelling, nipple bulging, tenderness, and pain, which lead to surgical removal of galactocele or intraprosthetic collection of sterile pus resulting in deformity. Operation and comprehensive measures including removal of the injected material, clearing residual cavity, and pharmacotherapy were carried out to control infection and inflammation for 1 to 2 weeks. In the following 12 months, no relapse or recurrence of residual cavity was noted. Therefore, we do not recommend PAAG injection for augmentation mammaplasty, especially in women intending to breastfeed. Patients undergoing PAAG injection for augmentation mammaplasty should avoid breastfeeding. PAAG injection will cause serious consequences resulting in tissue atrophy and breast resection if inappropriately handled.

Postaugmentation galactocele: a case report and review of literature.

Galactorrhea and galactoceles are relatively uncommon complications after breast augmentation surgery, but should be considered in the differential of an enlarged breast. We present a case of a 34-year-old woman who had a remote history of bilateral breast augmentation and developed a unilateral galactocele while breast-feeding. She subsequently underwent an incision and drainage, as well as medical management with bromocriptine. Her galactocele resolved adequately with this treatment. Surgeons performing breast augmentation should be aware of the clinical presentation as well as the treatment options for this entity.

Large unilateral breast autoinflation after breastfeeding linked to polyacrylamide hydrogel injection augmentation mammaplasty.

Augmentation mammaplasty using polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) injection is associated with myriad complications. A patient treated by the authors had bilateral breast augmentation with PAAG injection and experienced large unilateral right breast autoinflation after breastfeeding, which required surgical clearance of a likely galactocele or sterile pus collection that resulted in deformity. Patients with PAAG filler injection-augmented breasts should avoid breastfeeding. The authors recommend against using PAAG injection for augmentation mammaplasty, especially in women intending to breastfeed. Physicians and patients must be aware of the complications associated with PAAG before gel administration.

Screening for breast cancer post reduction mammoplasty.

AIM: To investigate whether remodelling of the breast after breast reduction surgery has an effect on mammographic cancer detection. METHODS AND MATERIALS: For women who attended population-based screening between January 1998 to December 2007, data were extracted on their age, history of previous breast reduction, and the result of screening (recall for further assessment, cancer, or no cancer). The number of cancers detected, recalls per 1000 screens and the characteristics of the cancers detected in the two groups was compared. RESULTS: In total 244,147 women with 736,219 screening episodes were reviewed. In the 4743 women who had a breast reduction, 51 breast cancers were detected [age standardized rate (ASR) of 4.28 per 1000 screening episodes; 95% CI 3.11-5.46], compared with 4342 breast cancers in 239 404 women screened in the non-reduction group (ASR of 5.99 per 1000 screening episodes; 95% CI 5.81-6.16). There were fewer cancers in the breast reduction group with a relative risk of 0.71. There was no significant difference in the rate of recall between the two groups, with a crude recall rate of 46.1 per 1000 screening episodes post-breast reduction compared with 50.7 per 1000 screening episodes for women without breast reduction. There was no significant difference in the pathological type or location of the cancer between the two groups of women. CONCLUSION: Postoperative breast changes following reduction mammoplasty do not significantly hinder analysis of the screening mammogram.

Complications after Breast Augmentation with Fat Grafting: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Breast augmentation with fat grafting is used as an alternative to breast implants. However, a systematic evaluation of the complication rates after fat grafting using only studies with consecutive patients has not previously been performed. In this study, the authors compiled studies reporting complication rates and radiologic changes in consecutive patients undergoing cosmetic breast augmentation with fat grafting. METHODS: Studies reporting on consecutive patients undergoing breast augmentation with fat grafting were included. Complication rates, radiologic changes, Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System assessments, and the number of patients undergoing revision surgery were extracted. Mean complication rates and radiologic changes were calculated with meta-analytical methods. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies with 2073 patients were included. The rates of major complications were low (hematoma, 0.5 percent; infection, 0.6 percent; and seroma, 0.1 percent). None of these patients needed revision surgery. The most frequent minor complication was palpable cysts in 2.0 percent of the patients; 67 percent of these were treated with aspiration. The radiologic changes in the patients after fat grafting were as follows: oil cysts, 6.5 percent; calcifications, 4.5 percent; and fat necrosis, 1.2 percent. The risk of being referred for additional radiologic imaging (e.g., to exclude malignant changes) was 16.4 percent, and the risk of being referred for biopsy was 3.2 percent. CONCLUSIONS: The complication rates after breast augmentation with fat grafting are low and support fat grafting as an alternative to breast augmentation with implants. The rates of radiologic changes are high after fat grafting, but the changes do not seem to have any therapeutic consequences for the patients.

Galactocele and prolactinoma--a pathogenic association?

A galactocele is a rare form of cystic, benign lesion of the breast, appearing when a mammary duct becomes obstructed and over filled with milk. It is usually found in postpartum women, either lactating or not. There are only a few cases reported that are not immediately linked to the lactation, as seen in postmenopausal women or in men. Furthermore, the relationship to overproduction of prolactine, a growth factor for the breast epithelium is not very well defined at this moment. We present such an unusual case of a 37-year-old female patient who has no history of birth or abortion. She was diagnosed with both microprolactinoma and galactocele whose dimensions seemed to be related to the evolution of the pituitary tumor and serum prolactine. Because no other etiology could be found in the young patient for the mammary galactocele, the prolactine excess is the most probable cause. Even considering the rarity of the association it is important to point the hormonal role in changing the anatomy of the breast.

Hyperprolactinemia and galactocele formation after augmentation mammoplasty.

Galactorrhea and galactocele formation are rare complications of augmentation mammoplasty. A number of case reports have been published in the literature; however, the etiology remains unclear. A case is presented of a unilateral galactocele associated with transient hyperprolactinemia after augmentation mammoplasty.

A late complication of augmentation mammoplasty by polyacrylamide hydrogel injection: ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging findings of huge galactocele formation in a puerperal woman with pathological correlation.

Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) was widely used for injection augmentation mammoplasty in Eastern Europe and China although uncommon in the western countries. However, the safety of this procedure remained controversial. Herein, we report a 30-year-old woman with a history of augmentation mammoplasty by PAAG injection developed galactoceles during her pregnancy. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging showed huge cystic lesions in bilateral breasts; as a result, the normal breast tissue was almost completely replaced. On the basis of the imaging findings, the patient underwent mastectomy as well as immediate breast reconstruction with satisfactory outcome. It is important to be familiar with the imaging findings of this rare yet severe complication after augmentation mammoplasty in order to make an accurate diagnosis and a proper management.

Recurrent complications of PAAG implants during lactation.

A 35-year-old lactating woman with pre-existing polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) implants for 10 years presented on numerous occasions following both her pregnancies with bilateral recurrent breast infection, pain and finally massive breast enlargement with a ruptured galactocoele necessitating surgical intervention. As the safety of PAAG for the breastfeeding baby is not known, breastfeeding with PAAG implants is not recommended.

[A rare case of giant galactocele associated with prolactinoma]. / Un cas rare de galactocèle géant associé à un prolactinome.

Galactocele is a rare cystic formation, a benign breast lesion, occurring when breast duct is blocked and engorged. It generally affects postpartum women, either breastfeeding or not. Only a few cases have been reported in the literature and they were not related to lactation, as in the case of postmenopausal women or of men; moreover, their relationship to the overproduction of prolactin, a growth factor stimulating mammary epithelial cells, is not very well defined at this time. We here report the unusual case of a 30-year old patient with no personal history of childbirth or abortion. She was treated in the Division of Endocrinology for pituitary microadenoma with Cabergoline, that she stopped for 1 year. Even taking into account this rare association, it is important to emphasize the role of hormones in the progression of breast anatomy.

Breast cancer and fat grafting: efficacy, safety and complications-a systematic review.

Autologous fat grafting (AFG) or lipofilling is nowadays a popular technique for breast reconstruction after breast cancer surgery. There is debate regarding the oncological safety and risks of this procedure in breast cancer patients. A systematic review of the literature published between January first 1995 and October first 2016 was conducted regarding the efficacy, safety and complications of this technique in breast cancer patients after their cancer treatment. The databases PubMed, Science Direct and Thomson Reuters Web of Science were used to search for qualified articles. Inclusion criteria were women with a personal history of breast cancer and at least one lipofilling procedure. Only studies containing a minimum of 20 patients were included in this systematic review. The search yielded a total of 23 suitable articles: 18 case series, 4 retrospective cohort studies and one prospective cohort study. The systematic review encompassed a total of 2419 patients. Medical imaging was used in the majority of the studies to assess the follow-up. Mammography was the most popular technique (65.2%), followed by ultrasound (47.8%) and MRI (30.4%). The prevalence of complications was the following: fat necrosis in 5.31%, benign lesions, like cysts or calcifications in 8.78%, infections in 0.96% and local cancer recurrence in 1.69%. AFG or lipofilling appears to be an oncological safe technique with a low morbidity in women with a history of breast cancer. In order to have a better understanding and evidence of the oncological safety a randomised controlled trial is urgently needed. We further recommend that all AFG be registered in the cancer register.

Galactocele in a male infant with congenital hypopituitarism.

Galactocele is an uncommon benign breast lesion usually occurring in young lactating women. It is a rare cause of breast enlargement in children. We report a galactocele in a male child with congenital hypopituitarism and propose an association between the two conditions.

Chronic inflammation and progressive calcification as a result of fat necrosis: the worst outcome in fat grafting.

BACKGROUND: Autologous fat injection into the breast has been performed widely for breast augmentation and reconstruction because of recent technical and scientific advancements. However, it is important to learn what occurs and how problematic it can be if fat grafting is not conducted appropriately. METHODS: Oil cysts were explanted from three subjects who underwent cosmetic fat grafting to the breast 2, 4, and 6 years previously. The oil cyst samples were examined histopathologically. Computed tomographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and mammographic images obtained sequentially after fat grafting were also analyzed. RESULTS: The cyst wall consisted of innermost and outermost fibrous layers and intermediate tissue that contained the regular adipose portion, a degenerated adipose portion, and a fibrous area. Eggshell-like macrocalcifications were seen in the inner surface. Numerous inflammatory cells, mainly MAC2/CD206 anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, were observed in the degenerated adipose portion. Oil cysts with a longer history showed more calcifications in the innermost layer and a larger fibrous area adjacent to the degenerated fat portion than those with a shorter history. These histopathologic findings and clinical computed tomographic images revealed that oil cysts continued to be inflammatory and calcifications continued to develop over several years. CONCLUSIONS: After fat necrosis, long-term chronic inflammation persists and calcification seems to progress without limits. Oil cysts are the worst outcome of fat grafting and must be avoided by standardizing meticulous injection techniques. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, V.