RESUMO
Itraconazole (ITZ) is the most used drug to treat feline sporotrichosis; however, little is known about its pharmacokinetics in cats with this mycosis. The aim of this study was to determine plasma ITZ concentrations in cats with sporotrichosis treated with ITZ as monotherapy or in combination with potassium iodide (KI). Cats diagnosed with sporotrichosis received orally ITZ (100 mg/cat/day) or combination therapy with ITZ (100 mg/cat/day) and KI (2.5-5 mg/kg/day) in the case of worsening or stagnation of the clinical condition. At each monthly visit, blood samples were collected at an interval of 4 h for analysis of trough and peak plasma ITZ concentrations by HPLC. Clinical features and laboratory parameters were evaluated during follow-up. Sixteen cats were included in the study. The median plasma ITZ concentration of all cats was 0.75 µg/mL. The median plasma ITZ concentration was 0.5 µg/mL in cats that received ITZ monotherapy (n = 12) and 1.0 µg/mL in those treated with ITZ + KI (n = 4). The clinical cure rate was 56.3% (n = 9) and the median treatment duration was 8 weeks. Nine cats (56.3%) developed adverse clinical reactions, and hyporexia was the most frequent (n = 8; 88.9%). Serum alanine aminotransferase was elevated in four cats (25%). The median plasma ITZ concentration detected in cats was considered to be therapeutic (>0.5 µg/mL) and was reached after 4 weeks of treatment. Plasma ITZ concentrations were higher in cats that received ITZ + KI compared to those treated only with ITZ, suggesting pharmacokinetic synergism between these drugs.
Itraconazole is the most common therapy for feline sporotrichosis, and combination therapy with potassium iodide is used in nonresponsive cases. Our study showed that all cats achieved a therapeutic plasma concentration of itraconazole, with higher levels in cats treated with the combination therapy.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Doenças do Gato , Itraconazol , Iodeto de Potássio , Esporotricose , Animais , Gatos , Esporotricose/tratamento farmacológico , Esporotricose/veterinária , Esporotricose/sangue , Itraconazol/sangue , Itraconazol/farmacocinética , Itraconazol/administração & dosagem , Itraconazol/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Gato/sangue , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Antifúngicos/farmacocinética , Antifúngicos/sangue , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Antifúngicos/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Iodeto de Potássio/uso terapêutico , Iodeto de Potássio/administração & dosagem , Iodeto de Potássio/farmacocinética , Feminino , Resultado do Tratamento , Quimioterapia Combinada , Administração Oral , Plasma/químicaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether oxidative stress occurs in rats experimentally infected by Sporothrix schenckii, and its possible effect on disease pathogenesis. Thirty rats were divided into two groups: the group A (uninfected, n = 18) and the group B (infected by S. schenckii, n=21). Blood samples were collected on days 15, 30 and 40 post-infection (PI). At each sampling time, six rats of the group A, and seven of the group B were bled. TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) levels in serum samples were measured to evaluate lipid peroxidation. In addition, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, known as biomarkers of antioxidants levels, were verified in whole blood. Seric pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were measured (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6), which showed that these inflammatory mediators were at higher levels in the infected rats (P < 0.001). In comparison to uninfected animals, rats with sporotrichosis showed significantly higher (p < 0.01) levels of TBARS on day 40 PI; CAT activity was significantly increased (p < 0.01) on days 30 and 40 PI; and SOD activity was increased (p < 0.01) on day 40 PI. Infected rats showed larger testicles and granulomas in the testicular capsule, as well as hepatic granulomas and splenic follicular hyperplasia. All tissues (testicle, spleen, and liver) showed inflammation associated with numerous fungal structures. These results demonstrated that the intense inflammatory response (seric and tissue) in sporotrichosis is a likely mechanism for redox imbalance, and consequently cause the oxidative stress in experimentally infected rats.
Assuntos
Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Sporothrix/patogenicidade , Esporotricose/sangue , Esporotricose/metabolismo , Animais , Antioxidantes/análise , Biomarcadores/sangue , Catalase/sangue , Citocinas/sangue , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Granuloma/patologia , Hiperplasia , Inflamação/patologia , Interferon gama/sangue , Interleucina-6/sangue , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Ratos , Soro/enzimologia , Baço/patologia , Esplenopatias , Esporotricose/patologia , Superóxido Dismutase/sangue , Testículo/patologia , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/análise , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueRESUMO
The saturated potassium iodide solution (SSKI) as treatment for sporotrichosis may cause hypothyroidism by suppressing the synthesis of thyroid hormones (tT3 and tT4 ) and the iodine excess could lead to thyrotoxicosis. Evaluating the changes in serum levels of TSH, tT3 and tT4 in euthyroid patients with sporotrichosis treated with SSKI. For the selection of euthyroid patients, TSH, tT3 and tT4 concentrations were measured for those adults and children diagnosed with sporotrichosis. Each paediatric patient was administered SSKI orally in increasing doses of 2-20 drops/3 times/day and 4-40 drops/3 times/day in adults. Serum concentrations of TSH, tT3 and tT4 were measured 20 days after started the treatment and 15 days posttreatment. Eight euthyroid patients aged between 2 to 65 years old were included. After 20 days of treatment, two suffered subclinical hypothyroidism, one developed subclinical hyperthyroidism, and one hyperthyroxinaemia euthyroid. At 15 days posttreatment only four patients were evaluated and all serum levels of TSH, tT3 and tT4 were normal. Some euthyroid patients with sporotrichosis can develop hyperthyroidism or subclinical iodine-induced hypothyroidism, during the administration of 3 or 6 g SSKI/day.
Assuntos
Iodeto de Potássio/efeitos adversos , Esporotricose/sangue , Tireotropina/sangue , Tiroxina/sangue , Tri-Iodotironina/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Hipotireoidismo/sangue , Hipotireoidismo/induzido quimicamente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Iodeto de Potássio/uso terapêutico , Esporotricose/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by traumatic inoculation into the skin by fungi species of the genus Sporothrix. The disease has different clinical manifestations (cutaneous, lymphocutaneous, and disseminated), and can also progress to a systemic infection. Despite having a worldwide distribution, sporotrichosis is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries. In Brazil, reports of the disease are higher frequent, where cases of the disease were found in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Curitiba, Pernambuco, and Paraiba, among others. Certain groups of people may be more exposed to the causative agent of disease, such as residents of rural areas. Thus, this work aimed to carry out a seroepidemiological survey of the prevalence of sporotrichosis in four rural locations in the south of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. In this study, we used an indirect ELISA test in the survey on the prevalence of sporotrichosis. Data obtained in this study evaluated a population of 631 individuals and showed a prevalence of 44.69%. The distribution of seroprevalence of sporotrichosis with respect to age groups and gender showed no significant statistical difference. Thus, we found a high seroprevalence of sporotrichosis-infection in rural regions of southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil, with no difference in prevalence in relation to gender and age.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antifúngicos/sangue , Sporothrix/imunologia , Esporotricose/sangue , Esporotricose/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Sporothrix/genética , Esporotricose/microbiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Sporotrichosis is a generally cutaneous, granulomatous, chronic and benign infection. Less frequently the disease may affect the joints. Articular involvement is usually characterized by monoarthritis in the absence of systemic symptoms, generally preceded by skin lesions, and frequently affects immunosuppressed individuals. We describe here the case of a healthy patient presenting knee arthritis without skin lesions, diagnosed as sporotrichosis, and treated with oral itraconazole. Serology used in this case was an invaluable tool for the diagnosis of sporotrichosis arthritis lacking skin lesions.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antifúngicos/análise , Artrite Infecciosa/diagnóstico , Articulação do Joelho/microbiologia , Sporothrix/isolamento & purificação , Esporotricose/diagnóstico , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Artrite Infecciosa/sangue , Artrite Infecciosa/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Infecciosa/microbiologia , Artroscopia , Biópsia , Feminino , Humanos , Itraconazol/uso terapêutico , Sporothrix/imunologia , Esporotricose/sangue , Esporotricose/tratamento farmacológico , Líquido Sinovial/imunologia , Líquido Sinovial/microbiologiaRESUMO
Two strains of mice genetically selected for extreme phenotypes of immunological tolerance to ovalbumin, susceptible (TS) and resistant (TR), were experimentally infected with Sporothrix schenckii. The objective was to observe whether the genetic modifications produced by the selection might be associated with interstrain differences in adaptive immune and innate responses to infection. Therefore, we evaluated the LD(50), CFU, phagocytic index, fungicidal activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines, specific antibody titres, and the delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity. TR mice were tenfold more susceptible to infection than TS mice, as shown by LD(50) (5 x 10(6) conidia i.v.). In TS mice, the resistance was a consequence of the tissue fungal load reduction, consistent specific T-cell-mediated immunity, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha activity at onset of infection. In TR mice, these responses were not precociously detected. Therefore, the absence of CD4(+) T-cell response in the first week of infection might explain the non-clearance of pathogen in TR mice. However, TR mice did show an increase in TNF level and delayed-type hypersensitivity response after the first week post-infection; there was also expansion and increase in granulomatous foci and CFU in the spleen. The expansion of granulomatous foci and the increase in TNF-alpha and tissue fungal load to damaging levels induced severe tissue destruction, general failure of the organs, cachexy and death in TR mice. The results show that genetic selection for extreme phenotypes of immunological tolerance also modified the responses to S. schenckii infection.
Assuntos
Tolerância Imunológica/genética , Sporothrix , Esporotricose/imunologia , Animais , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Hipersensibilidade Tardia/imunologia , Imunidade Celular , Interferon gama/sangue , Dose Letal Mediana , Macrófagos/imunologia , Camundongos , Ovalbumina/imunologia , Fagocitose , Seleção Genética , Sporothrix/isolamento & purificação , Esporotricose/sangue , Esporotricose/microbiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/análiseRESUMO
We occasionally found that cestode Taenia taeniaeformis in rats favored Sporothrix schenckii infection and survival, causing protracted cutaneous lesions. In this study, we compared the pathology and cytokines profile of rats co-infected with the two pathogens and infected with S. schenckii alone to explore underlying mechanisms. In the co-infection group, there was high expression of ß-glucan receptor Dectin-1 in the cutaneous lesions and no multinucleated giant cells, but in the S. schenckii infection group the opposite was observed. Cytokines profiles demonstrated an expected finding that IL-4, commonly expressed in helminth and fungus infection, is undetectable in the two infection groups. In the single fungal infection group, cytokines IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17 kept increasing in the first few weeks of infection to a peak which was followed by gradual decrease. This study showed that Dectin-1 and IL-17, which were believed to be the major anti-fungus mechanisms, are Th2 independent and dispensable for clearance of S. schenckii infection, suggesting that S. schenckii has a different molecular recognition pattern and evokes anti-infection mechanisms other than Dectin-1 and IL-17.
Assuntos
Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Pele/microbiologia , Pele/parasitologia , Sporothrix/fisiologia , Esporotricose/microbiologia , Taenia/fisiologia , Animais , Coinfecção/sangue , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Coinfecção/parasitologia , Coinfecção/patologia , Cisticercose/sangue , Cisticercose/parasitologia , Cisticercose/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Imuno-Histoquímica , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/sangue , Lectinas Tipo C/sangue , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Pele/patologia , Esporotricose/sangue , Esporotricose/parasitologia , Esporotricose/patologiaRESUMO
We performed a serological study with sera from 92 patients with confirmed sporotrichosis registered between 1999 and 2004 in two hospitals in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The clinical presentation of sporotrichosis was distributed as follows: lymphocutaneous, 67%; fixed cutaneous, 23%; disseminated cutaneous, 8%; and extracutaneous, 2%. Sera were assayed by ELISA against a cell wall antigen of Sporothrix schenckii, SsCBF, that we have previously described. The cross-reactivity was determined with 77 heterologous sera. The serological test showed a sensitivity of 90% and a global efficiency of 86%. A group of 55 patients with several clinical presentations of sporotrichosis was clinically and serologically followed-up for at least 6 months. We observed by ELISA data a decrease in the antibody serum titers which correlated with the progress in healing. An HIV-positive patient with meningeal sporotrichosis was serologically followed-up for over 2 years. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid specimens were examined and significant antibodies levels against the antigen SsCBF were detected. Our results strongly suggest that this serological test is valuable for the differential diagnosis and follow-up of all clinical forms of sporotrichosis.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Fungos/química , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Sporothrix/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esporotricose/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/microbiologia , Anticorpos Antifúngicos/sangue , Anticorpos Antifúngicos/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Parede Celular , Glicopeptídeos/química , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Humanos , Proteínas de Plantas , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Esporotricose/sangue , Esporotricose/líquido cefalorraquidianoRESUMO
Lymphocyte subpopulations of dermal infiltrated cells on experimental sporotrichosis of guinea pigs was performed. According to Tan's method, infected sites were incubated with collagenase and then mechanically disaggregated. The liberated cells were used for determination of lymphocytes subpopulation. The predominance of B cells was present on the inoculated site, compare with blood from control and inoculated animals. Thus, the present result suggests the important role of humoral immunity in the development of sporotrichosis lesion.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B , Esporotricose/sangue , Linfócitos T , Animais , Cobaias , Contagem de Leucócitos , MasculinoRESUMO
Sporothrix cyanescens has been recovered from blood and a finger lesion at several medical centers in the United States. The morphology and physiology of these and three additional isolates were studied. S. cyanescens was distinguished from S. schenckii and S. fungorum by white to lavender colonial pigmentation and from S. schenckii also by the formation of secondary conidia. All isolates of S. cyanescens grew well at 37 degrees C, were cycloheximide susceptible, strongly urease positive, and benomyl resistant, failed to hydrolyze starch, and were inhibited by sodium chloride in vitro at a concentration of greater than or equal to 12%. Study of S. cyanescens in a murine model by using intravenous inoculation failed to demonstrate an invasive pathogenic potential. The validity of the transfer of S. cyanescens to the new genus Cerinosterus Moore is discussed.
Assuntos
Dermatomicoses/microbiologia , Sporothrix/patogenicidade , Esporotricose/microbiologia , Divisão Celular , Dermatomicoses/sangue , Humanos , Especificidade da Espécie , Sporothrix/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sporothrix/isolamento & purificação , Esporotricose/sangue , VirulênciaRESUMO
The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in macrophage (M phi) fungicidal activity against Sporothrix schenckii, and the relationship between NO susceptibility and the differential virulence of conidia and yeast cells, were investigated. Confirming a previously reported correlation between the length of time in culture and virulence of S. schenckii, conidia isolated from 12-day mycelial cultures (Ss-12) were less virulent to mice than conidia from 7-day cultures (Ss-7) or yeast cells. Indicative of NO production, infected animals showed a significant increase in serum levels of nitrite that was lower in mice infected with Ss-12 than in mice infected with Ss-7 or yeast. Stimulation of murine M phi with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induced NO production and inhibition of fungal growth. The cytotoxic activity of M phi against Ss-12 was significantly greater than against Ss-7 or yeast cells, the highly virulent fungal forms. The addition of NO synthase inhibitors abrogated M phi cytotoxic activity against all fungal forms. The phagocytic activity of M phi against Ss-7 was significantly lower than against Ss-12 or yeast cells. Although the ingestion of fungal cells triggered the oxidative burst in M phi, the fungicidal activity was not altered in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. In addition, Ss-12 and yeast cells were more susceptible than Ss-7 to the direct fungicidal activity of the NO donors S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP), S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1). The results of this study indicate that NO is a key cytotoxic mediator involved in the murine M phi defence against S. schenckii, and that the virulence of Ss-7, Ss-12 and yeast cells may be related to a differential susceptibility to NO.
Assuntos
Óxido Nítrico/farmacologia , Sporothrix/patogenicidade , Animais , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Ativação de Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos Peritoneais/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Nitratos/sangue , Doadores de Óxido Nítrico/farmacologia , Fagocitose/imunologia , Explosão Respiratória/imunologia , Sporothrix/efeitos dos fármacos , Sporothrix/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esporotricose/sangue , VirulênciaRESUMO
Chronic upper lobe cavitary lung disease may be caused by infections, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, sarcoidosis and rheumatologic syndromes. The diagnostic evaluation includes a complete history, a physical examination, a chest radiograph, and sputum examination and culture. In some cases, computed tomographic scanning and biopsy are required.
Assuntos
Protocolos Clínicos/normas , Pneumopatias/diagnóstico , Adulto , Biópsia , Doença Crônica , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Pneumopatias/etiologia , Pneumopatias/patologia , Masculino , Exame Físico , Esporotricose/sangue , Esporotricose/complicações , Esporotricose/imunologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
A clinical case is reported of a 78-year-old male with antecedents of diabetes and alcoholism who was hospitalized because he showed cutaneous lesions on the face and extremities suggesting cutaneous tuberculosis, but after a first histological study cutaneous leishmaniasis was erroneously diagnosed. Because of some unusual characteristics of the patient, the skin biopsies were carefully re-examined, as well as blood smears, which revealed elongated yeast form-like cells suggestive of Sporothrix schenckii. The diagnosis was confirmed when the fungus grew in mice and in Sabouraud cultures inoculated with blood samples from the patient. It is recommended that Sp. schenckii is included in the differential diagnosis of ulcerative cutaneous lesions in patients from Mexican humid areas.
Assuntos
Fungemia/diagnóstico , Sporothrix/isolamento & purificação , Esporotricose/diagnóstico , Idoso , Alcoolismo/complicações , Animais , Complicações do Diabetes , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Evolução Fatal , Fungemia/sangue , Fungemia/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Úlcera Cutânea/etiologia , Sporothrix/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esporotricose/sangue , Esporotricose/patologia , Tuberculose/diagnósticoAssuntos
Citocinas/biossíntese , Glicosaminoglicanos/farmacologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Esporotricose/sangue , Feminino , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/biossíntese , Humanos , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Interleucina-2/biossíntese , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeAssuntos
Anfotericina B/administração & dosagem , Coccidioidomicose/tratamento farmacológico , Histoplasmose/tratamento farmacológico , Injeções Intramusculares , Esporotricose/tratamento farmacológico , Anfotericina B/efeitos adversos , Anfotericina B/uso terapêutico , Nitrogênio da Ureia Sanguínea , Coccidioidomicose/sangue , Febre/induzido quimicamente , Histoplasmose/sangue , Humanos , Injeções Intravenosas , Métodos , Náusea/induzido quimicamente , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Procaína/administração & dosagem , Esporotricose/sangue , Estimulação Química , Vômito/induzido quimicamenteRESUMO
O diagnóstico de esporotricose disseminada costuma ser obtido através da necrópsia e o isolamento de Sporothrix schenckii do sangue é raro. Fungemia foi demonstrada in vivo através do isolamento do S. schenckii do sangue periférico de 13 (n=38; 34,2%) gatos com esporotricose naturalmente adquirida. A coinfecção com FIV e com FeLV encontradas, respectivamente, em 6 (n=34; 17,6%) casos e 1 (n=34; 2,9%), aparentemente não alterou a freqüência do isolamento de S. schenckii do sangue periférico. Comparando estes resultados aos dos hemocultivos realizados simultaneamente houve concordância de 84,2%. Assim, propomos o cultivo do coágulo como um método alternativo prático, eficiente e econômico para o diagnóstico de esporotricose disseminada em gatos in vivo.