RESUMO
Amphibian skin provides a habitat for bacterial communities in its mucus. Understanding the structure and function of this "mucosome" in the European fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) is critical in the context of novel emerging pathogenic diseases. We compare the cutaneous bacterial communities of this species using amplicon-based sequencing of the 16S rRNA V4 region. Across 290 samples, over 4000 OTUs were identified, four of them consistently present in all samples. Larvae and post-metamorphs exhibited distinct cutaneous microbial communities. In adults, the parotoid gland surface had a community structure different from the head, dorsum, flanks and ventral side. Larvae from streams had higher phylogenetic diversity than those found in ponds. Their bacterial community structure also differed; species of Burkholderiaceae, Comamonadaceae, Methylophilaceae and Sphingomonadaceae were more abundant in pond larvae, possibly related to differences in factors like desiccation and decomposition rate in this environment. The observed differences in the cutaneous bacterial community among stages, body parts and habitats of fire salamanders suggest that both host and external factors shape these microbiota. We hypothesize that the variation in cutaneous bacterial communities might contribute to variation in pathogen susceptibility among individual salamanders.
Assuntos
Bactérias/classificação , Microbiota , Filogenia , Pele/microbiologia , Urodelos/microbiologia , Alcaloides , Doenças dos Animais/prevenção & controle , Animais , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Sequência de Bases , Biodiversidade , Agentes de Controle Biológico , Classificação , DNA Bacteriano , Meio Ambiente , Alemanha , Larva/microbiologia , Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Venenos , Lagoas/microbiologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de SequênciaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We report a case of a parotid-facial caseating granulomatous infection caused by atypical mycobacteria (Mycobacterium avium) in an immuno-competent child. The size and depth of the lesion and its proximity to the facial nerve present a challenge for a purely surgical treatment strategy. An alternative treatment strategy is developed to avoid severe disfigurement. STUDY DESIGN/SUBJECT: Atypical mycobacterial infection of the parotid region in a 5 year old girl: timeline and definition of a planned combined treatment strategy with antibiotics and surgical excision. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: Cervicofacial infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) may present surgical challenges due to the size and depth of the lesion and its proximity to the facial nerve and major vascular structures. Even minor scars are highly visible and poorly tolerated. Close clinical monitoring combined with judicious treatment strategies is necessary for successful treatment and good cosmesis. Recent literature provides insufficient guidance in formulating the best treatment strategy for the individual patient. Comparisons of antibiotic therapy with variations of surgical excision are abundant but poorly formulated. Our case presented with a lesion involving skin, superficial and deep lobe of the parotid gland. Lesion was in immediate proximity to the distribution of the facial nerve through the parotid gland. The risk of surgical damage to the facial nerve in the acute phase of the inflammation and the required extent of skin excision were significant. We decided to start treatment with combination antimycobacterial antibiotics in close cooperation with the pediatric infectious disease specialists. We observed and documented the regress and executed a delayed surgical excision when the lesion was reduced to skin only. In our opinion this was the best treatment strategy that helped us avoid extensive dissection in the vicinity of the facial nerve as well as a parotidectomy. Excision of the involved skin with the deep portion was performed 6.5 months after initial diagnosis.
Assuntos
Gerenciamento Clínico , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/diagnóstico , Doenças Parotídeas/diagnóstico , Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Pré-Escolar , Face , Feminino , Humanos , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/terapia , Doenças Parotídeas/microbiologia , Doenças Parotídeas/terapia , Glândula Parótida/patologia , Guias de Prática Clínica como AssuntoRESUMO
Acute suppurative parotitis is a rare disease in childhood. Its incidence is higher in premature newborns. Parotid swelling and pus drainage from Stenson's duct is pathognomonic, and Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent in most cases. Here, a 33-day-old patient with acute suppurative parotitis is presented.
Assuntos
Parotidite/diagnóstico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/complicações , Supuração/microbiologia , Doença Aguda , Ampicilina/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Cefotaxima/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Glândula Parótida/patologia , Parotidite/tratamento farmacológico , Parotidite/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Supuração/tratamento farmacológico , Teicoplanina , Resultado do Tratamento , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Brucellosis is a zoonotic systemic infectious disease, and multiorgan involvement is commonly seen, but involvement of the neck is a rare presentation of brucellosis. Granulomatous infections of the parotid gland are extremely rare. Warthin tumor is a well-known benign neoplasm of the salivary glands. In this report, we describe a Warthin tumor associated with Brucella melitensis in the same parotid gland.
Assuntos
Adenolinfoma/microbiologia , Brucella melitensis , Brucelose/complicações , Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Neoplasias Parotídeas/microbiologia , Adenolinfoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Adenolinfoma/patologia , Adenolinfoma/terapia , Brucelose/diagnóstico por imagem , Brucelose/terapia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Glândula Parótida/diagnóstico por imagem , Glândula Parótida/patologia , Neoplasias Parotídeas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Parotídeas/patologia , Neoplasias Parotídeas/terapia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
We present a patient with actinomycosis of the parotid, as confirmed by histology, and discuss the challenges involved when clinical and radiological findings are highly indicative of metastatic malignancy. Early treatment with antibiotics is indicated infungating or infected masses and exclusion of malignancy by histology is often needed.
Assuntos
Actinomicose Cervicofacial/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Doenças Parotídeas/diagnóstico , Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Idoso , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/diagnóstico , Humanos , Metástase Linfática , Masculino , Doenças Parotídeas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Acute parotitis progressing to parotid abscess is rare in children. Staphylococcus aureus is the usual pathogen in parotid abscess. Granulomatous parotid abscess due to tubercular aetiology is extremely rare. Authors report a case of chronic parotid abscess in a child who received multiple courses of antibiotics without any cure. The ultrasonography and CT scan of the parotid gland confirmed the extent of parotid abscess and the changes in the parotid lymph nodes. The surgical drainage and the biopsy of the lymph nodes lead to the diagnosis of granulomatous abscess. The antitubercular therapy finally cured the disease without further recurrence.
Assuntos
Abscesso/microbiologia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Parotidite/microbiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Bucal/diagnóstico , Abscesso/diagnóstico , Abscesso/terapia , Biópsia , Criança , Drenagem , Quimioterapia Combinada , Humanos , Linfonodos/patologia , Linfonodos/cirurgia , Masculino , Glândula Parótida/diagnóstico por imagem , Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Glândula Parótida/patologia , Glândula Parótida/cirurgia , Parotidite/diagnóstico , Parotidite/terapia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Teste Tuberculínico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/terapia , Tuberculose Bucal/complicações , Tuberculose Bucal/microbiologia , Tuberculose Bucal/terapia , UltrassonografiaAssuntos
Glândula Parótida/diagnóstico por imagem , Parotidite/diagnóstico por imagem , Constrição Patológica , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Glândula Parótida/patologia , Parotidite/patologia , Streptococcus anginosus/isolamento & purificação , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
The incidence of extraintestinal infection caused by Salmonella spp has been increased during the past decade. Here we report a case of a parotid abscess caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhi (S Typhi) in an individual without any significant abnormality of the parotid gland. A 68-year-old man presented to the surgical department with high-grade intermittent fever associated with painful swelling over the right side of the face, extending into the neck. An ultrasound of the neck revealed an abscess of the right parotid gland. S Typhi was isolated from the pus drained from the parotid gland. The patient was treated with intravenous followed by oral cephalosporin for a period of 7 days. This case gives an insight into one of the rarer aetiological agents causing parotid abscess.
Assuntos
Abscesso/microbiologia , Glândula Parótida/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Raras , Salmonella typhi/isolamento & purificação , Febre Tifoide/diagnóstico , Abscesso/diagnóstico , Abscesso/terapia , Idoso , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Drenagem/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Glândula Parótida/cirurgia , Febre Tifoide/microbiologia , Febre Tifoide/terapia , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
We describe a case of the isolation of Bartonella quintana from the parotid gland of an apparently healthy man. Pathological examination showed intraparotid granulomatous abscessual lymphadenitis. Diagnosis was made on the basis of high titers of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies and of culture isolation of a causative agent from parotid aspirate.
Assuntos
Bartonella quintana/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Parotídeas/microbiologia , Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Febre das Trincheiras/diagnóstico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Linfadenite/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Parotídeas/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Parotídeas/patologia , Glândula Parótida/patologia , Esteroides/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Infections of the parotid gland with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are rarely described. Here, we report on an infection of the parotid gland caused by Mycobacterium avium and give a literature-based overview about this entity. In the light of a global increase of mycobacterial infections, unusual manifestations have to be considered and should be included in the differential diagnosis when dealing with solid lesions of uncertain aetiology in the head and neck region.
Assuntos
Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Complexo Mycobacterium avium/isolamento & purificação , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/microbiologia , Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Parotidite/microbiologia , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Complexo Mycobacterium avium/classificação , Complexo Mycobacterium avium/genética , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/diagnóstico por imagem , Glândula Parótida/diagnóstico por imagem , Parotidite/diagnóstico por imagem , RadiografiaRESUMO
Parotid abscess, not only a focal infection but also a sequela of systemic infection, necessitates the detailed search for the underlying pathogens. A 76-year-old diabetic male visited the emergency room of a hospital because of intermittently low-grade fever and a painful lump in the right parotid gland region for 7 days. Progressive painful swelling of the gland with the signs of severe sepsis developed 3 days later. Computed tomography of the neck revealed a cavitary lesion with an air-fluid level in the right parotid space. Superficial parotidectomy was performed. Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from both the pus and the blood culture. After a 2-week course of intravenous ampicillin and an additional 2-week course of oral moxifloxacin, he was free from recurrence at a 6-month follow-up. This case highlights that an initially nontoxic parotitis may be the presenting feature of extraintestinal salmonellosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent lethal dissemination in high-risk groups.
Assuntos
Abscesso/microbiologia , Doenças Parotídeas/microbiologia , Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/complicações , Salmonella enteritidis/isolamento & purificação , Abscesso/etiologia , Abscesso/patologia , Idoso , Bacteriemia/complicações , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Gases/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Doenças Parotídeas/etiologia , Glândula Parótida/patologia , Infecções por Salmonella/patologia , Infecções por Salmonella/fisiopatologia , Salmonella enteritidis/metabolismo , Salmonella enteritidis/patogenicidadeRESUMO
This report describes parotid gland tuberculosis in a 38-year-old female patient that presented with a firm, painless, progressively increasing swelling over the right preauricular region. Diagnostic workup including contrast enhanced computerized tomography neck and subsequent fine needle aspiration cytology of the swelling made the final diagnosis. The patient responded favorably with anti-tubercular therapy.
Assuntos
Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Tuberculose Bucal/diagnóstico , Adulto , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Biópsia por Agulha Fina , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Pescoço/diagnóstico por imagem , Glândula Parótida/diagnóstico por imagem , Glândula Parótida/patologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Tuberculose Bucal/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Parotid gland infection as a source of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia has been rarely reported. It is predominantly a disease of the elderly and is associated with significant mortality. Two cases are described here that presented over a 6 month history at a district general hospital. Many cases may be preventable with adequate hydration and good oral hygiene, combined with effective infection control.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Resistência a Meticilina , Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Doenças das Glândulas Salivares/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Vancomicina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Antimicrobial beta-defensins are thought to protect epithelial surfaces. Their mobilization in response to inflammation was studied in the rat parotid gland using an ELISA assay. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), injected into the parotid duct on one side, induced a marked local inflammatory response in the parotid gland as judged by several fold increases in myeloperoxidase activity and, in histological sections, infiltration of neutrophils. Three hours after the injection, beta-defensin 1 and 3 were increased (by 41% and 15%, respectively, P<0.01) as compared to the contralateral gland. Though still elevated 6h after the injection, the percentage figures for beta-defensin 1 were, at this time, somewhat lower (30%) compared to the situation at 3h, while those for defensin 3 were significantly higher 65% (P<0.01); neither at the early nor at the late time of observation were any changes in the level of beta-defensin 2 observed. The beta-defensins under study were not detected in submandibular and sublingual glands, neither were they detected in the inflamed submandibular gland, showing also here several fold increases in myeloperoxidase activity and, in addition, the presence of inflammatory cells, following ductal injection of LPS towards the gland.
Assuntos
Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Parotidite/metabolismo , beta-Defensinas/metabolismo , Animais , Defensinas/análise , Defensinas/metabolismo , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Tamanho do Órgão , Glândula Parótida/química , Glândula Parótida/patologia , Parotidite/microbiologia , Parotidite/patologia , Peroxidase/análise , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , beta-Defensinas/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Salmonella infection of the parotid gland is rare. CASE: An instance in a 50-year-old man of Salmonella enteritidis parotiditis initially recognized by microbial culture of a fine needle aspiration cytology material is described. The identified predisposing factor was chronic alcoholic abuse. For the infection source, a carrier state of salmonella parotitis was postulated, which progressed to focal abscess and was subsequently complicated by bacteremia and hematogenous spread to the liver, spleen and lungs. CONCLUSION: Salmonella should be included in the differential consideration of head and neck abscesses in immunocompromised individuals and treated aggressively.
Assuntos
Abscesso/microbiologia , Biópsia por Agulha Fina , Parotidite/microbiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonella enteritidis/isolamento & purificação , Abscesso/patologia , Alcoolismo/complicações , Alcoolismo/imunologia , Evolução Fatal , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Glândula Parótida/patologia , Parotidite/patologia , Infecções por Salmonella/patologia , Salmonella enteritidis/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Tuberculosis is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. It most commonly involves the lungs (Pulmonary Tuberculosis), although it can involve any organ system in the body. However even in a country like India which has high burden of this disease, the tubercular invasion of parotid gland is extremely rare. Here we describe two such cases. Both patients were immune competent and presented with fever and swelling in the parotid region. They were diagnosed as tuberculosis of parotid gland by ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration and confirmed bacteriologically.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Glândula Parótida , Sialadenite/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Biópsia por Agulha Fina , Humanos , Índia , Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Glândula Parótida/patologiaRESUMO
A bacterium was isolated from the abscess pus of a 72-year-old patient with Warthin's tumor and parotid abscess. The cells were aerobic, non-motile, Gram-negative but difficult to be destained, non-sporulating, coccobacillus. The bacterium grew poorly on sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar as non-hemolytic colonies of 0.5 mm in diameter after 24h of incubation at 37 degrees C in ambient air. Growth was enhanced by Tween 80. It produces catalase but not cytochrome oxidase. Sequencing of the cloned 16S rRNA PCR products of the bacterium revealed three different 16S rRNA gene sequences, with 12 - 31 bp differences among them. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the bacterium is closely related to Alkanindiges illinoisensis, with 5.0 - 5.9% differences between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the bacterium and that of A. illinoisensis. Tryptophan auxotrophic strain of Acinetobacter trpE27 transformed with DNA extracted from the bacterium was unable to grow on tryptophan deficient medium, indicating that the bacterium was not a strain of Acinetobacter. The G+C content of the bacterium (mean +/-SD) was 46.9+4.3%. A new species, Alkanindiges hongkongensis sp. nov., is proposed, for which HKU9T is the type strain. Isolates with "small colonies" that are apparently Acinetobacter-like species should be carefully identified. Growth enhancement with aliphatic hydrocarbons should be looked for and 16S rRNA gene sequencing performed in order to find more potential cases of Alkanindiges infections, as well as to define the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and outcome of infections associated with this genus.