The dental curing light: A potential health risk.

Powerful blue-light emitting dental curing lights are used in dental offices to photocure resins in the mouth. In addition, many dental personnel use magnification loupes. This study measured the effect of magnification loupes on the "blue light hazard" when the light from a dental curing light was reflected off a human tooth. Loupes with 3.5x magnification (Design for Vision, Carl Zeiss, and Quality Aspirator) and 2.5x magnification (Design for Vision and Quality Aspirator) were placed at the entrance of an integrating sphere connected to a spectrometer (USB 4000, Ocean Optics). A model with human teeth was placed 40 cm away and in line with this sphere. The light guide tip of a broad-spectrum Sapphire Plus (Den-Mat) curing light was positioned at a 45° angle from the facial surface of the central incisor. The spectral radiant power reflected from the teeth was recorded five times with the loupes over the entrance into the sphere. The maximum permissible cumulative exposure times in an 8-hr day were calculated using guidelines set by the ACGIH. It was concluded that at a 40 cm distance, the maximum permissible cumulative daily exposure time to light reflected from the tooth was approximately 11 min without loupes. The weighted blue irradiance values were significantly different for each brand of loupe (Fisher's PLSD p < 0.05) and were up to eight times greater at the pupil than when loupes were not used. However, since the linear dimensions of the resulting images would be 2.5 to 3.5x larger on the retina, the image area was increased by the square of the magnification and the effective blue light hazard was reduced compared to without the loupes. Thus, although using magnification loupes increased the irradiance received at the pupil, the maximum cumulative daily exposure time to reflected light was increased up to 28 min. Further studies are required to determine the ocular hazards of a focused stare when using magnification loupes and the effects of other curing lights used in the dental office.

Influence of irradiance on Knoop hardness, degree of conversion, and polymerization shrinkage of nanofilled and microhybrid composite resins.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the irradiance emitted by a light-curing unit on microhardness, degree of conversion (DC), and gaps resulting from shrinkage of 2 dental composite resins. Cylinders of nanofilled and microhybrid composites were fabricated and light cured. After 24 hours, the tops and bottoms of the specimens were evaluated via indentation testing and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine Knoop hardness number (KHN) and DC, respectively. Gap width (representing polymerization shrinkage) was measured under a scanning electron microscope. The nanofilled composite specimens presented significantly greater KHNs than did the microhybrid specimens (P < 0.05). The microhybrid composite resin exhibited significantly greater DC and gap width than the nanofilled material (P < 0.05). Irradiance had a mostly material-dependent influence on the hardness and DC, but not the polymerization shrinkage, of composite resins.

Residual HEMA and TEGDMA release and cytotoxicity evaluation of resin-modified glass ionomer cement and compomers cured with different light sources.

The purpose of this study was first to evaluate the elution of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) monomers from resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) and compomers cured with halogen and light-emitting diode (LED) light-curing units (LCUs). The effect of cured materials on the viability of L929 fibroblast cells was also evaluated. One RMGIC (Ketac N100) and two compomers (Dyract Extra and Twinkystar) were tested. Materials were prepared in teflon disks and light-cured with LED or halogen LCUs. The residual monomers of resin materials in solution were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The fibroblast cells' viability was analyzed using MTT assay. The type of LCU did not have a significant effect on the elution of HEMA and TEGDMA. A greater amount of HEMA than TEGMDA was eluted. The amount of TEGDMA eluted from Twinkystar was greater than Dyract Extra (P < 0.05) when cured with a halogen LCU. All material-LCU combinations decreased the fibroblast cells' viability more than the control group (P < 0.01), except for Dyract Extra cured with a halogen LCU (P > 0.05). Curing with the LED LCU decreased the cells' viability more than curing with the halogen LCU for compomers. For Ketac N100, the halogen LCU decreased the cells' viability more than the LED LCU.

Effect of high-intensity irradiation from dental photopolymerization on the isolated and superfused vertebrate retina.

BACKGROUND: Light or electromagnetic radiation may damage the neurosensory retina during irradiation of photopolymerizing resinous materials. Direct and indirect effects of irradiation emitted from polymerisation curing light may represent a severe risk factor for the eyes and the skin of the lamp operators, as well as for the patient's oral mucosa. METHODS: Bovine superfused retinas were used to record their light-evoked electroretinogram (ERG) as ex vivo ERGs. Both the a- and the b-waves were used as indicators for retinal damage on the functional level. The isolated retinas were routinely superfused with a standard nutrient solution under normoglycemic conditions (5 mM D-glucose). The change in the a- and b-wave amplitude and implicit time, caused by low and high intensity irradiation, was calculated and followed over time. RESULTS: From the results, it can be deduced that the irradiation from LED high-power lamps affects severely the normal physiological function of the bovine retina. Irradiations of 1,200 lx irreversibly damaged the physiological response. In part, this may be reversible at lower intensities, but curing without using the appropriate filter will bleach the retinal rhodopsin to a large extent within 20 to 40 s of standard application times. CONCLUSION: Constant exposure to intense ambient irradiation affects phototransduction (a-wave) as well as transretinal signalling. The proper use of the UV- and blue-light filtering device is highly recommended, and may prevent acute and long lasting damage of the neurosensory retina.

Efficacy of tooth bleaching with and without light activation and its effect on the pulp temperature: an in vitro study.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the colour stability of bleaching after light activation with halogen unit, laser, LED unit or chemical activation up to 3 months after treatment. Four groups of teeth (n = 20) were bleached with Opalescence Xtra Boost (38% hydrogen peroxide) using four different methods: activation with halogen, LED, laser or chemical activation only. All teeth were bleached in one session for four times (4 × 15 min) and the colour was evaluated using a spectrophotometer at the following time points: before bleaching, immediately after bleaching, 1 day, and 1 and 3 months after the end of bleaching. Between the tested time points, the teeth were stored in 0.9% NaCl solution. Additionally, the temperature increase in the pulp chamber was measured using a measuring sensor connected to a computer. Bleaching with the halogen unit showed the highest colour change. Halogen unit, laser and chemical activation resulted in whiter teeth after 1 and 3 months compared to the colour after the end of the bleaching procedure (p ≤ 0.05). Three months after the end of bleaching, the shade changes observed were-halogen: 7.1 > chemical activation: 6.2 > LED: 5.4 > laser: 5.2. Halogen showed the highest temperature increase (17.39°C ± 1.96) followed by laser (14.06°C ± 2.55) and LED (0.41°C ± 0.66) (p < 0.0001). Chemical activation did not affect the temperature in the pulp chamber. The use of light activation did not show any advantages compared to chemical bleaching. Although halogen unit showed the higher shade's change, its use resulted also in the higher pulp temperature. According to the present findings, light activation of the bleaching agent seems not to be beneficial compared to bleaching without light activation, concerning the colour stability up to 3 months after bleaching and the pulp temperature caused during the bleaching procedure.

Toxicity of photodynamic therapy with LED associated to Photogem®: an in vivo study.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of Photogem®-mediated photosensitization on rat palatal mucosa and the biodistribution of the photosensitizer in this tissue. A solution of Photogem® (500 or 1000 mg/l) was applied to the palatal mucosa for 30 min and the exposure time to blue LED (460 nm) was 20 min (144 J/cm(2)). At 0, 1, 3, and 7 days, palatal mucosa was photographed for macroscopic analysis. After killing, the palate was removed for microscopic analysis. Thermal mapping evaluated temperature change in the tissue during irradiation. All experimental groups revealed intact mucosa in the macroscopic analysis. Tissue alterations were observed microscopically for only four out of 80 animals subjected to PDT. Fluorescence emitted by Photogem® was identified and was limited to the epithelial layer. A temperature increase from 35 to 41°C was recorded. Photogem®- mediated PDT was not toxic to the rat palatal mucosa.

Dental light curing and its effects on color perception.

INTRODUCTION: Light curing has become increasingly popular for orthodontic bonding, partly as a result of improvements in light-curing unit technology and higher light intensities. The aim of this study was to determine orthodontists' knowledge of dental light-curing units, their safety aspects, and the possible effects on color perception. METHODS: Questionnaires were administered to 120 specialists or trainees to assess their knowledge of light curing and safety issues. In addition, 15 orthodontists and 15 nonorthodontists were asked to complete the Farnsworth Munsell 100 hue test to assess color perception. RESULTS: One hundred four questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 86.6%. Light-emitting diode lights were the most popular (73.4%), followed by quartz-halogen (9.2%) and plasma lights (5.5%); 11.9% were unsure of the type of light used, 84% did not know the intensity, and 67% did not know the wavelength of the lights. Although most used safety equipment-eg, paddles-7% used no safety measures. Seventy-six percent were either unsure or took no precautions during light curing for staff or patients who had previous cataract surgery, and up to 99% were either unsure or took no precautions during light curing for staff or patients taking photosensitizing medications. With the Farnsworth Munsell test, 28 participants had average color discrimination, with 2 demonstrating superior discrimination. There were no differences between the orthodontists and the controls, or between men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Orthodontists' knowledge of dental light-curing units and hazards is poor. Although potential risks are associated with the long-term use of these light-curing units, no effect on color discrimination was detected.

Curing light burns.

This study sought to reveal the potential heat generated by a light-emitting diode (LED) curing light, which has generally been considered to be relatively cool. It is likely that similarly designed curing lights will produce a similar level of heat and have the potential to cause damage to soft tissue.

Evaluation of ocular hazards from 4 types of curing lights.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of ocular damage from 4 types of light curing units (LCUs) and to estimate the maximum permissible ocular exposure times from each LCU during an 8-hour workday. METHODS: Extracted human maxillary teeth were mounted in a dentoform. Four types of LCUs (plasma arc, low-power and high-power light-emitting diode, and quartz-tungsten-halogen) were used to cure a simulated restoration in the maxillary central incisor from the facial and palatal aspects. To simulate ocular exposure, the spectral irradiance (W/[cm2 · nm]) from the LCUs was measured 5 times at each of 3 distances (30 cm, 50 cm and 100 cm) from the tooth, using a cosine-corrected probe attached, via a fibre optic cable, to a calibrated spectroradiometer. The weighted blue-light and effective ultraviolet (UV) irradiances that would be received by the eye from each LCU were calculated. RESULTS: The maximum permissible daily exposure limits for UV light exceeded 8 hours at all distances and orientations. The maximum permissible cumulative daily exposure time to blue light was as low as 6 seconds when curing from the palatal aspect with the plasma arc LCU and as high as 1.5 hours when the low-power light-emitting diode LCU was used from the facial aspect. CONCLUSIONS: The 4 LCUs tested did not pose a risk of UV-mediated ocular damage. The higher-powered lamps showed potential to cause blue-light-mediated ocular damage at shorter distances, with damage potentially occurring after cumulative viewing of only 6 seconds at the 30-cm distance during an 8-hour workday.

Temperature changes caused by light curing units on dentine of primary teeth.

AIM: This was to determine the temperature changes produced in dentine discs of primary teeth placed below a glass ionomer, microhybrid flow resin or microhybrid resin during the photocuring process with conventional halogen lamps and LEDs at different distances. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental design. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This in vitro study was carried out in the research laboratory of the Universitat International de Catalunya. We cut 1 mm thick dentine discs with the IsoMet 1000 cutting machine. Thereafter, we cut stainless steel rings of different heights. Subsequently, to facilitate the temperature measurement, we prepared silicone moulds, in which the dentine disc, stainless steel ring and the digital thermometer/ thermocouple were positioned. Once the silicone mould was finished, a 2 mm thick layer of the restorative material was placed on the dentine disc. Finally, the polymerisation process was conducted according to the times recommended by the manufacturers, and the temperature produced was recorded at the end of the procedure. STATISTICAL EVALUATION: Replies were analyzed using the STATGRAPHICS® Plus Version 5.0 statistics software system, in order to obtain comparative diagrams and graphs using the ANOVA multifactorial system. RESULTS: The photocuring lamps used on the restorative materials produced statistically significant differences in temperature, with p = 0.00001. CONCLUSION: Halogen lamps cause a greater temperature rise in materials than LEDs lamps, and the greatest rise is produced when microhybrid flow resin is photocured with the Optilux 501 halogen lamp.

In-vitro assessment of temperature rise in the pulp during orthodontic bonding.

INTRODUCTION: In this in-vitro study, we evaluated the temperature changes in the pulp chamber during bracket bonding using 4 different light sources. METHODS: Eighty intact extracted maxillary central incisors were used. The teeth were divided into 4 groups of 20 teeth each. Brackets (Mini Twin, Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany) were bonded with Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) adhesive and light cured with low-intensity halogen light for 40 seconds, high-intensity halogen light for 40 seconds, light-emitting diode (LED) light for 20 seconds, and plasma arc light (PAC) for 6 seconds. Light curing was performed 5 mm from tooth surfaces. A J-type thermocouple wire was positioned in the center of the pulp chamber. The results were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey HSD test. RESULTS: ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test showed that pulp chamber temperature changes were influenced by the type of light source. All groups showed significant differences between each other (P <0.001). The intrapulpal temperature changes induced by different light sources were the following: high-intensity halogen (6.84 degrees C +/- 2.44 degrees C), low-intensity halogen (4.71 degrees C +/- 0.96 degrees C), LED (2.95 degrees C +/- 1.12 degrees C), and PAC (0.96 degrees C +/- 0.83 degrees C). CONCLUSIONS: High- and low-intensity halogen light induced significantly higher intrapulpal temperature changes than did the LED and PAC. Except for the high intensity halogen light, orthodontic bonding with light-curing units did not exceed the critical 5.5 degrees C rise in temperature reported to produce pulpal damage.

Effects of intrapulpal temperature change induced by visible light units on the metabolism of odontoblast-like cells.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of intrapulpal temperature changes induced by a quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) and a light emitting diode (LED) curing units on the metabolism of odontoblast-like cells. METHODS: Thirty-six 0.5 mm-thick dentin discs obtained from sound human teeth were randomly assigned into three groups: QTH, LED and no light (control). After placement of the dentin discs in pulp chamber devices, a thermistor was attached to the pulpal surface of each disc and the light sources were applied on the occlusal surface. After registering the temperature change, odontoblast-like cells MDPC-23 were seeded on the pulpal side of the discs and the curing lights were again applied. Cell metabolism was evaluated by the MTT assay and cell morphology was assessed by SEM. RESULTS: In groups QTH and LED the intrapulpal temperature increased by 6.4 degrees C and 3.4 degrees C, respectively. The difference between both groups was statistically significant (Mann-Whitney; P < 0.05). QTH and LED reduced the cell metabolism by 36.4% and 33.4%, respectively. Regarding the cell metabolism, no statistically significant difference was observed between both groups (Mann-Whitney; P > 0.05). However, when compared to the control, only QTH significantly reduced the cell metabolism (Mann-Whitney; P < 0.05). It was concluded that the irradiance of 0.5 mm-thick human dentin discs with a QTH in comparison to a LED curing unit promoted a higher temperature rise, which propagates through the dentin negatively affecting the metabolism of the underlying cultured pulp cells.

Influence of curing mode intensities on cell culture cytotoxicity/genotoxicity.

PURPOSE: This study determined the cytotoxic/genotoxic effect of different curing modes on cell culture. METHODS: A thin layer of lymphocyte cultures was cured applying three different curing modes of Bluephase C8 LED curing unit. Cultures were exposed to light directly or through a layer (2 mm) of polymerized resin composite sample. Cells were analyzed using trypan blue exclusion test, acridine orange/ethidium bromide dyeing technique, and alkaline comet assay. RESULTS: Only low intensity mode after direct exposure significantly increased the number of nonviable lymphocytes detected using trypan blue. All curing procedures significantly increased the number of apoptotic lymphocytes regardless whether the exposure occurred directly or through the composite. Low intensity mode in direct exposure significantly elevated DNA migration compared to other curing modes. 1 hour after exposure significant increase in tail length and intensity for all modes and procedures was detected. However, DNA damage measured for cultures cured by low intensity mode was higher compared to the other two modes; thus, despite of curing light intensity, longer curing time leads to greater cytotoxicity/genotoxicity in cell culture.

Comparison of in vivo and in vitro models to evaluate pulp temperature rise during exposure to a Polywave® LED light curing unit.

OBJECTIVES: To measure and compare in vivo and in vitro pulp temperature (PT) increase (ΔTEMP) over baseline, physiologic temperature using the same intact upper premolars exposed to the same Polywave® LED curing light. METHODOLOGY: After local Ethics Committee approval (#255,945), local anesthesia, rubber dam isolation, small occlusal preparations/minute pulp exposure (n=15) were performed in teeth requiring extraction for orthodontic reasons. A sterile probe of a temperature measurement system (Temperature Data Acquisition, Physitemp) was placed within the pulp chamber and the buccal surface was sequentially exposed to a LED LCU (Bluephase 20i, Ivoclar Vivadent) using the following exposure modes: 10-s low or high, 5-s Turbo, and 60-s high. Afterwards, the teeth were extracted and K-type thermocouples were placed within the pulp chamber through the original access. The teeth were attached to an assembly simulating the in vivo environment, being similarly exposed while real-time temperature (°C) was recorded. ΔTEMP values and time for temperature to reach maximum (ΔTIME) were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-hoc tests (pre-set alpha 0.05). RESULTS: Higher ΔTEMP was observed in vitro than in vivo. No significant difference in ΔTIME was observed between test conditions. A significant, positive relationship was observed between radiant exposure and ΔTEMP for both conditions (in vivo: r2=0.917; p<0.001; in vitro: r2=0.919; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Although the in vitro model overestimated in vivo PT increase, in vitro PT rise was close to in vivo values for clinically relevant exposure modes.

Photodynamic therapy with Bixa orellana extract and LED for the reduction of halitosis: study protocol for a randomized, microbiological and clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Halitosis is an unpleasant breath odour that can interfere with the professional life, social life and quality of life of people who suffer from it. A modality of treatment that has been increasing in dentistry is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Bixa orellana, popularly known as "urucum" is a plant native to Brazil. The seeds are used to produce a dye that is largely used in the food, textile, paint and cosmetic industries. The aim of this study is to verify whether aPDT with Bixa orellana extract and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is effective in reducing halitosis. This method will also be compared with tongue scraping, the most commonly used conventional method for tongue coating removal, and the association of both methods will be evaluated. METHODS/DESIGN: A randomized clinical trial will be conducted at the dental clinic of the Universidade Nove de Julho. Thirty-nine patients will be divided by block randomization into three groups (n = 13) according to the treatment to be performed. In Group 1, tongue scraping will be performed by the same operator in all patients for analysis of the immediate results. Patients will also be instructed on how to use the scraper at home. Group 2 will be treated with aPDT with Bixa orellana extract and the LED light curing device: Valo Cordless Ultradent®. Six points in the tongue dorsum with a distance of 1 cm between them will be irradiated. The apparatus will be pre-calibrated at wavelength 395-480 nm for 20 s and 9.6 J per point. In Group 3, patients will be submitted to the tongue scraping procedure, as well as to the previously explained aPDT. Oral air collection with the Oral Chroma™ and microbiological collections of the tongue coating shall be done before, immediately after and 7 days after treatment for comparison. DISCUSSION: Halitosis treatment is a topic that still needs attention. The results of this trial could support decision-making by clinicians regarding aPDT using blue LEDs for treating halitosis on a daily basis, as most dentists already have this light source in their offices. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03346460 . Registered on 17 November 2017.

Evaluation of Eye Protection Filters Used with Broad-Spectrum and Conventional LED Curing Lights.

The high irradiance and the different emission spectra from contemporary light curing units (LCU) may cause ocular damage. This study evaluated the ability of 15 eye protection filters: 2 glasses, 1 paddle design, and 12 dedicated filters to block out harmful light from a monowave (HP-3M ESPE) and a broad-spectrum (Valo, Ultradent) LED LCU. Using the anterior sensor in the MARC-Patient Simulator (BlueLight Analytics) the irradiance that was delivered through different eye protection filters was measured three times. The LCUs delivered a similar irradiance to the top of the filter. The mean values of the light that passed through the filters as percent of the original irradiance were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test (a= 0.05). The emission spectra from the LCUs and through the filters were also obtained. Two-way ANOVA showed that the interaction between protective filters and LCUs significantly influenced the amount of light transmitted (p< 0.001). Tukey test showed that the amount of light transmitted through the protective filters when using the HP-3M-ESPE was significantly greater compared to when using the Valo, irrespective of the protective filter tested. When using the HP-3M-ESPE, the Glasses filter allowed significantly more light through, followed by XL 3000, ORTUS, Google Professional, Gnatus filters. The Valo filter was the most effective at blocking out the harmful light. Some protective filters were less effective at blocking the lower wavelengths of light (<420 nm). However, even in the worst scenario, the filters were able to block at least 97% of the irradiance.

Light Curing in Dentistry.

The ability to light cure resins 'on demand' in the mouth has revolutionized dentistry. However, there is a widespread lack of understanding of what is required for successful light curing in the mouth. Most instructions simply tell the user to 'light cure for xx seconds' without describing any of the nuances of how to successfully light cure a resin. This article provides a brief description of light curing. At the end, some recommendations are made to help when purchasing a curing light and how to improve the use of the curing light.

Light curing procedures - performance, knowledge level and safety awareness among dentists.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate dentists' exposure to curing light and to obtain information about the dentists' knowledge on practical use and technical features of their curing lights as well as their safety awareness. METHODS: A pre-coded questionnaire was sent electronically to all dentists (n=1313) in the Public Dental Service (PDS) in Norway in 2015. RESULTS: The Response rate was 55.8%. The dentists spent on average 57.5% of their working days placing restorations, ranging from 1 to 30 (mean 7.7, SD 3.6) restorations per day. The average length of light curing one normal layer of composite was 27s. The longest individual mean curing time per day was about 100 times higher than that of the lowest. The mean curing time for lamps of the lower reported irradiances was similar to the time representing exceedance of international guidelines for limit values for blue light to the eyes. Almost one-third of the dentists used inadequate eye protection against blue light. The odds of using adequate eye protection were significantly higher among young dentists (p<0.01). The majority of the respondents (78.3%) were unaware of the irradiance value of their curing lights, thus rendering the curing time uncertain. More dentists in this group did not perform regular maintenance of their curing lights compared with all respondents (17.1% vs. 3.3%, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed considerable variations among Norwegian dentists in the Public Dental Service with respect to performance of light curing of restorations, safety awareness and technical knowledge of the curing light. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The questionnaire study identifies specific knowledge gaps among Norwegian dentists with regard to curing lights and use of personal protection. Today's dependence on technology in dentistry necessitates that the operator possesses knowledge of essential technical specifications and safe use of devices and instruments routinely used in dental treatment.

Comparison of in vivo and in vitro models to evaluate pulp temperature rise during exposure to a Polywave® LED light curing unit

Abstract Objectives: To measure and compare in vivo and in vitro pulp temperature (PT) increase (ΔTEMP) over baseline, physiologic temperature using the same intact upper premolars exposed to the same Polywave® LED curing light. Methodology: After local Ethics Committee approval (#255,945), local anesthesia, rubber dam isolation, small occlusal preparations/minute pulp exposure (n=15) were performed in teeth requiring extraction for orthodontic reasons. A sterile probe of a temperature measurement system (Temperature Data Acquisition, Physitemp) was placed within the pulp chamber and the buccal surface was sequentially exposed to a LED LCU (Bluephase 20i, Ivoclar Vivadent) using the following exposure modes: 10-s low or high, 5-s Turbo, and 60-s high. Afterwards, the teeth were extracted and K-type thermocouples were placed within the pulp chamber through the original access. The teeth were attached to an assembly simulating the in vivo environment, being similarly exposed while real-time temperature (°C) was recorded. ΔTEMP values and time for temperature to reach maximum (ΔTIME) were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-hoc tests (pre-set alpha 0.05). Results: Higher ΔTEMP was observed in vitro than in vivo. No significant difference in ΔTIME was observed between test conditions. A significant, positive relationship was observed between radiant exposure and ΔTEMP for both conditions (in vivo: r2=0.917; p<0.001; in vitro: r2=0.919; p<0.001). Conclusion: Although the in vitro model overestimated in vivo PT increase, in vitro PT rise was close to in vivo values for clinically relevant exposure modes.