Simultaneous detection of plant growth regulators jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate in plant samples by a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA.

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and its free-acid form, jasmonic acid (JA), collectively referred to as jasmonates (JAs), are natural plant growth regulators that are widely present in higher plants. Simultaneous detection of JA and MeJA in plant samples is of significance and is a great challenging issue. In this study, coupling with two extraction methods, a sensitive monoclonal antibody (mAb) based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for simultaneous detection of JA and MeJA in plant samples was developed. The JA-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate was used as an immunogen for the production of mAb. As the produced mAb exhibited higher recognition ability towards MeJA than towards JA, ELISA was established using MeJA as the standard. Under optimal experimental conditions, the IC50 and LOD values of ELISA for MeJA were 2.02 ng mL-1 and 0.20 ng mL-1, respectively. In the first extraction method, MeJA in plant samples was evaporated and only JA was extracted. In the second extraction method, both JA and MeJA were extracted. After methylation, JA in the extracts was converted into MeJA, and the whole MeJA in the extracts was measured by ELISA. Plant samples including the leaves of Salvia splendens, the flowers of Salvia splendens and the fruit of grapes were collected. JA and MeJA in these samples were detected by the proposed ELISA. It was found that the concentrations of JA in these three plant samples were about 3-5 times higher than those of MeJA in those samples. ELISA was also confirmed by HPLC. There was a good correlation between ELISA and HPLC.

Inhibition of Biofilm Formation by Modified Oxylipins from the Shipworm Symbiont Teredinibacter turnerae.

The bioactivity-guided purification of the culture broth of the shipworm endosymbiont Teredinibacter turnerae strain 991H.S.0a.06 yielded a new fatty acid, turneroic acid (1), and two previously described oxylipins (2-3). Turneroic acid (1) is an 18-carbon fatty acid decorated by a hydroxy group and an epoxide ring. Compounds 1-3 inhibited bacterial biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis, while only 3 showed antimicrobial activity against planktonic S. epidermidis. Comparison of the bioactivity of 1-3 with structurally related compounds indicated the importance of the epoxide moiety for selective and potent biofilm inhibition.

In†Vivo Solid-Phase Microextraction for Sampling of Oxylipins in Brain of Awake, Moving Rats.

Oxylipins are key lipid mediators of important brain processes, including pain, sleep, oxidative stress, and inflammation. For the first time, an in-depth profile of up to 52 oxylipins can be obtained from the brains of awake moving animals using in vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME) chemical biopsy tool in combination with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Among these, 23 oxylipins are detectable in the majority of healthy wildtype samples. This new approach successfully eliminates the changes in oxylipin concentrations routinely observed during the analysis of post-mortem samples, allows time-course monitoring of their concentrations with high spatial resolution in specific brain regions of interest, and can be performed using the same experimental set-up as in vivo microdialysis (MD) thus providing a new and exciting tool in neuroscience and drug discovery.

Brain oxylipin concentrations following hypercapnia/ischemia: effects of brain dissection and dissection time.

PUFAs are precursors to bioactive oxylipin metabolites that increase in the brain following CO2-induced hypercapnia/ischemia. It is not known whether the brain-dissection process and its duration also alter these metabolites. We applied CO2 with or without head-focused microwave fixation for 2 min to evaluate the effects of CO2-induced asphyxiation, dissection, and dissection time on brain oxylipin concentrations. Compared with head-focused microwave fixation (control), CO2 followed by microwave fixation prior to dissection increased oxylipins derived from lipoxygenase (LOX), 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH), cytochrome P450 (CYP), and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzymatic pathways. This effect was enhanced when the duration of postmortem ischemia was prolonged by 6.4 min prior to microwave fixation. Brains dissected from rats subjected to CO2 without microwave fixation showed greater increases in LOX, PGDH, CYP and sEH metabolites compared with all other groups, as well as increased cyclooxygenase metabolites. In nonmicrowave-irradiated brains, sEH metabolites and one CYP metabolite correlated positively and negatively with dissection time, respectively. This study presents new evidence that the dissection process and its duration increase brain oxylipin concentrations, and that this is preventable by microwave fixation. When microwave fixation is not available, lipidomic studies should account for dissection time to reduce these artifacts.

Potential of Physalis peruviana calyces as a low-cost valuable resource of phytoprostanes and phenolic compounds.

BACKGROUND: In Colombia, agro-industrial residues represent an enormous economic and environmental problem, which could be reduced if different techniques for the addition of value to such residues were implemented by this industrial sector. One of the fruits with the highest export rates is Physalis peruviana (goldenberry); however, this fruit is generally marketed without its calyx, generating a large amount of residues. To develop a strategy to add value to these residues, it is essential to know their chemical composition. RESULTS: In the present work, phytoprostanes (PhytoPs) - new active oxylipins - have been detected for the first time in Physalis peruviana calyces by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS), F1t -phytoprostanes and D1t -phytoprostanes being the predominant and minor classes, respectively. In addition, we were able to characterize the phenolic compounds profile of this matrix using LC-IT-DAD-MS/MS, describing six phenolic derivatives for the first time therein. CONCLUSIONS: This study increases our knowledge of the chemical composition of the calyces of this fruit and thereby supports the recycling of this class of residue. Consequently, goldenberry calyces could be used as phytotherapeutic, nutraceutic, or cosmetic ingredients for the development of diverse natural products. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

UHPLC-ESI-ORBITRAP-MS analysis of the native Mapuche medicinal plant palo negro (Leptocarpha rivularis DC. - Asteraceae) and evaluation of its antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory properties.

UHPLC/ESI/MS identification of organic compounds is the first step in the majority of screening techniques for the characterization of biologically active metabolites in natural sources. This paper describes a method for the fast identification and characterisation of secondary metabolites in Leptocarpha rivularis DC. (Palo negro) extracts by HPLC/UV (DAD)-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC/MS). The plant is used for the treatment of several diseases since pre-hispanic Mapuche times. Thirty-seven compounds were detected in the aqueous edible extract for the first time including 4 sesquiterpenes, 10 flavonoids, 9 oxylipins, 2 organic acids, and 11 phenolic acids. In addition, phenolic content antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities were measured for the first time using the edible infusion. The total polyphenol content of the infusion was 230.76 ± 2.5 mmol GAE/kg dry weight, while the antioxidant activity was 176.51 ± 28.84; 195.28 ± 4.83; and 223.92 ± 2.95 mmol TE/kg dry weight, for the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, respectively. The cholinesterase inhibitory activity was 7.38 ± 0.03 and 5.74 ± 0.06 mmol GALAE/kg, for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase AChE and BChE, respectively, showing that this plant is a candidate for the isolation of compounds that can be useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, this plant could serve also as a raw material for the production of dietary supplements, due to its content of polyphenolic compounds.

Comparison of derivatization/ionization techniques for liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of oxylipins.

The performance of two derivatization and ionization techniques for the quantitative reversed phase liquid chromatography (LC)- mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of hydroxy fatty acids (OH-PUFA) in plasma was evaluated: One used AMPP (N-(4-aminomethylphenyl)pyridinium chloride) leading to a positive charged amid-derivate which can be detected by electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS. Second yielded penta fluorobenzyl bromide (PFB) ester derivates allowing detection in electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (ecAPCI)-MS. The sensitivity of detection of a comprehensive set of hydroxy fatty acids of n6- and n3- poly unsaturated fatty acids was investigated. On the SCIEX3200 MS the applied PFB derivatization led to poor limits of detection (LOD) of 10-100nM (0.1-1pmol/0.03-0.3ng on column). By contrast, AMPP derivatization led to a similar sensitivity compared to the standard ESI(-) of non derivatized analytes (LOD about 1nM (10fmol/3pg on column)). For several analytes, including 9-HETE, 11-HETE and 17-HDHA the AMPP derivatization improved sensitivity enabling their detection in human plasma. However, precision was reduced by AMPP derivatization and variation in IS recovery indicated a strong matrix influence on the MS-signal. In sum, with the instrumentation used, neither of these derivatization methods improves in our hands the LC-MS based quantification of oxylipins.

Novel polymeric monolith materials with a ß-cyclodextrin-graphene composite for the highly selective extraction of methyl jasmonate.

A novel polymeric monolith column with a  ß-cyclodextrin-graphene composite was prepared for extraction of methyl jasmonate. A simple, sensitive, and effective polymeric monolith microextraction with high-performance liquid chromatography method has been presented for the determination. To carry out the best microextraction efficiency, several parameters such as sample flow rate, sample volume, and sample pH value were systematically optimized. In addition, the method validation showed a wide linear range of 5-2000 ng/mL, with a good linearity and low limits of detection for methyl jasmonate. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of methyl jasmonate in wintersweet flowers with recoveries of 90.67%. The result was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry.

[Content of salicylic and jasmonic acids in pea roots (Pisum sativum L.) at the initial stage of symbiotic or pathogenic interaction with bacteria of the family Rhizobiaceae].

A change in the contents of endogenous salicylic and jasmonic acids in the roots of the host plant at the preinfectious stage of interaction with symbiotic (Rhizobium leguminosarum) and pathogenic (Agrobacterium rizogenes) bacteria belonging for to the family Rhizobiaceae was studied. It was found that the jasmonic acid content increased 1.5­2 times 5 min after inoculation with these bacterial species. It was shown that dynamics of the change in the JA and SA contents depends on the type of infection. Thus, the JA content decreased in the case of pathogenesis, while the SA content increased. At the same time, an increased JA content was observed during symbiosis. The observed regularities could indicate the presence of different strategies of hormonal regulation for interaction with symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria belonging to the family Rhizobiaceae in peas plants.

Synthesis of the (9R,13R)-isomer of LDS1, a flower-inducing oxylipin isolated from Lemna paucicostata.

The first synthesis of the (9R,13R)-stereoisomer of LDS1, a flower-inducing oxylipin isolated from Lemna paucicostata, has been achieved from a known allylic alcohol by a seven-step sequence that involves the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination to construct its full carbon framework and an enzymatic hydrolysis of a penultimate methyl ester intermediate to provide the target molecule.

Validation of a tandem mass spectrometry method using combined extraction of 37 oxylipins and 14 endocannabinoid-related compounds including prostamides from biological matrices.

There is a clinical need for more relevant coverage of bioactive lipids using smaller sample volumes. Therefore, we have validated a tandem mass spectrometry method for combined solid phase extraction of 37 compounds in the oxylipin (OxL) and 14 in the endocannabinoid (eCB) metabolome, as well as prostamides. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for compounds in the eCB metabolome were in the range 0.5-1000 fg on column, intraday accuracy and precision ranges (%) were 83-125 and 0.3-17, respectively, and interday accuracy and precision ranges (%) were 80-119 and 1.2-20, respectively, dependent upon the compound and the concentration studied. Corresponding values for OxL were 0.5 fg-4.2 pg on column (LOQ), 85-115% (inter- and intraday accuracy) and <5% (precision). The combined extraction method was successfully applied to tissues, cell extracts, human plasma and milk samples. A deeper study of levels in elk, pig and cow brain, as well as cow heart and liver revealed tissue and species-specific elevation of eicosanoids: arachidonate diols, 20-HETE and 12(S)-HEPE (cow liver), LTB4 (cow brain), and monohydroxy metabolites (HETEs), epoxides and 5-oxo-ETE in elk brain, which might be caused by factors of stress and/or post-mortem reactions in the tissues.

Comparison of sample preparation methods for the quantitative analysis of eicosanoids and other oxylipins in plasma by means of LC-MS/MS.

Oxylipins are potent lipid mediators. For the evaluation of their biological roles, several LC-MS based methods have been developed. While these methods are similar, the described sample preparation procedures for the extraction of oxylipins differ considerably. In order to deduce the most appropriate method for the analysis of non-esterified oxylipins in human plasma, we evaluated the performance of seven established sample preparation procedures. Six commonly used solid phase extraction (SPE) and one liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) protocol were compared based on the recovery of 13 added internal standards, extraction efficacy of oxylipins from plasma and reduction of ion-suppressing matrix. Dramatic differences in the performance in all three parameters were found. LLE with ethyl acetate was overall not a sufficient sample preparation strategy. The protocols using Oasis- and StrataX-material insufficiently removed interfering matrix compounds. Extraction efficacy of oxylipins on anion-exchanging BondElut cartridges was low, while removal of matrix was nearly perfect. None of the protocols led to a high extraction efficacy of analytes while removing all interfering matrix components. However, SPE on a C18-material with removal of matrix by water and n-hexane prior elution with methyl formate showed the best performance for the analysis of a broad spectrum of oxylipins in plasma.

Oxylipin diversity in the diatom family Leptocylindraceae reveals DHA derivatives in marine diatoms.

Marine planktonic organisms, such as diatoms, are prospective sources of novel bioactive metabolites. Oxygenated derivatives of fatty acids, generally referred to as oxylipins, in diatoms comprise a highly diverse and complex family of secondary metabolites. These molecules have recently been implicated in several biological processes including intra- and inter-cellular signaling as well as in defense against biotic stressors and grazers. Here, we analyze the production and diversity of C20 and C22 non-volatile oxylipins in five species of the family Leptocylindraceae, which constitute a basal clade in the diatom phylogeny. We report the presence of species-specific lipoxygenase activity and oxylipin patterns, providing the first demonstration of enzymatic production of docosahexaenoic acid derivatives in marine diatoms. The differences observed in lipoxygenase pathways among the species investigated broadly reflected the relationships observed with phylogenetic markers, thus providing functional support to the taxonomic diversity of the individual species.

Microalgae as a New Source of Oxylipins: A Comprehensive LC-MS-Based Analysis Using Conventional and Green Extraction Methods.

Microalgae are promising sources of essential lipids, including omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 PUFA) and novel lipid metabolites like oxylipins. However, limited data exist on the oxylipin profile, its characterization, and the potential impact of the extraction process on these metabolites in microalgae. Thus, our study aimed to investigate the fatty acid and oxylipin profile of four microalgal species of interest (Microchloropsis gaditana, Tisochrysis lutea, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Porphyridium cruentum) while also examining the impact of the extraction method, with a focus on developing a greener process using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and ethanol. The UAE method showed similar oxylipin profiles, generally yielding concentrations comparable to those of the conventional Folch method. In total, 68 oxylipins derived from n-3 and n-6 PUFA were detected, with the highest concentrations of n-3 oxylipins found in P. tricornutum and T. lutea and of n-6 oxylipins in P. cruentum. This study provides the most extensive oxylipin characterization of these microalgae species to date, offering insights into alternative extraction methods and opening new avenues for further investigation of the significance of oxylipins in microalgae.

Anti-inflammatory discovery of sesquiterpenoids and a jasmonic acid derivative from Artemisia stolonifera.

Eleven previously undescribed sesquiterpenoids (8-18), one undescribed jasmonic acid derivative (35) and 28 known compounds were isolated from the leaves of Artemisia stolonifera. Undescribed compounds with their absolute configurations were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and ECD calculation. Compound 8 was identified as a rare sesquiterpenoid featuring a rearranged 5/8 bicyclic ring system, whereas compound 17 was found to be an unprecedented monocyclic sesquiterpenoid with methyl rearrangement. Evaluation of biological activity showed that compounds 1-5 and 7 displayed cytotoxicity against six tumor cells. In the meantime, compounds 11, 12, 18 and 35 exhibited inhibitory effects against LPS-stimulated NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and reduced the transcription of IL-6 and IL-1ß in a dose-dependent manner at 25, 50 and 100 µM. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory-based network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses revealed potential target proteins of 11, 12, 18 and 35.

Simultaneous separation of jasmonic acid conjugates with amino acids by MEKC.

Jasmonic acid (JA) conjugates with amino acids (AAs) are a group of plant hormone in the family of jasmonates. The separation of stereoisomers of JA-AA conjugates is a very challenging work since these stereoisomers have similar chromatographic and electrophoretic behavior. Simultaneous separation of ten (±)-JA conjugates with five AAs including L-Tyr (tyrosine), L-leucine, L-Ile (isoleucine), L-valine, and L-phenylalanine and their stereoisomers has been achieved by MEKC with diode array detector in this work. Optimum separation of the analytes was obtained on a 61.5 cm × 75 µm id capillary using a running buffer containing 80 mM SDS and 50 mM phosphates (pH 7.0) at +18 kV applied voltage and capillary temperature of 35°C. Ten stereoisomers of JA conjugates with five AAs are completely separated in 13 min. The RSDs of the migration times and peak areas of the ten stereoisomers were in the range of 0.48-1.03% and 1.03-2.07%, respectively. In the tested concentration range, good linear relationships (correlation coefficients above 99%) between peak areas and concentrations of the analytes were observed. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of spiked rice floret sample and original reaction solution of (±)-JA-Ile conjugate and (±)-JA-Tyr conjugate. The recoveries ranged from 91.7 to 107.6% for the rice floret sample and 92.9 to 107.2% for the original reaction solution.

Simultaneous discrimination of jasmonic acid stereoisomers by CE-QTOF-MS employing the partial filling technique.

Jasmonic acid (JA), an essential plant hormone controlling the plant defense signaling system and developmental processes, has stereospecific bioactivities that have not been well understood mainly due to the limitation in separation and detection methodologies. In this work, a fast CE-UV method based on short-end injection technique and a sensitive CE-QTOF-MS method based on partial filling technique were successfully developed for the enantioseparation of racemic JA. The successive coating technique was also involved by modifying the capillary with multiple ionic polymer layers of polybrene-dextran sulfate-polybrene. This was the first report on the direct resolution of both pairs of JA enantiomers, including two naturally occurring JA stereoisomers. Although no pure JA stereoisomers were commercially available, all the separated JA stereoisomers were identified indirectly by comparing the difference between the racemic standard and plant samples based on the presence and the ratio of each stereoisomer. Satisfactory results were obtained in terms of sensitivity (LOD, 24 ng/mL or 0.7 fmol for single JA stereoisomer) using 45 mmol/L ammonium acetate at pH 4.5 containing 70 mmol/L α-CD as the buffer system. This established CE-QTOF-MS method was later successfully applied for the study of the naturally occurring JA stereoisomers in wounded tobacco leaves.

Steroids and an oxylipin from an algicolous isolate of Aspergillus flavus.

A new oxylipin, (8E,12Z)-10,11-dihydroxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoic acid (1), a new steroid, 3ß,4α-dihydroxy-26-methoxyergosta-7,24(28)-dien-6-one (2), and four known steroids, episterol (3), (22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-3ß,5α,6α-triol (4), (22E,24R)-ergosta-5,22-dien-3ß-ol (5), and (22E,24R)-ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (6), were isolated from the cultures of Aspergillus flavus, an endophytic fungus isolated from the marine red alga Corallina officinalis. Their structures and relative stereochemistry were elucidated by 1D, 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques. 1 and 2 exhibited low activity to inhibit acetylcholinesterase and no activity against plant pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum lagenarium and Fusarium oxysporum.

Method optimization of oxylipin hydrolysis in nonprocessed bovine milk indicates that the majority of oxylipins are esterified.

The oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids produces bioactive primary oxidation products known as oxylipins. In many biological matrices, the majority of oxylipins are bound (i.e. esterified), and a relatively small proportion (<10%) exists in the free form. The present study tested whether this extends to bovine milk following method evaluation of various extraction and base hydrolysis protocols for measuring bound oxylipins. Free (unbound) oxylipins were also measured. Folch extraction followed by sodium carbonate hydrolysis in the presence of methanol containing 0.1% of acetic acid and 0.1% of butylated hydroxytoluene resulted in greater oxylipin concentrations and better surrogate standard recoveries compared to other methods that did not involve Folch extraction or the addition of methanol with hydrolysis base. Sodium hydroxide was better than sodium carbonate in hydrolyzing bound oxylipins under the same conditions. Milk analysis of oxylipins with mass-spectrometry following Folch extraction and sodium hydroxide hydrolysis revealed that 95% of oxylipins in bovine milk were esterified. Most of the detected oxylipins were derived from linoleic acid, which accounted for 92 and 88% of oxylipins in the free and esterified pools, respectively. These results demonstrate that the majority of bovine milk oxylipins are bound, and that linoleic-acid derived metabolites are the most abundant oxylipin species in free and bound lipid pools. Additional studies are needed to understand the role of different oxylipin pools in both calf and human nutrition. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A method involving Folch lipid extraction and sodium hydroxide hydrolysis was validated for esterified oxylipin measurements in bovine milk. Application of the method revealed that the majority (∼95%) of oxylipins in bovine milk were bound. Linoleic-acid derived oxylipins were the most abundant species in both bound and free milk fractions (88-92%). The results highlight the presence of a new pool of oxidized lipids in milk, potentially involved in modifying its sensory and nutritional properties.

Pronounced anti-neuroinflammatory jasmonates and terpenes isolated from lychee seeds.

Lychee is a favorite fruit of the Cantonese and native to Southeast Asia. In this study, the anti-neuroinflammatory bioactive compounds of lychee seeds have been carried out. Five new jasmonates (1, 2, 6-8) and seventeen known compounds were isolated using a series of chemical and chromatographic methods. Their chemical structures were identified through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. Anti-neuroinflammatory activities were assayed and evaluated for the purified compounds. Most of the compounds exhibited pronounced anti-neuroinflammatory activities on nitric oxide (NO) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV-2 microglia cells. Moreover, compounds 1, 2 and 20 could reduce the expression of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory factors (iNOS and COX-2), inhibit the expression of mRNA levels of iNOS, COX-2, IL-6 and block NF-κB nuclear translocation in dose-dependent manners. This study suggested that lychee phytochemicals could be benefit to some neuroinflammatory-associated diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.