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1.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol ; 44(3): 603-616, 2024 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38174561

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Cleavage of the extracellular domain of PAR1 (protease-activated receptor 1) by thrombin at Arg41 and by APC (activated protein C) at Arg46 initiates paradoxical cytopathic and cytoprotective signaling in endothelial cells. In the latter case, the ligand-dependent coreceptor signaling by EPCR (endothelial protein C receptor) is required for the protective PAR1 signaling by APC. Here, we investigated the role of thrombomodulin in determining the specificity of PAR1 signaling by thrombin. METHODS: We prepared a PAR1 knockout (PAR1-/-) EA.hy926 endothelial cell line by CRISPR/Cas9 and transduced PAR1-/- cells with lentivirus vectors expressing PAR1 mutants in which either Arg41 or Arg46 was replaced with an Ala. Furthermore, human embryonic kidney 293 cells were transfected with wild-type or mutant PAR1 cleavage reporter constructs carrying N-terminal Nluc (NanoLuc luciferase) and C-terminal enhanced yellow fluorescent protein tags. RESULTS: Characterization of transfected cells in signaling and receptor cleavage assays revealed that, upon interaction with thrombomodulin, thrombin cleaves Arg46 to elicit cytoprotective effects by a ß-arrestin-2 biased signaling mechanism. Analysis of functional data and cleavage rates indicated that thrombin-thrombomodulin cleaves Arg46>10-fold faster than APC. Upon interaction with thrombin, the cytoplasmic domain of thrombomodulin recruited both ß-arrestin-1 and -2 to the plasma membrane. Thus, the thrombin cleavage of Arg41 was also cytoprotective in thrombomodulin-expressing cells by ß-arrestin-1-biased signaling. APC in the absence of EPCR cleaved Arg41 to initiate disruptive signaling responses like thrombin. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that coreceptor signaling by thrombomodulin and EPCR determines the PAR1 cleavage and signaling specificity of thrombin and APC, respectively.


Assuntos
Receptor PAR-1 , Trombina , Humanos , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Receptor PAR-1/metabolismo , Trombina/metabolismo , Receptor de Proteína C Endotelial/metabolismo , Trombomodulina/genética , Trombomodulina/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , beta-Arrestinas/metabolismo
2.
BMC Biotechnol ; 24(1): 55, 2024 Aug 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39135175

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a malignant tumour. Although some standard therapies have been established to improve the cure rate, they remain ineffective for specific individuals. Therefore, it is meaningful to find more novel therapeutic approaches. Macrophage polarisation is extensively involved in the process of tumour development. Recombinant hirudin (rH) affects macrophages and has been researched frequently in clinical trials lately. Our article validated the regulatory role of rH in macrophage polarisation and the mechanism of PAR-1 by collecting clinical samples and subsequently establishing a cellular model to provide a scientifically supported perspective for discovering new therapeutic approaches. METHOD: We assessed the expression of macrophage polarisation markers, cytokines and PAR-1 in clinical samples. We established a cell model by co-culture with THP-1 and OCI-Ly10 cell. We determined the degree of cell polarisation and expression of validation cytokines by flow cytometry, ELISA, and RT-qPCR to confirm the success of the cell model. Subsequently, different doses of rH were added to discover the function of rH on cell polarisation. We confirmed the mechanism of PAR-1 in macrophage polarisation by transfecting si-PAR-1 and pcDNA3.1-PAR-1. RESULTS: We found higher expression of M2 macrophage markers (CD163 + CMAF+) and PAR-1 in 32 DLBCL samples. After inducing monocyte differentiation into M0 macrophages and co-culturing with OCI-Ly10 lymphoma cells, we found a trend of these expressions in the cell model consistent with the clinical samples. Subsequently, we discovered that rH promotes the polarisation of M1 macrophages but inhibits the polarisation of M2 macrophages. We also found that PAR-1 regulates macrophage polarisation, inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenic capacity. CONCLUSION: rH inhibits macrophage polarisation towards the M2 type and PAR-1 regulates polarisation, proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of DLBCL-associated macrophages.


Assuntos
Hirudinas , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B , Macrófagos , Receptor PAR-1 , Proteínas Recombinantes , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/metabolismo , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/genética , Humanos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor PAR-1/metabolismo , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Hirudinas/farmacologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Técnicas de Cocultura , Polaridade Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Masculino , Citocinas/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Células THP-1 , Idoso
3.
Mol Carcinog ; 63(7): 1288-1302, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38607237

RESUMO

Baicalein has been implicated in the chemotherapy overcoming triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, many unanswered questions remain regarding its role in treating TNBC. Here, we sought to demonstrate the molecular pathway mediated by baicalein in TNBC. Lysine-specific demethylase 4E (KDM4E), reduced in TNBC cells, was identified as a target protein of baicalein, and baicalein enhanced the protein expression and stability of KDM4E in TNBC cells. Knockdown of KDM4E attenuated the inhibitory effect of baicalein on TNBC cell activity, as demonstrated by intensified mobility, viability, and apoptosis resistance in TNBC cells. KDM4E activated protein bicaudal D homolog 1 (BICD1) expression by reducing the deposition of histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) in its promoter, whereas BICD1 promoted protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) endocytosis and blocked PAR1 signaling through physical interaction with PAR1. Knockdown of KDM4E strengthened the PAR1-dependent activity of TNBC cells in response to thrombin activation, whereas TNBC progression activated by PAR1 signaling was blocked by combined overexpression of BICD1. Taken together, our data indicate that baicalein-promoted KDM4E enhanced the expression of BICD1 and activated the inhibitory effect of BICD1 on PAR1 signaling, thereby inhibiting TNBC progression.


Assuntos
Flavanonas , Transdução de Sinais , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Humanos , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genética , Flavanonas/farmacologia , Feminino , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Animais , Receptor PAR-1/metabolismo , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Progressão da Doença , Camundongos
4.
Cell Biol Int ; 48(4): 440-449, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38115179

RESUMO

Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) gene mutation is common in colorectal cancer (CRC) and is often predictive of treatment failure and poor prognosis. To understand the mechanism, we compared the transcriptome of CRC patients with wild-type and mutant KRAS and found that KRAS mutation is associated with the overexpression of a secreted serine protease, kallikrein-related peptidase 10 (KLK10). Moreover, using in vitro and in vivo models, we found that KLK10 overexpression favors the rapid growth and liver metastasis of KRAS mutant CRC and can also impair the efficacy of KRAS inhibitors, leading to drug resistance and poor survival. Further functional assays revealed that the oncogenic role of KLK10 is mediated by protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). KLK10 cleaves and activates PAR1, which further activates 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1)-AKT oncogenic pathway. Notably, suppressing PAR1-PDK1-AKT cascade via KLK10 knockdown can effectively inhibit CRC progression and improve the sensitivity to KRAS inhibitor, providing a promising therapeutic strategy. Taken together, our study showed that KLK10 promotes the progression of KRAS mutant CRC via activating PAR1-PDK1-AKT signaling pathway. These findings expanded our knowledge of CRC development, especially in the setting of KRAS mutation, and also provided novel targets for clinical intervention.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais , Receptor PAR-1 , Humanos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Calicreínas/genética , Calicreínas/metabolismo , Mutação/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Receptor PAR-1/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de 3-Fosfoinositídeo/metabolismo
5.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol ; 43(8): 1441-1454, 2023 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37317855

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Endothelial CLICs (chloride intracellular channel proteins) CLIC1 and CLIC4 are required for the GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) S1PR1 (sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1) and S1PR3 to activate the small GTPases Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) and RhoA (Ras homolog family member A). To determine whether CLIC1 and CLIC4 function in additional endothelial GPCR pathways, we evaluated CLIC function in thrombin signaling via the thrombin-regulated PAR1 (protease-activated receptor 1) and downstream effector RhoA. METHODS: We assessed the ability of CLIC1 and CLIC4 to relocalize to cell membranes in response to thrombin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We examined CLIC1 and CLIC4 function in HUVEC by knocking down expression of each CLIC protein and compared thrombin-mediated RhoA or Rac1 activation, ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) phosphorylation, and endothelial barrier modulation in control and CLIC knockdown HUVEC. We generated a conditional murine allele of Clic4 and examined PAR1-mediated lung microvascular permeability and retinal angiogenesis in mice with endothelial-specific loss of Clic4. RESULTS: Thrombin promoted relocalization of CLIC4, but not CLIC1, to HUVEC membranes. Knockdown of CLIC4 in HUVEC reduced thrombin-mediated RhoA activation, ERM phosphorylation, and endothelial barrier disruption. Knockdown of CLIC1 did not reduce thrombin-mediated RhoA activity but prolonged the RhoA and endothelial barrier response to thrombin. Endothelial-specific deletion of Clic4 in mice reduced lung edema and microvascular permeability induced by PAR1 activating peptide. CONCLUSIONS: CLIC4 is a critical effector of endothelial PAR1 signaling and is required to regulate RhoA-mediated endothelial barrier disruption in cultured endothelial cells and murine lung endothelium. CLIC1 was not critical for thrombin-mediated barrier disruption but contributed to the barrier recovery phase after thrombin treatment.


Assuntos
Receptor PAR-1 , Proteína rhoA de Ligação ao GTP , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Receptor PAR-1/metabolismo , Proteína rhoA de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Trombina/farmacologia , Trombina/metabolismo , Endotélio/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Canais de Cloreto/genética , Canais de Cloreto/metabolismo , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo
6.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 118(49)2021 12 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34873055

RESUMO

Endothelial dysfunction is associated with vascular disease and results in disruption of endothelial barrier function and increased sensitivity to apoptosis. Currently, there are limited treatments for improving endothelial dysfunction. Activated protein C (aPC), a promising therapeutic, signals via protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and mediates several cytoprotective responses, including endothelial barrier stabilization and anti-apoptotic responses. We showed that aPC-activated PAR1 signals preferentially via ß-arrestin-2 (ß-arr2) and dishevelled-2 (Dvl2) scaffolds rather than G proteins to promote Rac1 activation and barrier protection. However, the signaling pathways utilized by aPC/PAR1 to mediate anti-apoptotic activities are not known. aPC/PAR1 cytoprotective responses also require coreceptors; however, it is not clear how coreceptors impact different aPC/PAR1 signaling pathways to drive distinct cytoprotective responses. Here, we define a ß-arr2-mediated sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1)-sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1)-Akt signaling axis that confers aPC/PAR1-mediated protection against cell death. Using human cultured endothelial cells, we found that endogenous PAR1 and S1PR1 coexist in caveolin-1 (Cav1)-rich microdomains and that S1PR1 coassociation with Cav1 is increased by aPC activation of PAR1. Our study further shows that aPC stimulates ß-arr2-dependent SphK1 activation independent of Dvl2 and is required for transactivation of S1PR1-Akt signaling and protection against cell death. While aPC/PAR1-induced, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation is also dependent on ß-arr2, neither SphK1 nor S1PR1 are integrated into the ERK1/2 pathway. Finally, aPC activation of PAR1-ß-arr2-mediated protection against apoptosis is dependent on Cav1, the principal structural protein of endothelial caveolae. These studies reveal that different aPC/PAR1 cytoprotective responses are mediated by discrete, ß-arr2-driven signaling pathways in caveolae.


Assuntos
Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/metabolismo , Proteína C/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Receptor PAR-1/metabolismo , Receptores de Esfingosina-1-Fosfato/metabolismo , beta-Arrestina 2/metabolismo , Anilidas/farmacologia , Apoptose/fisiologia , Células Endoteliais/fisiologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/farmacologia , Humanos , Lactonas/farmacologia , Metanol/farmacologia , Organofosfonatos/farmacologia , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/genética , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/farmacologia , Proteína C/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/genética , Piridinas/farmacologia , Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Receptores de Esfingosina-1-Fosfato/genética , Sulfonas/farmacologia , beta-Arrestina 2/genética
7.
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol ; 325(1): C272-C285, 2023 07 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37273236

RESUMO

Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activated by limited n-terminal proteolysis. PARs are highly expressed in many cancer cells, including prostate cancer (PCa), and regulate various aspects of tumor growth and metastasis. Specific activators of PARs in different physiological and pathophysiological contexts remain poorly defined. In this study, we examined the androgen-independent human prostatic cancer cell line PC3 and find the functional expression of PAR1 and PAR2, but not PAR4. Using genetically encoded PAR cleavage biosensors, we showed that PC3 cells secrete proteolytic enzymes that cleave PARs and trigger autocrine signaling. CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of PAR1 and PAR2 combined with microarray analysis revealed genes that are regulated through this autocrine signaling mechanism. We found several genes that are known PCa prognostic factors or biomarker to be differentially expressed in the PAR1-knockout (KO) and PAR2-KO PC3 cells. We further examined PAR1 and PAR2 regulation of PCa cell proliferation and migration and found that absence of PAR1 promotes PC3 cell migration and suppresses cell proliferation, whereas PAR2 deficiency showed opposite effects. Overall, these results demonstrate that autocrine signaling through PARs is an important regulator of PCa cell function.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Próstata , Receptor PAR-1 , Masculino , Humanos , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Receptor PAR-1/metabolismo , Células PC-3 , Comunicação Autócrina , Receptor PAR-2/genética , Receptor PAR-2/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética
8.
J Cell Physiol ; 238(4): 776-789, 2023 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36791026

RESUMO

Protease-activated receptor-1 & -2 (PAR1 and PAR2) are expressed widely in cardiovascular tissues including endothelial and smooth muscle cells. PAR1 and PAR2 may regulate blood pressure via changes in vascular contraction or relaxation mediated by endothelial Ca2+ signaling, but the mechanisms are incompletely understood. By using single-cell Ca2+ imaging across hundreds of endothelial cells in intact blood vessels, we explored PAR-mediated regulation of blood vessel function using PAR1 and PAR2 activators. We show that PAR2 activation evoked multicellular Ca2+ waves that propagated across the endothelium. The PAR2-evoked Ca2+ waves were temporally distinct from those generated by muscarinic receptor activation. PAR2 activated distinct clusters of endothelial cells, and these cells were different from those activated by muscarinic receptor stimulation. These results indicate that distinct cell clusters facilitate spatial segregation of endothelial signal processing. We also demonstrate that PAR2 is a phospholipase C-coupled receptor that evokes Ca2+ release from the IP3 -sensitive store in endothelial cells. A physiological consequence of this PAR2 signaling system is endothelium-dependent relaxation. Conversely, PAR1 activation did not trigger endothelial cell Ca2+ signaling nor relax or contract mesenteric arteries. Neither did PAR1 activators alter the response to PAR2 or muscarinic receptor activation. Collectively, these results suggest that endothelial PAR2 but not PAR1 evokes mesenteric artery relaxation by evoking IP3 -mediated Ca2+ release from the internal store. Sensing mediated by PAR2 receptors is distributed to spatially separated clusters of endothelial cells.


Assuntos
Células Endoteliais , Receptor PAR-2 , Artérias , Endotélio Vascular , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Receptor PAR-2/genética , Animais , Ratos
9.
Int J Cancer ; 153(4): 867-881, 2023 08 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37139608

RESUMO

We aimed to study mRNA levels and prognostic impact of all 15 human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and their targets, proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), in surgically treated prostate cancer (PCa). Seventy-nine patients with localized grade group 2-4 PCas represented aggressive cases, based on metastatic progression during median follow-up of 11 years. Eighty-six patients with similar baseline characteristics, but no metastasis during follow-up, were assigned as controls. Transcript counts were detected with nCounter technology. KLK12 protein expression was investigated with immunohistochemistry. The effects of KLK12 and KLK15 were studied in LNCaP cells using RNA interference. KLK3, -2, -4, -11, -15, -10 and -12 mRNA, in decreasing order, were expressed over limit of detection (LOD). The expression of KLK2, -3, -4 and -15 was decreased and KLK12 increased in aggressive cancers, compared to controls (P < .05). Low KLK2, -3 and -15 expression was associated with short metastasis-free survival (P < .05) in Kaplan-Meier analysis. PAR1 and -2 were expressed over LOD, and PAR1 expression was higher, and PAR2 lower, in aggressive cases than controls. Together, KLKs and PARs improved classification of metastatic and lethal disease over grade, pathological stage and prostate-specific antigen combined, in random forest analyses. Strong KLK12 immunohistochemical staining was associated with short metastasis-free and PCa-specific survival in Kaplan-Meier analysis (P < .05). Knock-down of KLK15 reduced colony formation of LNCaP cells grown on Matrigel basement membrane preparation. These results support the involvement of several KLKs in PCa progression, highlighting, that they may serve as prognostic PCa biomarkers.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Próstata , Receptor PAR-1 , Masculino , Humanos , Prognóstico , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Calicreínas/genética , Calicreínas/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Antígeno Prostático Específico , RNA Mensageiro/genética
10.
Kidney Int ; 104(2): 265-278, 2023 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36940798

RESUMO

About 30% of patients who have a kidney transplant with underlying nephrotic syndrome (NS) experience rapid relapse of disease in their new graft. This is speculated to be due to a host-derived circulating factor acting on podocytes, the target cells in the kidney, leading to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Our previous work suggests that podocyte membrane protease receptor 1 (PAR-1) is activated by a circulating factor in relapsing FSGS. Here, the role of PAR-1 was studied in human podocytes in vitro, and using a mouse model with developmental or inducible expression of podocyte-specific constitutively active PAR-1, and using biopsies from patients with nephrotic syndrome. In vitro podocyte PAR-1 activation caused a pro-migratory phenotype with phosphorylation of the kinase JNK, VASP protein and docking protein Paxillin. This signaling was mirrored in podocytes exposed to patient relapse-derived NS plasma and in patient disease biopsies. Both developmental and inducible activation of transgenic PAR-1 (NPHS2 Cre PAR-1Active+/-) caused early severe nephrotic syndrome, FSGS, kidney failure and, in the developmental model, premature death. We found that the non-selective cation channel protein TRPC6 could be a key modulator of PAR-1 signaling and TRPC6 knockout in our mouse model significantly improved proteinuria and extended lifespan. Thus, our work implicates podocyte PAR-1 activation as a key initiator of human NS circulating factor and that the PAR-1 signaling effects were partly modulated through TRPC6.


Assuntos
Glomerulosclerose Segmentar e Focal , Síndrome Nefrótica , Podócitos , Animais , Humanos , Podócitos/patologia , Síndrome Nefrótica/patologia , Glomerulosclerose Segmentar e Focal/patologia , Canal de Cátion TRPC6/metabolismo , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Receptor PAR-1/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Recidiva
11.
Am J Hum Genet ; 107(2): 211-221, 2020 08 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32649856

RESUMO

Dual antiplatelet therapy reduces ischemic events in cardiovascular disease, but it increases bleeding risk. Thrombin receptors PAR1 and PAR4 are drug targets, but the role of thrombin in platelet aggregation remains largely unexplored in large populations. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of platelet aggregation in response to full-length thrombin, followed by clinical association analyses, Mendelian randomization, and functional characterization including iPSC-derived megakaryocyte and platelet experiments. We identified a single sentinel variant in the GRK5 locus (rs10886430-G, p = 3.0 × 10-42) associated with increased thrombin-induced platelet aggregation (ß = 0.70, SE = 0.05). We show that disruption of platelet GRK5 expression by rs10886430-G is associated with enhanced platelet reactivity. The proposed mechanism of a GATA1-driven megakaryocyte enhancer is confirmed in allele-specific experiments. Utilizing further data, we demonstrate that the allelic effect is highly platelet- and thrombin-specific and not likely due to effects on thrombin levels. The variant is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes in UK BioBank, most strongly with pulmonary embolism. The variant associates with increased risk of stroke in the MEGASTROKE, UK BioBank, and FinnGen studies. Mendelian randomization analyses in independent samples support a causal role for rs10886430-G in increasing risk for stroke, pulmonary embolism, and venous thromboembolism through its effect on thrombin-induced platelet reactivity. We demonstrate that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) promotes platelet activation specifically via PAR4 receptor signaling. GRK5 inhibitors in development for the treatment of heart failure and cancer could have platelet off-target deleterious effects. Common variants in GRK5 may modify clinical outcomes with PAR4 inhibitors, and upregulation of GRK5 activity or signaling in platelets may have therapeutic benefits.


Assuntos
Plaquetas/fisiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Receptores de Trombina/genética , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Trombina/genética , Alelos , Embolia/genética , Feminino , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/genética , Humanos , Pulmão/fisiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/genética , Ativação Plaquetária/genética , Agregação Plaquetária/genética , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/genética
12.
J Cell Sci ; 134(8)2021 04 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33722977

RESUMO

The α-arrestin domain containing protein 3 (ARRDC3) is a tumor suppressor in triple-negative breast carcinoma (TNBC), a highly metastatic subtype of breast cancer that lacks targeted therapies. Thus, understanding the mechanisms and targets of ARRDC3 in TNBC is important. ARRDC3 regulates trafficking of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1, also known as F2R), a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) implicated in breast cancer metastasis. Loss of ARRDC3 causes overexpression of PAR1 and aberrant signaling. Moreover, dysregulation of GPCR-induced Hippo signaling is associated with breast cancer progression. However, the mechanisms responsible for Hippo dysregulation remain unknown. Here, we report that the Hippo pathway transcriptional co-activator TAZ (also known as WWTR1) is the major effector of GPCR signaling and is required for TNBC migration and invasion. Additionally, ARRDC3 suppresses PAR1-induced Hippo signaling via sequestration of TAZ, which occurs independently of ARRDC3-regulated PAR1 trafficking. The ARRDC3 C-terminal PPXY motifs and TAZ WW domain are crucial for this interaction and are required for suppression of TNBC migration and lung metastasis in vivo. These studies are the first to demonstrate a role for ARRDC3 in regulating GPCR-induced TAZ activity in TNBC and reveal multi-faceted tumor suppressor functions of ARRDC3. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Arrestinas/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Receptor PAR-1/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Transcrição
13.
BMC Med ; 21(1): 338, 2023 09 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37667257

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of 6% following a diagnosis, and novel therapeutic modalities are needed. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is abundantly overexpressed by both tumor cells and multiple stroma cell subsets in the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby offering a suitable immunotherapy target. METHODS: A chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) strategy was applied to target PAR1 using a human anti-PAR1 scFv antibody fused to the transmembrane region with two co-stimulatory intracellular signaling domains of cluster of differentiation 28 (CD28) and CD137 (4-1BB), added to CD3ζ in tandem. RESULTS: The engineered PAR1CAR-T cells eliminated PAR1 overexpression and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß-mediated PAR1-upregulated cancer cells by approximately 80% in vitro. The adoptive transfer of PAR1CAR-T cells was persistently enhanced and induced the specific regression of established MIA PaCa-2 cancer cells by > 80% in xenograft models. Accordingly, proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines increased in CAR-T-cell-treated mouse sera, whereas Ki67 expression in tumors decreased. Furthermore, the targeted elimination of PAR1-expressing tumors reduced matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) levels, suggesting that the blocking of the PAR1/MMP1 pathway constitutes a new therapeutic option for PDAC treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Third-generation PAR1CAR-T cells have antitumor activity in the TME, providing innovative CAR-T-cell immunotherapy against PDAC.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Metaloproteinase 1 da Matriz , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/terapia , Microambiente Tumoral , Neoplasias Pancreáticas
14.
Blood ; 137(24): 3428-3442, 2021 06 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33534910

RESUMO

Recombinant factor FVIIa (rFVIIa) is used as a hemostatic agent to treat bleeding disorders in hemophilia patients with inhibitors and other groups of patients. Our recent studies showed that FVIIa binds endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) and induces protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1)-mediated biased signaling. The importance of FVIIa-EPCR-PAR1-mediated signaling in hemostasis is unknown. In the present study, we show that FVIIa induces the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. Silencing of EPCR or PAR1 in endothelial cells blocked the FVIIa-induced generation of EVs. Consistent with these data, FVIIa treatment enhanced the release of EVs from murine brain endothelial cells isolated from wild-type (WT), EPCR-overexpressing, and PAR1-R46Q-mutant mice, but not EPCR-deficient or PAR1-R41Q-mutant mice. In vivo studies revealed that administration of FVIIa to WT, EPCR-overexpressing, and PAR1-R46Q-mutant mice, but not EPCR-deficient or PAR1-R41Q-mutant mice, increased the number of circulating EVs. EVs released in response to FVIIa treatment exhibit enhanced procoagulant activity. Infusion of FVIIa-generated EVs and not control EVs to platelet-depleted mice increased thrombin generation at the site of injury and reduced blood loss. Administration of FVIIa-generated EVs or generation of EVs endogenously by administering FVIIa augmented the hemostatic effect of FVIIa. Overall, our data reveal that FVIIa treatment, through FVIIa-EPCR-PAR1 signaling, releases EVs from the endothelium into the circulation, and these EVs contribute to the hemostatic effect of FVIIa.


Assuntos
Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Fator VIIa/farmacologia , Hemostasia/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Receptor PAR-1/metabolismo , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Animais , Vesículas Extracelulares/genética , Hemostasia/genética , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia
15.
Nephrol Dial Transplant ; 38(10): 2232-2247, 2023 09 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36914214

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Thromboembolic events are prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients due to increased thrombin generation leading to a hypercoagulable state. We previously demonstrated that inhibition of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) by vorapaxar reduces kidney fibrosis. METHODS: We used an animal model of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced CKD to explore the tubulovascular crosstalk mechanisms of PAR-1 in acute kidney injury (AKI)-to-CKD transition. RESULTS: During the early phase of AKI, PAR-1-deficient mice exhibited reduced kidney inflammation, vascular injury, and preserved endothelial integrity and capillary permeability. During the transition phase to CKD, PAR-1 deficiency preserved kidney function and diminished tubulointerstitial fibrosis via downregulated transforming growth factor-ß/Smad signaling. Maladaptive repair in the microvasculature after AKI further exacerbated focal hypoxia with capillary rarefaction, which was rescued by stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor and increased tubular vascular endothelial growth factor A in PAR-1-deficient mice. Chronic inflammation was also prevented with reduced kidney infiltration by both M1- and M2-polarized macrophages. In thrombin-induced human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs), PAR-1 mediated vascular injury through activation of NF-κB and ERK MAPK pathways. Gene silencing of PAR-1 exerted microvascular protection via a tubulovascular crosstalk mechanism during hypoxia in HDMECs. Finally, pharmacologic blockade of PAR-1 with vorapaxar improved kidney morphology, promoted vascular regenerative capacity, and reduced inflammation and fibrosis depending on the time of initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings elucidate a detrimental role of PAR-1 in vascular dysfunction and profibrotic responses upon tissue injury during AKI-to-CKD transition and provide an attractive therapeutic strategy for post-injury repair in AKI.


Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Traumatismo por Reperfusão , Lesões do Sistema Vascular , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Injúria Renal Aguda/etiologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/prevenção & controle , Injúria Renal Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Fibrose , Hipóxia , Inflamação/patologia , Rim , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Receptor PAR-1/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/complicações , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Trombina/metabolismo , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Lesões do Sistema Vascular/metabolismo , Lesões do Sistema Vascular/patologia
16.
Genomics ; 114(4): 110419, 2022 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35753589

RESUMO

Sex chromosomes recombine restrictly in their homologous area, the pseudoautosomal region (PAR), represented by PAR1 and PAR2, which behave like an autosome in both pairing and recombination. The PAR1, common to most of the eutherian mammals, is located at the terminus of the sex chromosomes short arm and exhibit recombination rates ~20 times higher than the autosomes. Here, we assessed the interspecific evolutionary genomic dynamics of 15 genes of the PAR1 across 41 mammalian genera (representing six orders). The strong negative selection detected in most of the assessed groups reinforces the presence of evolutionary constraints, imposed by the important function of the PAR1 genes. Indeed, mutations in these genes are associated with various diseases in humans, including stature problems (Klinefelter Syndrome), leukemia and mental diseases. Yet, a few genes exhibiting positive selection (ω-value >1) were depicted in Rodentia (ASMT and ZBED1) and Primates (CRLF2 and CSF2RA). Rodents have the smallest described PAR1, while that of simian primates/humans underwent a 3 to 5 fold size reduction. The assessment of the PAR1 genes synteny revealed differences among the mammalian species, especially in the Rodentia order where chromosomic translocations from the sex chromosomes to the autosomes were observed. Such syntenic changes may be an evidence of the rapid evolution in rodents, as previous referred in other papers, also depicted by their increased branch lengths in the phylogenetic analyses. Concluding, we suggest that genome migration is an important factor influencing the evolution of mammals and may result in changes of the selective pressures operating on the genome.


Assuntos
Regiões Pseudoautossômicas , Animais , Evolução Molecular , Humanos , Mamíferos/genética , Filogenia , Regiões Pseudoautossômicas/genética , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Cromossomos Sexuais/genética , Sintenia , Fatores de Transcrição/genética
17.
Breast Cancer Res Treat ; 193(1): 65-81, 2022 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35254603

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer with high risk of distant metastasis, in which the intercellular communication between tumor cells also plays a role. Exosomes can be released by tumor cells and promote distant metastasis through intercellular communication or changes in tumor microenvironment, it is an optimized transportation facility for biologically active payloads. This was a hypothesis-generating research on role of exosomal payload in TNBC distant metastasis. METHODS: Exosomes isolated from supernatant of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-231-HM (a highly pulmonary metastatic variant of parental MDA-MB-231 cells) were characterized. MMP-1 level was detected using mass spectrometry and western blot. Transwell assay, wound healing and CCK-8 assay were employed to explore the effect of exosomal MMP-1 on the metastatic capability of TNBC cells in vitro. Human breast cancer lung metastasis model in nude mice was established to observe the effect of exosomal MMP-1 in vivo. Tissue microarray and blood samples of TNBC patients were applied to analyze the relevance between MMP-1 with metastasis. RESULTS: MDA-MB-231-HM cells secrete exosomes enriched MMP-1, which can be taken up and enhance invasion and migration activities of TNBC cells, including MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and BT549. After ingesting exosomes enriched with MMP-1, cells secret more MMP-1, which may interact with membrane G protein receptor protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1), thereby initiating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to enhance capability of migration and invasion. The lung colonization model shows that the expressions of MMP-1 and PAR1 in the metastases of the 231-HM-exo treated mice were both upregulated. Clinically, the enrichment of MMP-1 can be detected in exosomes extracted from serum of patients with metastasis at higher concentration than that in pre-operative patients. Moreover, in patients with multiple distant metastases, the level of MMP-1 in exosomes is also higher than that in patients with single lesion. CONCLUSION: MMP-1 from TNBC cells of high metastasis potential can promote the distant metastasis of transform those with low metastasis potential through PAR1-mediated EMT and is likely to be a potential molecular marker.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Metaloproteinase 1 da Matriz/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Feminino , Humanos , Metaloproteinase 1 da Matriz/genética , Metaloproteinase 1 da Matriz/farmacologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Metástase Neoplásica , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Microambiente Tumoral
18.
Blood ; 135(20): 1783-1787, 2020 05 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31977004

RESUMO

Vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) is the primary cause of morbidity and hospitalization in sickle cell disease (SCD); however, only 4 therapies (hydroxyurea, l-glutamine, crizanlizumab, and voxeletor) are currently approved in SCD. These agents limit the duration, severity, and frequency of crises. Activation of coagulation is a hallmark of SCD. Studies in animal models of SCD have shown that coagulation contributes to the chronic inflammation and end-organ damage associated with the disease; however, it is unknown whether coagulation directly contributes to the microvascular stasis that causes VOC. Herein, we demonstrate that inhibition of tissue factor (TF) and the downstream coagulation proteases factor Xa and thrombin significantly attenuates heme-induced microvascular stasis in mouse models of VOC. Pharmacologic inhibition of the principal thrombin receptor, protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), as well as deficiency of PAR-1 in all nonhematopoietic cells, also reduces stasis in sickle mice. PAR-1 deficiency was associated with reduced endothelial von Willebrand factor expression, which has been shown to mediate microvascular stasis. In addition, TF inhibition reduces lung vaso-occlusion in sickle mice mediated by arteriolar neutrophil-platelet microemboli. In sum, these results suggest that prophylactic anticoagulation might attenuate the incidence of VOC.


Assuntos
Anemia Falciforme/metabolismo , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/etiologia , Receptor PAR-1/metabolismo , Trombina/metabolismo , Anemia Falciforme/complicações , Anemia Falciforme/genética , Anemia Falciforme/patologia , Animais , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/genética , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/metabolismo , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Constrição Patológica/genética , Constrição Patológica/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Hemoglobina Falciforme/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Microvasos/metabolismo , Microvasos/patologia , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Doenças Vasculares/etiologia , Doenças Vasculares/metabolismo
19.
Circ Res ; 126(4): 471-485, 2020 02 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31910739

RESUMO

RATIONALE: BMX (bone marrow kinase on the X chromosome) is highly expressed in the arterial endothelium from the embryonic stage to the adult stage in mice. It is also expressed in microvessels and the lymphatics in response to pathological stimuli. However, its role in endothelial permeability and sepsis remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to delineate the function of BMX in thrombin-mediated endothelial permeability and the vascular leakage that occurs with sepsis in cecal ligation and puncture models. METHODS AND RESULTS: The cecal ligation and puncture model was applied to WT (wild type) and BMX-KO (BMX global knockout) mice to induce sepsis. Meanwhile, the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing assay was used to detect transendothelial electrical resistance in vitro and, the modified Miles assay was used to evaluate vascular leakage in vivo. We showed that BMX loss caused lung injury and inflammation in early cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. Disruption of BMX increased thrombin-mediated permeability in mice and cultured endothelial cells by 2- to 3-fold. The expression of BMX in macrophages, neutrophils, platelets, and lung epithelial cells was undetectable compared with that in endothelial cells, indicating that endothelium dysfunction, rather than leukocyte and platelet dysfunction, was involved in vascular permeability and sepsis. Mechanistically, biochemical and cellular analyses demonstrated that BMX specifically repressed thrombin-PAR1 (protease-activated receptor-1) signaling in endothelial cells by directly phosphorylating PAR1 and promoting its internalization and deactivation. Importantly, pretreatment with the selective PAR1 antagonist SCH79797 rescued BMX loss-mediated endothelial permeability and pulmonary leakage in early cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: Acting as a negative regulator of PAR1, BMX promotes PAR1 internalization and signal inactivation through PAR1 phosphorylation. Moreover, BMX-mediated PAR1 internalization attenuates endothelial permeability to protect vascular leakage during early sepsis.


Assuntos
Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/deficiência , Receptor PAR-1/metabolismo , Sepse/metabolismo , Trombina/metabolismo , Animais , Permeabilidade Capilar/genética , Células Cultivadas , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Permeabilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Pirróis/farmacologia , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Receptor PAR-1/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Sepse/genética , Sepse/fisiopatologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos
20.
Int J Med Sci ; 19(13): 1835-1846, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36438913

RESUMO

Objective: To determine the effect and mechanism of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) ncRuPAR (non-protein coding RNA, upstream of coagulation factor II thrombin receptor [F2R]/protease-activated receptor-1 [PAR-1]) in human gastric cancer. Methods: HGC-27-ncRuPAR overexpression and MGC-803-ncRuPAR-RNAi knockdown gastric cancer cell lines were established. We assessed the effect of ncRuPAR on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion using Cell Counting Kit 8, flow cytometry, scratch and transwell assays, respectively. Differentially expressed genes in HGC-27-ncRuPAR overexpression and HGC-27-empty vector cell lines were identified using Affymetrix GeneChip microarray analysis. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of the microarray results was subsequently conducted to identify ncRuPAR-enriched pathways, followed by validation using real time-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). As one of the top enriched pathways, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway was further examined by western blotting to determine its role in ncRuPAR-mediated regulation of gastric cancer pathogenesis. Results: ncRuPAR inhibited human gastric cancer cell proliferation and induced G1/S phase arrest and apoptosis, but did not affect migration or invasion in vitro. Overexpression of ncRuPAR in vitro was found to inhibit its known target PAR-1, as well as PI3K/Akt signaling. The downstream targets of PI3K/Akt, cyclin D1 was downregulated, but there was no change in expression level of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Conclusions: We showed that lncRNA-ncRuPAR could inhibit tumor cell proliferation and promote apoptosis of human gastric cancer cells, potentially by inhibiting PAR-1, PI3K/Akt signaling, and cyclin D1. The results suggest a potential role for lncRNAs as key regulatory hubs in GC progression.


Assuntos
RNA Longo não Codificante , Receptor PAR-1 , Neoplasias Gástricas , Humanos , Apoptose/genética , Proliferação de Células/genética , Ciclina D1/genética , Ciclina D1/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Receptor PAR-1/genética , Receptor PAR-1/metabolismo , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia
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