RESUMO
Different concentrations of a glyphosate formulation, Roundup® Full II (66.2% glyphosate) were tested in culture peripheral blood of armadillo Chaetophractus villosus with cytogenetic biomarkers like mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and cell proliferation kinetics (CPK) by means of replication index. Adults animals of both sexes were exposed to RU at four concentrations ranging from 0.026â¯mL RU solution to 0.379â¯mL RU daily in oral treatment with the same volume (0.2â¯mL) during 7 days. We analyzed the induced damage at different times considering T0 as control value, one (T1), seven (T7) and 30 days (T30). One day after, only the higher concentration shows MI significant differences (pâ¯<â¯0.05), at T7 the frequency increases and at T30 it decreases reaching T0 values. The analysis of CA frequencies shows that only 0.106â¯mL RU/day exhibit significant differences vs T0 values. A great variability is expressed in the values of standard deviation (SD) and in the wide confidence intervals of the media. One day after treatments (T1) all four concentrations shows significant differences in SCE vs T0 values. Replication Index (RI) does not show significant differences. The dose-response behavior was not observed in either CA or SCE. The consistency of the findings obtained with the same biomarkers in vitro support the idea of expanding studies in order to characterize the risk doses for these mammals.
Assuntos
Tatus , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Mutagênicos/toxicidade , Animais , Tatus/sangue , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Aberrações Cromossômicas/induzido quimicamente , Análise Citogenética , Feminino , Glicina/toxicidade , Humanos , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Índice Mitótico , Troca de Cromátide Irmã/efeitos dos fármacos , GlifosatoRESUMO
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution. The aim of this study was to examine the presence of antibodies against 21 Leptospira reactive serovars in Chaetophractus villosus in La Pampa province, Argentina, using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Pathologic changes compatible with leptospirosis and in situ detection of the agent by immunohistochemistry were studied in 24 and 3 individuals respectively. Only 35/150 (23.3%) serum samples had antibodies against Leptospira sp. Six percent of the samples reacted with serovar Canicola, 4.7% with serovar Castellonis, 1.3% with serovar Icterohemorrhagieae and 0.7% with serovar Hardjo. Sixteen (10.6%) serum samples agglutinated with Castellonis-Icterohemorrhagiae and Canicola-Castellonis serovars, both with 4.7%, and Canicola-Hardjo and Castellonis-Canicola-Icterohemorrhagiae both with 0.6%. Fourteen animals had variable degrees of lesions, which were more severe in animals with higher serological titers (3200), and Leptospira sp. was detected in 3 animals by immunohistochemistry. These results represent the first record of the presence of Leptospira in C. villosus in La Pampa.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Tatus/sangue , Leptospira/imunologia , Animais , Argentina , Feminino , Leptospira/classificação , Masculino , SorotipagemRESUMO
Antibodies to pathogens of public health importance were investigated in 33 free-ranging six-banded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus) from Brazil. The frequency of seropositive animals for Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania spp., and Leptospira spp. were two, three, and two, respectively.
Assuntos
Tatus/sangue , Leishmania/isolamento & purificação , Leptospira/imunologia , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose/sangue , Leishmaniose/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose/veterinária , Leptospirose/sangue , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Leptospirose/veterinária , Toxoplasmose Animal/sangue , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Out of the 20 recognized species of armadillos in the world, 11 are found in Brazil, and five of them are found in Pantanal, one of the world's largest wetlands. Beef cattle (Bos taurus) farming is the main economic activity in this region, which promotes intense wildlife-livestock contact and increases the likelihood of pathogen exposure, including to agents with zoonotic and economic relevance. Previous studies demonstrated that several wildlife species in Pantanal have been exposed to Brucella abortus and Leptospira spp.; however, little is known regarding the exposure and/or prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in armadillos. We used conventional PCR, the rose Bengal test (RBT), and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) to investigate the exposure to and infection by Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. using blood samples from four species of armadillos: nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus, n=2), southern naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassous unicinctus, n=8), yellow armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus, n=16), and giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus, n=22), captured in Nhecolândia, Pantanal, Brazil. Samples were PCR- and RBT-negative for Brucella spp. infection and exposure. However, MAT revealed a Leptospira spp. seroprevalence of 31% (5/16; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.11-0.58) in yellow armadillo and 18% (4/22; 95% CI=0.05-0.40) in giant armadillo specimens to serogroups Autumnalis, Cynopteri, and Pomona, with titers ranging from 200 to 1,600. Our results contribute to the understanding of zoonotic pathogens in armadillos in Pantanal and reinforce the importance of wildlife health surveillance in this area.
Assuntos
Tatus/microbiologia , Brucella abortus/isolamento & purificação , Brucelose/veterinária , Leptospira/isolamento & purificação , Leptospirose/veterinária , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Tatus/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Brucelose/sangue , Brucelose/epidemiologia , Brucelose/microbiologia , Leptospirose/sangue , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Testes Sorológicos/veterináriaRESUMO
The Paraguayan Chaco is an isolated environment with its own unique ecosystem. In this region, Chagas disease remains a health problem. Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and it is primarily transmitted by triatomines. In order to identify the blood meal sources of triatomines, specimens of the vector were collected in domestic and peridomestic areas and the PCR-RFLP method was implemented. Cytochrome b was amplified from the samples and later subjected to digestion with two restriction enzymes: Hae III and Xho I.It was possible to generate distinct restriction patterns on the amplified material to identify several blood meal sources for the vectors. We employed the blood from several species as positive controls: human, chicken, canine, feline, and armadillo blood. However, we identified only 3 sources for the blood meals of the insect vectors: human, chicken and canine blood. In total, 76 triatomines were captured. T. cruzi was not found in any of them. In 61% of the captured specimens, the blood meal sources for the vectors could be identified. In 30% of these cases, the presence of DNA from more than one vertebrate was detected in the same triatomine. The most common blood meal source found was chicken blood. The presence of human and chicken blood in triatomines captured in domestic and peridomestic areas strongly suggests that the parasite can freely move amongst both areas regardless of food availability. Free vector movement in these areas constitutes an epidemiological threat for the inhabitants of the community under study.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/sangue , Doença de Chagas/veterinária , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Triatoma/parasitologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/fisiologia , Animais , Tatus/sangue , Sangue/parasitologia , Gatos/sangue , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Galinhas/sangue , Cães/sangue , Humanos , Insetos Vetores/fisiologia , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Triatoma/fisiologiaRESUMO
Endocytic activity of phagocytic cells from armadillos infected with viruses, parasites or bacteria is unknown. This report shows that eosinophils from armadillos infected with microfilaria act against these helmintic parasites but have deficiencies in their oxygen-dependent bacteriocidal mechanisms and also in endocytic capacity against yeast.
Assuntos
Tatus/imunologia , Tatus/parasitologia , Eosinófilos/enzimologia , Eosinófilos/imunologia , Microfilárias/imunologia , NADPH Oxidases/sangue , Animais , Tatus/sangue , Endocitose , Eosinófilos/parasitologia , Feminino , Filariose/sangue , Filariose/imunologia , Filariose/veterinária , Citometria de Fluxo , Granulócitos/imunologia , Granulócitos/parasitologia , Masculino , Microfilárias/patogenicidade , Monócitos/imunologia , Monócitos/parasitologia , Nitroazul de TetrazólioRESUMO
The health of free-ranging and captive pichis (Zaedyus pichiy) was assessed in Mendoza Province, Argentina, between November 2001 and December 2006. Postmortem examinations of 150 confiscated and vehicle-killed pichis and clinical examinations of 139 wild-caught individuals suggest that the wild populations are currently in good health. Lesions and scars were observed in a large proportion of wild-caught pichis. The most common lesions were associated with parasitism or parasite larva migration. Sarcocystis cysts were relatively common in the skeletal muscle, and Besnoitia cysts were observed in the lungs of 24 evaluated animals. Elevated ambient humidity levels often caused moist dermatitis with epidermal detachment in captive pichis. This report constitutes the first health evaluation of free-ranging and captive Z. pichiy. It will be a starting point for future health studies and will be beneficial for the captive management of this species.
Assuntos
Tatus , Nível de Saúde , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Argentina , Tatus/sangue , Tatus/lesões , Tatus/parasitologia , Análise Química do Sangue/veterinária , Feminino , Testes Hematológicos/veterinária , Pulmão/parasitologia , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/parasitologia , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Valores de Referência , Sarcocystidae/isolamento & purificação , Sarcocystis/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The Gran Chaco, Bolivia, has a total of seven species of armadillos with the three-banded (Tolypeutes matacus) and nine-banded (Dasypus novemcinctus) the most commonly hunted by the local Isoseño-Guarani people. Armadillos are known carriers of zoonotic pathogens, including Mycobacterium leprae, Toxoplasma gondii, and Trypanosoma cruzi; thus human handling and consumption of these species may have a significant public health impact. A health assessment that included physical examinations, hematology, plasma biochemical analyses, levels of exposure to selected infectious agents, and endoparasite and ectoparasite identification was performed on nine-banded and three-banded armadillos in the Gran Chaco, Bolivia. Based on clinical findings, the general health of these armadillos was rated as good. However, many of the nine-banded armadillos (64%) had abrasions and wounds, probably related to the capture method. The blood value results from a subset of these armadillos are presented as baseline values for free-ranging populations of both these species in Bolivia. Serologic antibody tests for M. leprae were negative in three-banded (n = 8) and nine-banded (n = 2) armadillos. Three-banded armadillos were antibody positive for Eastern equine encephalitis virus (8/8; 100%) and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (5/8; 62.5%). Two of 12 (16.7%) three-banded armadillos tested were antigen positive for Dirofilaria immitis. Nine-banded armadillos were antibody positive for T. gondii (3/9; 33.3%), Eastern equine encephalitis virus (5/8; 62.5%), and T. cruzi (2/9; 22.2%). Two of eight (25%) nine-banded armadillos were antigen positive for D. immitis. A number of endo- and ectoparasites were identified in/on both species of armadillos. Results from this study support the possibility that the handling and consumption of these species by the local Isoseño-Guarani people may have a public health impact.
Assuntos
Tatus , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Nível de Saúde , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Viroses/veterinária , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Tatus/sangue , Tatus/fisiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/transmissão , Análise Química do Sangue/veterinária , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Testes Hematológicos/veterinária , Masculino , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/diagnóstico , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/transmissão , Exame Físico/veterinária , Saúde Pública , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Especificidade da Espécie , Viroses/diagnóstico , Viroses/epidemiologia , Viroses/transmissão , ZoonosesRESUMO
As part of an ongoing study on the health status of pichis, Zaedyus pichiy (Mammalia, Dasypodidae), blood was collected under manual restraint from 72 free-ranging pichis captured in Mendoza Province, Argentina, between November 2001 and December 2006, and from 22 captive-kept pichis in January 2007. Reference values were established for hematology and serum chemistry. Pichis had lower leukocyte counts and higher mean corpuscular volumes than most other mammals. Blood values were similar for captive and wild pichis, and only a few significant differences were found among genders or age classes.
Assuntos
Tatus/sangue , Análise Química do Sangue/veterinária , Testes Hematológicos/veterinária , Fatores Etários , Animais , Animais de Zoológico , Argentina , Índices de Eritrócitos/veterinária , Feminino , Contagem de Leucócitos/veterinária , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
Sarcocysts were dissected from the tongue of a nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus). DNA was extracted and characterised by PCR amplification followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and nucleotide sequencing. A total of 1879 nucleotides were compared; the sarcocyst DNA sequence was identical to that reported for Sarcocystis neurona. DNA was extracted from the sarcocysts of five more nine-banded armadillos. A 254-nucleotide sequence was determined for each and found to be identical to S. neurona. Western blot techniques for detection of anti-S. neurona antibody were developed for use with armadillo plasma and samples from 19 wild-caught and 17 captive-raised armadillos were examined. Whereas all of the 19 wild-caught armadillos had antibodies to S. neurona, only one of 17 captive-raised armadillos did. These results suggest that the nine-banded armadillo are naturally infected with S. neurona.
Assuntos
Tatus/parasitologia , Sarcocystis/fisiologia , Sarcocistose/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Tatus/sangue , Western Blotting/veterinária , DNA de Protozoário/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/fisiologia , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/parasitologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Sarcocystis/genética , Sarcocistose/transmissão , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Língua/parasitologiaRESUMO
Plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities were determined for 40 free-living and 12 captive common long-nosed armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) in order to establish normal values for monitoring pesticide exposure. Plasma cholinesterase activity ranged from 105 to 549 U/liter with no sexual or seasonal differences. Plasma values from captive animals were significantly lower than those from wild armadillos. Erythrocyte cholinesterase activity ranged from 2,915 to 15,126 U/liter with no differences detected between captive and wild animals or between sexes. However, erythrocyte cholinesterase values varied seasonally. Erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterase activities were not significantly correlated. Packed cell volume ranged from 24 to 51% and did not vary significantly between captive and wild samples, between sexes or among seasons. However, both whole blood and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities showed significant negative correlations with packed cell volume. Controlled experiments are needed to find the factors responsible for the statistically significant difference between plasma cholinesterase activities of captive and wild armadillos. The seasonal variation in erythrocyte cholinesterase activity and the negative correlation between erythrocyte cholinesterase activity and packed cell volume can be explained by an hypothesis that relates the variation in erythrocyte cholinesterase activity to variation in erythrocyte turnover rate. Future work should involve experiments to test this hypothesis.
Assuntos
Tatus/sangue , Colinesterases/sangue , Xenarthra/sangue , Animais , Eritrócitos/enzimologia , Feminino , Masculino , Compostos Organofosforados/metabolismo , Valores de Referência , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity was measured in 91 adult healthy and lepromatous armadillos before inoculation with M. leprae and at necropsises. Mean ACE values were significantly elevated in armadillos with leprosy and the degree of elevation was roughly proportional to the extent of infection. There was also significant difference in the serum ACE levels between Florida and Louisiana armadillos. The dapsone treatment resulted in bringing these levels to normal. Serial assays of serum, ACE provided information on the response of armadillos to dapsone therapy.
Assuntos
Hanseníase/enzimologia , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/sangue , Animais , Tatus/sangue , Dapsona/uso terapêutico , Florida , Hanseníase/tratamento farmacológico , Louisiana , VenezuelaAssuntos
Tatus/sangue , Hemoglobinas , Xenarthra/sangue , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Tatus/genética , Hemoglobinas/genética , FilogeniaAssuntos
Tatus/genética , Sistema do Grupo Sanguíneo Duffy/genética , Eritrócitos , Fenótipo , Animais , Tatus/sangue , Tatus/classificação , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
Ovulation in the armadillo was followed by an increase in the plasma level of progesterone to 10 ng/ml. The plasma concentration of progesterone decreased to approximatley 5 ng/ml during the 3 1/2 mo of delayed implantation and then increased to approximately 20 ng/ml for the 4 1/2 mo period of gestation.
Assuntos
Tatus/fisiologia , Implantação do Embrião , Prenhez , Progesterona/sangue , Xenarthra/fisiologia , Animais , Tatus/sangue , Feminino , Ovulação , GravidezRESUMO
Armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) were inoculated with Mycobacterium leprae isolated from lepromas taken from untreated lepromatous patients or from the spleen of an armadillo previously infected with human M. leprae. The effect of the infection on the serum levels of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AlkP), glutamate-oxalacetate (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate (GPT) transaminases was investigated. In general, there was a good correlation between positive evidences of infection and alterations in the levels of LDH, GOT, and GPT. Although elevations in LDH levels were more striking, elevations in GOT and GPT levels were more consistent with the disease. When an absolute increase in the total LDH activity was not observed in a M. leprae-infected animal, an increase in the level of LDH isozyme V was still clearly evident. Serum levels of alkaline phosphatase were not affected by the disease. The ratio GOT/GPT (greater than 1.0) in the infected animals reflected and supported the chronic nature of the disease and the liver involvement. The enzymatic alterations are not, however, specific for leprosy.
Assuntos
Hanseníase/enzimologia , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Fosfatase Alcalina/sangue , Animais , Tatus/sangue , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/sangueRESUMO
Nothing is known about haemostasis in Xenarthra, a widely distributed Order of American mammalians. Chaetophractus villosus, a member of the Dasypodidae family of this group, which is easily adapted to captivity, is of growing interest for biomedical research. In this work, we studied platelet number, MPV, ultrastructure of the platelets by SEM and TEM, and aggregation responses to ADP and ristocetin in this species. Blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture in 20 anaesthetised animals. Platelet count and MPV were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of a 3-year experimental period, to detect possible variations related to time of captivity. SEM and TEM were done by routine methods adapted to the material, and aggregation response to ADP and ristocetin were evaluated by the Born method. The parameters studied did not show any sex-related differences, nor did the platelet count change during captivity. Nevertheless, MPV decreased during this period. Platelets were ultrastructurally similar to those of other mammals and human beings and responded to proven agonists. Data provided in this study will contribute to the understanding of the haemostatic process in this species.
Assuntos
Tatus/sangue , Plaquetas , Animais , Plaquetas/citologia , Plaquetas/fisiologia , Plaquetas/ultraestrutura , Humanos , Microscopia Eletrônica , Agregação Plaquetária/fisiologia , Contagem de PlaquetasRESUMO
Blood samples were obtained weekly from 21 pregnant armadillos during the months of June through May and analyzed by radioimmunoassay for progesterone concentration. Following ovulation and mating, the plasma concentration of progesterone remained elevated (greater than 13 ng/ml) during the 3.5 months of delayed implantation. As implantation occurred in October, the plasma concentration of progesterone increased and remained at approximately 20 ng/ml in all animals through March. Ten of the animals delivered during March and April in captivity. The date of the blood sample collection was calculated as the number of days before or after parturition. Progesterone concentration was not decreased prior to delivery and remained elevated for as long as 55 days following parturition.
Assuntos
Tatus/fisiologia , Implantação Tardia do Embrião , Implantação do Embrião , Período Pós-Parto , Prenhez , Progesterona/sangue , Xenarthra/fisiologia , Animais , Tatus/sangue , Feminino , GravidezRESUMO
Hematologic parameters were determined at capture and during captivity for nine-banded armadillos. Compared to the time of capture, the mean erythrocyte counts were significantly lower after 6 months in captivity. After 1 year in captivity, the mean hematocrit was significantly higher and the mean neutrophil count in males was significantly lower. Although the number of armadillos sampled was greater than in previous research, the variation within groups was large.