Vortioxetine for the treatment of post-COVID-19 condition: a randomized controlled trial.

Hitherto no therapeutic has received regulatory approval for the treatment of post-COVID-19 condition (PCC). Cognitive deficits, mood symptoms and significant reduction in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are highly replicated and debilitating aspects of PCC. We sought to determine the impact of vortioxetine on the foregoing symptoms and HRQoL in persons living with PCC. An 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of adults ≥ 18 years of age residing in Canada and who are experiencing symptoms of World Health Organization (WHO)-defined PCC, with a history of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, was conducted. Recruitment began November 2021 and ended January 2023. Of the 200 participants enrolled (487 invited: 121 ineligible and 59 eligible but declined participation; 307 cleared pre-screening stage), a total of 149 participants were randomized (1:1) to receive either vortioxetine (5-20 mg, n = 75) or placebo (n = 74) daily for 8 weeks of double-blind treatment (i.e. end point). The primary outcome was the change from baseline-to-end point in the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Secondary outcomes included the effect on depressive symptoms and HRQoL, as measured by changes from baseline-to-end point on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology 16-item and WHO Wellbeing Scale 5-item, respectively. A total of 68 (90.7%) participants randomized to vortioxetine and 73 (98.6%) participants randomized to placebo completed all 8 weeks. Between-group analysis did not show a significant difference in the overall change in cognitive function [P = 0.361, 95% confidence interval (CI) (-0.179, 0.492)]. However, in the fully adjusted model, a significant treatment × time interaction was observed in favour of vortioxetine treatment with baseline c-reactive protein (CRP) as a moderator (P = 0.012). In addition, a significant improvement in Digit Symbol Substitution Test scores were observed in vortioxetine versus placebo treated participants in those whose baseline CRP was above the mean (P = 0.045). Moreover, significant improvement was obtained in measures of depressive symptoms [P < 0.001, 95% CI (-4.378, -2.323)] and HRQoL [P < 0.001, 95% CI (2.297, 4.647)] in vortioxetine-treated participants and between the treatment groups [depressive symptoms: P = 0.026, 95% CI (-2.847, -0.185); HRQoL: P = 0.004, 95% CI (0.774, 3.938)]. Although vortioxetine did not improve cognitive function in the unadjusted model, when adjusting for CRP, a significant pro-cognitive effect was observed; antidepressant effects and improvement in HRQoL in this debilitating disorder were also noted.

Emotional Blunting in Depression in the PREDDICT Clinical Trial: Inflammation-Stratified Augmentation of Vortioxetine With Celecoxib.

BACKGROUND: Emotional symptoms are recognized as a key feature in individuals with major depressive disorder. Previously, emotional blunting has been described both as a side effect of antidepressant treatment and as a symptom of depression. Little is known about the change of emotional blunting during antidepressant treatment. METHODS: The PREDDICT trial is a randomized, placebo-controlled, 6-week trial on the augmentation of vortioxetine with the anti-inflammatory agent celecoxib or placebo. Presently we report on exploratory secondary outcomes of changes in emotional blunting in depression assessed with the Oxford Depression Questionnaire (ODQ) total score and subscores from baseline to 8-week, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up assessments. RESULTS: In the whole group, there was a significant improvement in the ODQ total score and all subscores after 8 weeks. After stratification of participants into the treatment groups, the ODQ total score as well as subscores related to emotional blunting as a symptom of depression (reduction in positive emotions, not caring) improved between baseline and all follow-up time points in both treatment groups. Changes in subscores considered as a side effect of antidepressants (general reduction in emotions, emotional detachment) were inconclusive in both treatment groups. Overall, the placebo-augmented group showed slightly better results in changes of emotional blunting scores than the celecoxib group as did those with elevated inflammation at screening, regardless of treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis suggests favorable effects of vortioxetine on emotional blunting in both short- and long-term course. The beneficial impact of vortioxetine on emotional blunting was weaker in celecoxib-augmented patients compared with placebo, possibly due to pharmacokinetic interactions. Clinical Trials Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), ACTRN12617000527369p. Registered on 11 April 2017, http://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12617000527369p.

Antidepressants for the treatment of adults with major depressive disorder in the maintenance phase: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

A systematic review and random-effects model network meta-analysis were conducted to compare the efficacy, acceptability, tolerability, and safety of antidepressants to treat adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) in the maintenance phase. This study searched the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases and included only double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials with an enrichment design: patients were stabilized on the antidepressant of interest during the open-label study and then randomized to receive the same antidepressant or placebo. The outcomes were the 6-month relapse rate (primary outcome, efficacy), all-cause discontinuation (acceptability), discontinuation due to adverse events (tolerability), and the incidence of individual adverse events. The risk ratio with a 95% credible interval was calculated. The meta-analysis comprised 34 studies (n = 9384, mean age = 43.80 years, and %females = 68.10%) on 20 antidepressants (agomelatine, amitriptyline, bupropion, citalopram, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, levomilnacipran, milnacipran, mirtazapine, nefazodone, paroxetine, reboxetine, sertraline, tianeptine, venlafaxine, vilazodone, and vortioxetine) and a placebo. In terms of the 6-month relapse rate, amitriptyline, citalopram, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, mirtazapine, nefazodone, paroxetine, reboxetine, sertraline, tianeptine, venlafaxine, and vortioxetine outperformed placebo. Compared to placebo, desvenlafaxine, paroxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, and vortioxetine had lower all-cause discontinuation; however, sertraline had a higher discontinuation rate due to adverse events. Compared to placebo, venlafaxine was associated with a lower incidence of dizziness, while desvenlafaxine, sertraline, and vortioxetine were associated with a higher incidence of nausea/vomiting. In conclusion, desvenlafaxine, paroxetine, venlafaxine, and vortioxetine had reasonable efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability in the treatment of adults with stable MDD.

Vortioxetine Reverses Impairment of Visuospatial Memory and Cognitive Flexibility Induced by Degarelix as a Model of Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Rats.

INTRODUCTION: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a mainstay treatment for prostate cancer, but many patients experience cognitive impairment in domains mediated by the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus. Prostate cancer typically occurs in older patients (>65 years). As age is often accompanied by cognitive decline, it may impact the efficacy of any treatment aimed at restoring cognitive impairment induced by ADT. Vortioxetine, a multimodal antidepressant that improves cognition in depression, has been shown to be efficacious in elderly patients. Therefore, vortioxetine may improve cognition in older patients who experience cognitive decline after ADT. METHODS: Young (3 months) and middle-aged (13 months) rats were used to investigate the influence of age on treating ADT-induced cognitive decline. As our previous studies used surgical castration, we tested if vortioxetine would reverse cognitive deficits associated with more translationally relevant chemical castration using degarelix. Vortioxetine was given in the diet for 21 days. Animals underwent behavioral testing to assess visuospatial memory mediated by the hippocampus and cognitive flexibility mediated by the mPFC. We also investigated changes in afferent-evoked responses in these regions in middle-aged rats. RESULTS: Degarelix induced impairments in both visuospatial memory and cognitive flexibility that were reversed by vortioxetine. Vortioxetine also rescued afferent-evoked responses in the mPFC and hippocampus. However, modest age-related reductions in baseline visuospatial memory limited our ability to detect further decreases induced by degarelix in middle-aged rats due to a floor effect. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that vortioxetine may be a treatment option for older prostate cancer patients who experience cognitive decline after ADT.

Impact of Baseline Anxiety on Well-being in People with Post-COVID-19 Condition: A Secondary Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) is associated with a host of psychopathological conditions including prominent anxiety symptoms. However, it is not known what effect anxious symptoms have on measures of well-being in individuals living with PCC. This study aims to evaluate anxiety's association with measures of well-being in people with PCC. METHODS: This is a post hoc analysis utilizing data from a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trial assessing the effect of vortioxetine on cognitive impairment in individuals with PCC (NCT05047952). Baseline data with respect to anxiety and well-being were collected using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, 7-Item (GAD-7), and the World Health Organization (WHO) Well-Being Index, 5-Item (WHO-5), respectively. A generalized linear model (GLM) analysis on baseline GAD-7 and WHO-5 scores was conducted with age, sex, employment status, education level, previous major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosis, and confirmed COVID-19 cases as covariates. RESULTS: Data was analyzed in a sample of 144 participants (N = 144). After controlling for the aforementioned covariates, the results found that GAD-7 and WHO-5 scores had a significant negative correlation (ß = -0.053, p = <0.001), signifying that increased anxiety had adverse effects on the overall well-being of individuals with PCC. CONCLUSION: Herein, we observed a clinically meaningful level of anxiety in individuals with PCC. We also identified a robust correlation between anxiety in PCC and measures of general well-being. Our results require replication, providing the impetus for recommending screening and targeting anxious symptoms as a tactic to improve general well-being and outcomes in individuals with PCC.

Impact of vortioxetine on psychosocial functioning moderated by symptoms of fatigue in post-COVID-19 condition: a secondary analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Fatigue is a prominent symptom in post-COVID condition (PCC) sequelae, termed "long COVID." Herein, we aim to ascertain the effect of fatigue on psychosocial function in persons living with PCC. METHODS: This post hoc analysis evaluated the effects of vortioxetine on measures of fatigue as assessed by the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) in psychosocial function as measured by the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) in persons with PCC. We also evaluated the change in FSS on psychosocial functioning as measured by the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). This post hoc analysis obtained data from a recently published placebo-controlled study evaluating vortioxetine's effect on objective cognitive functions in persons living with PCC. RESULTS: One hundred forty-four participants meeting World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for PCC were included in this analysis. At the end of 8 weeks of vortioxetine treatment, significant improvement of all domains was observed for psychosocial functioning. There was a significant between-group difference at treatment endpoint in the family, social, and work SDS subcategories (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant interaction effect between the treatment condition time point and FSS effect on the SDS social (χ2 = 10.640, p = 0.014) and work (χ2 = 9.342, p = 0.025) categories but a statistically insignificant effect on the family categories ((χ2 = 5.201, p = 0.158)). DISCUSSION: This post hoc analysis suggests that vortioxetine treatment significantly improves psychosocial function in persons with PCC. Our results also indicate that the improvement in psychosocial function was significantly mediated by improvement in measures of fatigue. Our results provide empirical support for recommendations to identify therapeutics for fatigue in persons living with PCC with a broader aim to improve psychosocial function in this common and severely impaired population.

Vortioxetine for depression in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

AIM: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent psychiatric condition and vortioxetine offers promising antidepressant effects due to its unique pharmacological profile. However, the dose-response relationships of vortioxetine for MDD is not well established. We aimed to conduct dose-response meta-analyses to fill this gap. METHODS: We systematically searched multiple electronic databases for randomized controlled trials of vortioxetine for MDD, with the last search conducted on 08 February, 2024. The dose-response relationship was evaluated using a one-stage random-effects dose-response meta-analysis with restricted cubic spline model. The primary outcome was efficacy (mean change in depression scale score), with secondary outcomes including response, dropout for any reasons (acceptability), dropout for adverse events (tolerability), and any adverse events (safety). RESULTS: The dose-response meta-analysis comprised 16 studies, with 4,294 participants allocated to the vortioxetine group and 2,299 participants allocated to the placebo group. The estimated 50% effective dose was 4.37 mg/day, and the near-maximal effective dose (95% effective dose) was 17.93 mg/day. Visual inspection of the dose-efficacy curve suggests that a plateau possibly had not been reached yet at 20 mg/day. Acceptability, tolerability and safety decreased as the dose increased. Subgroup analysis indicated that no significant differences were observed in acceptability, tolerability and safety among the dosage groups. CONCLUSIONS: Vortioxetine may potentially provide additional therapeutic benefits when exceeding the current licensed dosage without significantly impacting safety. Conducting clinical trials exceeding the current approved dosage appears necessary to fully comprehend its efficacy and risk.

The effect of Vortioxetine on the NLRP3 pathway and microglial activity in the prefrontal cortex in an experimental model of depression.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that early life stress (ELS) and neuroinflammation are associated with the pathophysiology of depression. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Vortioxetine (VOR), a novel antidepressant, on ELS-induced behavioral changes and neuroinflammation. METHOD: Wistar Albino 4-week-old male rats were divided into four groups: control; chronic unpredictable stress (CUMS), VOR, CUMS + VOR. Neurobehavioral assessment was performed on the first, 21st, and 42nd days. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of P2X7, NLRP3, IL1ß, IL18 in the prefrontal cortex. To assess the microglial activities of the prefrontal cortex, immunohistochemically stained CD68, and leukocyte common antigen (LCA) preparations were scanned with Manual WSI software, Basler camera, and scored. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Exposure to CUMS was associated with depression and anxiety-like behaviors, and administration of VOR led to improvement in these behaviors. NLRP3, IL-1ß, and IL-18 were shown to be upregulated in the prefrontal cortex of CUMS rats, while their high expression was inhibited by VOR treatment. CD68 and LCA expressions were significantly higher in the CUMS group compared to the other groups. CONCLUSION: According to these results, it may be considered that NLRP3 inflammasome-associated neuroinflammatory response and microglial activation may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of ELS.

The effect of vortioxetine on anhedonia in patients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: Anhedonia is a common symptom of depression, but is also a negative symptom of schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of vortioxetine on anhedonia in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: A total of 120 patients with schizophrenia in remission who met inclusion criteria were randomized 1:1 by the envelope method into intervention and control groups. All participants in both groups were divided into three subgroups based on the antipsychotic therapy they were receiving (olanzapine, risperidone, or aripiprazole). Vortioxetine was administered to those in the intervention group at a fixed dose of 10 mg per day. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), and Chapman Scale for Social and Physical Anhedonia (CSPA) were administered. The study lasted 12 weeks. Participants were assessed twice: At baseline and at the end of the study. Six participants dropped out, with 114 completing the trial. FINDINGS: Vortioxetine treatment had a significant effect on level of physical anhedonia. The treatment interaction was also statistically significant, but with a relatively small effect (F = 3.17, P < .05; η2 = .061). Vortioxetine treatment had a particularly strong effect on the level of social anhedonia. The interaction between the treatment and the type of antipsychotics was also statistically significant with a small effect (F = 5.04, P < 0. 01; η2 = .091). CONCLUSION: The combination of olanzapine and vortioxetine was found to be the best option to reduce symptoms of social and physical anhedonia in these patients with remitted schizophrenia.

Effectiveness and Safety of Vortioxetine for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in the Real World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent and burdensome condition. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness, tolerability, and safety of vortioxetine in treating MDD based on real-world data. METHODS: A systematic search of 8 electronic databases was performed from inception until October 2022 to identify real-world studies, excluding randomized controlled trials. We conducted subgroup, meta-regression, sensitivity analyses, publication bias, and quality assessments using the random-effects model. The effects were summarized by rates or standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Of the 870 records identified, 11 studies (3139 participants) and 10 case reports or series were eligible for inclusion. Vortioxetine significantly relieved depression symptoms as assessed by both patients (SMD = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.60-2.89) and physicians (SMD = 3.73, 95% CI = 2.78-4.69). Cognitive function (SMD =1.86, 95% CI = 1.11-2.62) and functional disability (SMD =1.71, 95% CI = 1.14-2.29) were similarly markedly improved. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses showed that geographic location and medication regimen (whether combined with other antidepressants) were crucial factors influencing effectiveness (in terms of depression severity and cognitive function), potentially contributing to significant heterogeneity. The estimated response and remission rates were 66.4% (95% CI = 51.2%-81.5%) and 58.0% (95% CI = 48.9%-67.1%), respectively. Vortioxetine was well tolerated, with a pooled dropout rate of 3.5% (95% CI = 1.8%-5.8%), and the most common adverse event was nausea, with an estimated rate of 8.9% (95% CI = 3.8%-15.8%). LIMITATIONS: The study has some limitations, including significant heterogeneity and limited evidence for some outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Vortioxetine is effective, well tolerated, and safe for treating MDD in clinical practice, with significant improvements observed in depressive severity, cognitive function, and functioning. Future studies should directly compare vortioxetine with other antidepressants in real-world settings to further evaluate its clinical utility.

Activation of mTORC1 Signaling Cascade in Hippocampus and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Is Required for Antidepressant Actions of Vortioxetine in Mice.

BACKGROUND: Although thought of as a multimodal-acting antidepressant targeting the serotonin system, more molecules are being shown to participate in the antidepressant mechanism of vortioxetine. A previous report has shown that vortioxetine administration enhanced the expression of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in neurons. It has been well demonstrated that mTORC1 participates in not only the pathogenesis of depression but also the pharmacological mechanisms of many antidepressants. Therefore, we speculate that the antidepressant mechanism of vortioxetine may require mTORC1. METHODS: Two mouse models of depression (chronic social defeat stress and chronic unpredictable mild stress) and western blotting were first used together to examine whether vortioxetine administration produced reversal effects against the chronic stress-induced downregulation in the whole mTORC1 signaling cascade in both the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Then, LY294002, U0126, and rapamycin were used together to explore whether the antidepressant effects of vortioxetine in mouse models of depression were attenuated by pharmacological blockade of the mTORC1 system. Furthermore, lentiviral-mTORC1-short hairpin RNA-enhanced green fluorescence protein (LV-mTORC1-shRNA-EGFP) was adopted to examine if genetic blockade of mTORC1 also abolished the antidepressant actions of vortioxetine in mice. RESULTS: Vortioxetine administration produced significant reversal effects against the chronic stress-induced downregulation in the whole mTORC1 signaling cascade in both the hippocampus and mPFC. Both pharmacological and genetic blockade of the mTORC1 system notably attenuated the antidepressant effects of vortioxetine in mice. CONCLUSIONS: Activation of the mTORC1 system in the hippocampus and mPFC is required for the antidepressant actions of vortioxetine in mice.

Combined Cognitive Training and Vortioxetine Mitigates Age-Related Declines in Functional Brain Network Integrity.

OBJECTIVE: Age-related cognitive decline is common and potentially modifiable with cognitive training. Combining cognitive training with pro-cognitive medication offers an opportunity to modify brain networks to mitigate age-related cognitive decline. We tested the hypothesis that the efficacy of cognitive training could be amplified by combining it with vortioxetine, a pro-cognitive and pro-neuroplastic multimodal antidepressant. METHODS: We evaluated the effects of 6 months of computerized cognitive training plus vortioxetine (versus placebo) on resting state functional connectivity in older adults (age 65+) with age-related cognitive decline. We first evaluated the association of functional connectivity with age and cognitive performance (N = 66). Then we compared the effects of vortioxetine plus cognitive training versus placebo plus cognitive training on connectivity changes over the training period (n = 20). RESULTS: At baseline, greater age was significantly associated with lower within-network strength and network segregation, and poorer cognitive function. Cognitive training plus vortioxetine over 6 months positively impacted the relationship between age to mean network segregation. These effects were not observed in the placebo group. In contrast, vortioxetine did not modify the relationship of age to change in mean within-network strength. Exploratory analyses identified the cingulo-opercular network as the network most affected by cognitive training plus vortioxetine. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study provides evidence that combining cognitive training with pro-cognitive medication may modulate the effects of aging on functional brain networks. Results indicate that for older adults experiencing age-related cognitive decline, vortioxetine has a potentially beneficial effect on the correspondence between aging and functional brain network segregation. These results await replication in a larger sample.

Clinical benefits of vortioxetine 20 mg/day in patients with major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Vortioxetine has demonstrated dose-dependent efficacy in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), with the greatest effect observed with vortioxetine 20 mg/day. This analysis further explored the clinical relevance of the more rapid and greater improvement in depressive symptoms observed with vortioxetine 20 mg/day vs 10 mg/day. METHODS: Analysis of pooled data from six short-term (8-week), randomized, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose studies of vortioxetine 20 mg/day in patients with MDD (N = 2620). Symptomatic response (≥50% decrease in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS] total score), sustained symptomatic response, and remission (MADRS total score ≤10) were assessed by vortioxetine dosage (20 or 10 mg/day). RESULTS: After 8 weeks, 51.4% of patients receiving vortioxetine 20 mg/day had achieved symptomatic response vs 46.0% of those receiving vortioxetine 10 mg/day (P < .05). Significantly more patients achieved symptomatic response vs placebo from week 2 onwards for vortioxetine 20 mg/day and from week 6 onwards for vortioxetine 10 mg/day (both P ≤ .05). Sustained response was achieved from week 4 for 26.0% of patients receiving vortioxetine 20 mg/day vs 19.1% of those receiving vortioxetine 10 mg/day (P < .01), increasing to 36.0% and 29.8%, respectively, over the 8-week treatment period (P < .05). At week 8, 32.0% of patients receiving vortioxetine 20 mg/day were in remission vs 28.2% of those receiving vortioxetine 10 mg/day (P = .09). Rates of adverse events and treatment withdrawal were not increased during the week following vortioxetine dose up-titration to 20 mg/day. CONCLUSION: Vortioxetine 20 mg/day provides more rapid and more sustained symptomatic response than vortioxetine 10 mg/day in patients with MDD, without compromising tolerability.

Vortioxetine 20 mg/day in patients with major depressive disorder: updated analysis of efficacy, safety, and optimal timing of dose adjustment.

BACKGROUND: Analysis of efficacy and tolerability of vortioxetine 20 mg/day, and optimal timing of dose adjustment, in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: Pooled analysis of six randomized, fixed-dose studies of vortioxetine 5 to 20 mg/day. Mean change from baseline in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score was analyzed by vortioxetine dose using a mixed model for repeated measures. Tolerability was assessed over the 8-week treatment period and from day 8 (ie, following dose increase to 20 mg/day). Data from three randomized, flexible-dose studies were examined for frequency and timing of dose adjustment. RESULTS: A clear dose-response relationship for vortioxetine was confirmed in terms of improvement in MADRS total score. Significant differences vs placebo were seen for vortioxetine 20 mg/day from week 2 onwards; vortioxetine 10 mg did not separate from placebo until week 4. At week 8, mean change in MADRS total score from baseline was significantly greater for vortioxetine 20 mg/day vs 10 mg/day (difference, -1.03 points; P < .05). Incidence of adverse events was not increased in patients who received vortioxetine 20 mg/day vs 10 mg/day. In flexible-dose studies, dosage was increased to 20 mg/day after 1 week in 48.0% of patients; final dosage was 20 mg/day in 64.3% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Vortioxetine 20 mg is significantly more effective than vortioxetine 10 mg in patients with MDD, with a similar tolerability profile. In flexible-dose studies, almost half of all patients received 20 mg/day after 1 week and two-thirds received 20 mg/day as their final dosage.

Real-world clinical outcomes and treatment patterns in patients with MDD treated with vortioxetine: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: This study included evaluation of the effectiveness of vortioxetine, a treatment for adults with major depressive disorder (MDD), using patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in a real-world setting. METHODS: This retrospective chart review analyzed the care experiences of adult patients with a diagnosis of MDD from Parkview Physicians Group - Mind-Body Medicine, Midwestern United States. Patients with a prescription for vortioxetine, an initial baseline visit, and ≥ 2 follow-up visits within 16 weeks from September 2014 to December 2018 were included. The primary outcome measure was effectiveness of vortioxetine on depression severity as assessed by change in Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores ~ 12 weeks after initiation of vortioxetine. Secondary outcomes included changes in depression-related symptoms (i.e., sexual dysfunction, sleep disturbance, cognitive function, work/social function), clinical characteristics, response, remission, and medication persistence. Clinical narrative notes were also analyzed to examine sleep disturbance, sexual dysfunction, appetite, absenteeism, and presenteeism. All outcomes were examined at index (start of vortioxetine) and at ~ 12 weeks, and mean differences were analyzed using pairwise t tests. RESULTS: A total of 1242 patients with MDD met inclusion criteria, and 63.9% of these patients had ≥ 3 psychiatric diagnoses and 65.9% were taking ≥ 3 medications. PHQ-9 mean scores decreased significantly from baseline to week 12 (14.15 ± 5.8 to 9.62 ± 6.03, respectively; p < 0.001). At week 12, the response and remission rates in all patients were 31.0% and 23.1%, respectively, and 67% continued vortioxetine treatment. Overall, results also showed significant improvements by week 12 in anxiety (p < 0.001), sexual dysfunction (p < 0.01), sleep disturbance (p < 0.01), cognitive function (p < 0.001), work/social functioning (p = 0.021), and appetite (p < 0.001). A significant decrease in presenteeism was observed at week 12 (p < 0.001); however, no significant change was observed in absenteeism (p = 0.466). CONCLUSIONS: Using PROMs, our study results suggest that adults with MDD prescribed vortioxetine showed improvement in depressive symptoms in the context of a real-world clinical practice setting. These patients had multiple comorbid psychiatric and physical diagnoses and multiple previous antidepressant treatments had failed.

Design of a real-world, prospective, longitudinal, observational study to compare vortioxetine with other standard of care antidepressant treatments in patients with major depressive disorder: a PatientsLikeMe survey.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a recurrent psychiatric condition that presents challenges in responding to treatment and achieving long-term remission. To improve outcomes, a shared decision-making treatment approach with patient and healthcare practitioner (HCP) engagement is vital. PatientsLikeMe (PLM), a peer community of patients, provides information on MDD, symptoms, and treatment through forums and resources, helping patients stay engaged in their treatment journey. Data on PLM can be harnessed to gain insights into patient perspectives on MDD symptom management, medication switches, and treatment goals and measures. METHODS: This ongoing, decentralized, longitudinal, observational, prospective study is being conducted using the PLM platform in two parts, enrolling up to 500 patients with MDD in the United States aged ≥ 18 years to compare vortioxetine with other monotherapy antidepressants. The first qualitative component consists of a webinar and discussion forum with PLM community members with MDD, followed by a pilot for functionality testing to improve the study flow and questions in the quantitative survey. The quantitative component follows on the PLM platform, utilizing patient-reported assessments, over a 24-week period. Three surveys will be conducted at baseline and weeks 12 and 24 to collect data on patient global impression of improvement, depression severity, cognitive function, quality of life (QoL) and well-being, medication satisfaction, emotional blunting, symptoms of anhedonia and resilience, as well as goal attainment. Quantitative results will be compared between groups. The qualitative component is complete; patient recruitment is underway for the quantitative component, with results expected in late 2023. DISCUSSION: These results will help HCPs understand patient perspectives on the effectiveness of vortioxetine versus other monotherapy antidepressants in alleviating symptoms of MDD and improvements in QoL. Data from the PLM platform will support a patient goal-based treatment approach, as results can be shared by patients with their HCPs, providing them with insights on patient-centric goals, treatment management and adherence, as well as allowing them to observe changes in patient-related outcomes scores. Findings from the study will also help to optimize the PLM platform to build scalable solutions and connectivity within the community to better serve patients with MDD.

YY1 (Yin-Yang 1), a transcription factor regulating systemic inflammation, is involved in cognitive impairment of depression.

AIM: Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that alterations in the peripheral and brain immune system are associated with the pathophysiology of depression, also leading to changes in local glucose metabolism in the brain. Here, the authors identified Yin-Yang 1 (YY1), a transcription factor closely associated with central and peripheral inflammation. METHODS: Plasma levels of YY1, interleukin (IL) 6, and IL-1ß in major depressive disorder (MDD) were collected before and after treatment with vortioxetine, and correlation with clinical and cognitive scores was studied. Chronic unpredictable mild stress was treated with vortioxetine. Micropositron emission tomography (microPET) was used to analyze glucose metabolism and mRNA, and the protein level of the YY1-nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-IL-1ß inflammatory pathway were measured in related brain regions. RESULTS: Plasma levels of YY1 and IL-1ß were significantly increased in MDD and decreased after treatment with vortioxetine. Meanwhile, the level of YY1 in plasma was negatively correlated with cognitive functions in patients with MDD and positively correlated with the level of IL-1ß in plasma. Compared with the control group, in chronic unpredictable mild stress rats, (microPET) analysis showed that the decrease of glucose metabolism in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, amygdala, striatum, and medial prefrontal cortex was reversed after treatment. mRNA and protein level of related molecular in YY1-NF-κB-IL-1ß inflammatory pathway decreased in the hippocampus and was reversed by vortioxetine. CONCLUSION: The current study suggests that the YY1-NF-κB-IL-1ß inflammatory pathway may play an essential role in both mood changes and cognitive impairment in depression, and may be associated with changes in glucose metabolism in emotion regulation and cognition. These findings provide new evidence for the inflammatory mechanisms of depression.

Therapeutic Potential and Limitation of Serotonin Type 7 Receptor Modulation.

Although a number of mood-stabilising atypical antipsychotics and antidepressants modulate serotonin type 7 receptor (5-HT7), the detailed contributions of 5-HT7 function to clinical efficacy and pathophysiology have not been fully understood. The mood-stabilising antipsychotic agent, lurasidone, and the serotonin partial agonist reuptake inhibitor, vortioxetine, exhibit higher binding affinity to 5-HT7 than other conventional antipsychotics and antidepressants. To date, the initially expected rapid onset of antidepressant effects-in comparison with conventional antidepressants or mood-stabilising antipsychotics-due to 5-HT7 inhibition has not been observed with lurasidone and vortioxetine; however, several clinical studies suggest that 5-HT7 inhibition likely contributes to quality of life of patients with schizophrenia and mood disorders via the improvement of cognition. Furthermore, recent preclinical studies reported that 5-HT7 inhibition might mitigate antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic complication by blocking other monoamine receptors. Further preclinical studies for the development of 5-HT7 modulation against neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases have been ongoing. To date, various findings from various preclinical studies indicate the possibility that 5-HT7 modifications can provide two independent strategies. The first is that 5-HT7 inhibition ameliorates the dysfunction of inter-neuronal transmission in mature networks. The other is that activation of 5-HT7 can improve transmission dysfunction due to microstructure abnormality in the neurotransmission network-which could be unaffected by conventional therapeutic agents-via modulating intracellular signalling during the neurodevelopmental stage or via loss of neural networks with aging. This review attempts to describe the current and novel clinical applications of 5-HT7 modulation based on preclinical findings.

Influence of Crystal Disorder on the Forced Oxidative Degradation of Vortioxetine HBr.

The present study investigates the impact of the solid-state disorder of vortioxetine hydrobromide (HBr) on oxidative degradation under accelerated conditions. A range of solid-state disorders was generated via cryogenic ball milling. The solid-state properties were evaluated by calorimetry, infrared-, and Raman spectroscopies. While salt disproportionation occurred upon milling, no chemical degradation occurred by milling. The amorphous fraction remained physically intact under ambient storage conditions. Subsequently, samples with representative disordered fractions were mixed with a solid oxidative stressor (PVP-H2O2 complex) and were compressed to compacts. The compacts were exposed to 40°C/75% RH for up to 6 h. The sample was periodically withdrawn and analyzed for the physical transformations and degradation. Two oxidative degradation products (DPs) were found to be formed, for which dissimilar relations to the degree of disorder and kinetics of formation were observed. The degradation rate of the major DP formation obtained by fitting the exponential model to the experimental data was found to increase up to a certain degree of disorder and decrease with a further increase in the disordered fraction. In contrast, the minor DP formation kinetics was found to increase monotonically with the increase in the disorder content. For the similar crystallinity level, the degradation trend (rate and extent) differed between the single-phase disorder generated by milling and physically mixed two-phase systems. Overall, the study demonstrates the importance of evaluating the physical and chemical (in)stabilities of the disordered solid state of a salt form of a drug substance, generated through mechano-activation.

PHARMACOLOGY OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER.

The aim of this study was to evaluate current approaches to the pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. An information search was carried out in the databases PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE by keywords: "posttraumatic stress disorder", "treatment", and "medications". Search depth 2012-2022 years. From the general data (4877 articles) there were selected 14 articles with the highest degree of relevance. A content analysis of selected articles was carried out with the formation of recommendations for the use of pharmacotherapy in posttraumatic stress disorder. Currently, there are no unified approaches to the pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. Antidepressants (SSRI SNRIs) are primarily considered as first-line drugs, but only sertraline, paroxetine, and fluoxetine are approved by the FDA. But these drugs have a fairly wide range of side effects, including suicidal thoughts. The use of benzodiazepines should be limited as they increase the risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder. Vortioxetine becomes a very promising option. The most significant benefits of vortioxetine are the significant positive effects of vortioxetine on attention, memory, and executive function. There is some evidence for the use of alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonists and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists in therapy. In insomnia the use of prazosin and trazodone is recommended. Pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder requires administration of medications with multimodal action. Currently, there are no unified approaches to the pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. Further randomized clinical trials are necessary for developing effective treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.