The potential of developing high hepatic clearance drugs via controlled release: Lessons from Kirchhoff's Laws.

ABSTRACT

When a new molecular entity is predicted to exhibit high clearance in humans, pharmaceutical sponsors almost universally search for similar acting back-up compounds that will demonstrate low clearance. Here we show that, except for oral dosing, there can be marked advantages to developing and commercializing controlled release formulations of high clearance drugs, the expertise of readers of this journal. Our recent publications demonstrate that the universally held pharmacokinetic principle that drug delivery rate has no effect on measured drug clearance is not correct. Rather, we show that if clearance from the drug delivery site is markedly less than the iv bolus clearance of a drug, the in vivo drug clearance can be the drug delivery clearance controlled by the designed dosage form. This approach will be especially advantageous for high hepatic clearance drugs. These advantages include not being concerned with a) saturable nonlinear kinetics, b) significant pharmacogenomic differences, c) drug-drug induction mechanisms, and d) in many cases drug-drug inhibition interactions. This is due to the ability of a drug sponsor to design clearance, independent of the pharmacokinetic characteristics for high clearance compounds, where clearance from the dosage form becomes the drug clearance from the patient. Recognition of this principle, as described here, results from our development of the use of Kirchhoff's Laws from physics to derive rate-defining clearance and rate constant elimination processes independent of differential equation derivations. The key message for readers of this journal is that high clearance drugs are potentially drugable through formulation design and should not be outright disregarded, since for such drugs the dose-corrected area under the curve can be increased if the release rate from the injection site is controlled and slow resulting in drug clearance from the body controlled by clearance from the dosage form. The concepts presented here describe previously unrecognized advantages of controlled release formulations.