Characterization and grouping of aquatic fulvic acids isolated from clear-water rivers and lakes in Japan.

ABSTRACT

Characteristics of aquatic fulvic acids (FAs) from 10 clear waters in Japan (around the temperate zone) were revealed by several analytical techniques-high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), elemental analysis, liquid-state (13)C NMR spectroscopy, isotopic analyses (delta(13)C and delta(15)N), and compared with those of International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) standard samples including FAs from brown waters (Suwannee, Pony, and Nordic FAs). Generally clear-water FAs were different from brown-water FAs in chemical properties. Weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of the clear-water FAs were similar to each other, whereas their elemental compositions and carbon species distribution were different. The clear-water FAs all exhibited a high proportion of alkyl carbons, which may be attributed to microbial activity. delta(13)C and delta(15)N values of the FAs indicated that there would be a huge gap between origin and chemical structure of clear-water FA. Results of the chemical structural analyses described above were not always linked to those of the isotopic analyses (delta(13)C and delta(15)N). Multivariate statistical analysis, i.e. cluster and principal component analysis was applied to reveal differences or similarities in a more objective manner. The FAs were always classified into two clear-water groups and one brown-water group. Aryl-C and O-Alkyl-C contents were important for the grouping. We speculate that the grouping might depend on the differences of aquatic microbial activity caused by the differences of residence time of water.