Genetic determinants of ß-thalassemia intermedia in Pakistan.

This study covers the molecular characterization of clinically diagnosed ß-thalassemia intermedia (ß-TI) patients in Pakistan. Blood samples of ß-TI patients were collected from all four provinces of Pakistan throughout the period of 2011-2013. The study was carried out using allele-specific primers through polymerase chain reaction or sequencing to determine both α- and ß-thalassemia (α- and ß-thal) mutations, and restriction enzymes for the characterization of ß-globin gene arrangements. In a total of 63 patients, the IVS-I-5 (G > C) was the most frequent mutation (33.88%). The codon 30 (G > A) and IVS-II-1 (T > C) mutations were found only in the Punjabi ethnic group, while the codon 30 (G > C) and Hb S (HBB: c.20A > T) mutations were found only in the Pashtoon and Sindhi ethnic groups, respectively. In case of α-globin genotypes, 44 patients were normal (αα/αα), six patients carried the αα/-α(3.7) genotype, 12 patients carried the -α(3.7)/-α(3.7) genotype, while one patient had the αα/ααα(anti 3.7) genotype. We found that haplotype I was the most frequent, mostly associated with the codons 8/9 (+G) mutation, while the Saudi haplotype was found only with Hb S.