Upper airway in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate evaluated with computational fluid dynamics.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) exhibit snoring and mouth breathing. They are also reported to show obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. However, their upper airway ventilation condition is not clearly understood. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate upper airway ventilation condition in children with UCLP with the use of computational fluid dynamics. METHODS: Twenty-one children (12 boys, 9 girls; mean age 9.1 years) with UCLP and 25 children (13 boys, 12 girls; mean age 9.2 years) without UCLP who required orthodontic treatment underwent cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Nasal resistance and upper airway ventilation condition were evaluated with the use of computational fluid dynamics from CBCT data. The groups were compared with the use of Mann-Whitney U tests and Student t tests. RESULTS: Nasal resistance of the UCLP group (0.97 Pa/cm3/s) was significantly higher than that of the control group (0.26 Pa/cm3/s; P < 0.001). Maximal pressure of the upper airway (335.02 Pa) was significantly higher in the UCLP group than in the control group (67.57 Pa; P < 0.001). Pharyngeal airway (from choanae to base of epiglottis) pressure in the UCLP group (140.46 Pa) was significantly higher than in the control group (15.92 Pa; P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Upper airway obstruction in children with UCLP resulted from both nasal and pharyngeal airway effects.