Exploring the highs and lows of very low carbohydrate high fat diets on weight loss and diabetes- and cardiovascular disease-related risk markers: A systematic review.
Nutr Diet
; 78(1): 41-56, 2021 02.
Article
en En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-33283417
ABSTRACT
AIM:
Very low carbohydrate high fat diets (VLCHF) are increasingly popular for weight loss and diabetes management, but the risk implications of long-term adherence to a high-fat-diet remain unclear, especially in high-risk populations. This review aimed to examine adherence, weight loss, diabetes- and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related risk markers in adults consuming VLCHF diets.METHODS:
Online databases were searched for randomised controlled trials ≥3 months duration that met a pre-defined macronutrient prescription VLCHF ≤25%E carbohydrate, >35%E fat; low fat (LF) ≥45%E carbohydrate, ≤30%E fat; and reported energy, saturated fat (SFA), weight, blood glucose, cholesterol and blood pressure (BP). Studies were excluded if the macronutrient prescription was not targeted (n = 32); not met (n = 17) or not reported (n = 13).RESULTS:
Eight studies included 1217 commenced; 922 completed overweight and obese adults. Diets were isocaloric moderately energy-restricted, closely monitored with ongoing support from dietitians, physicians, and/or nurses. Four studies reported non-adherence beyond 3 months (n = 3) and 6 months (n = 1) despite interventions of 12, 15 and 24 months. VLCHF diets were high in fat and SFA (fat 49%-56%E; SFA 11%-21%E) compared to LF diets (fat 13%-29%E; SFA 5%-11%E). All groups achieved significant weight loss and improvements in BP and blood glucose. LDL-C reduction favoured LF, P < .05; increased HDL-C and reduced triglyceride levels favoured VLCHF, P < .05.CONCLUSIONS:
VLCHF and LF diets with moderate energy restriction demonstrate similar weight loss and improvements to BP to 3 months. However, adherence is likely poor without intensive support from health professionals. Dietary SFA should be monitored to ensure recommended intakes, but longer-term studies with high adherence are required to confirm the level of CVD-risk and potential harms.Palabras clave
Texto completo:
1
Colección:
01-internacional
Banco de datos:
MEDLINE
Asunto principal:
Biomarcadores
/
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares
/
Pérdida de Peso
/
Diabetes Mellitus
/
Dieta Baja en Carbohidratos
/
Dieta Alta en Grasa
Tipo de estudio:
Clinical_trials
/
Etiology_studies
/
Risk_factors_studies
/
Systematic_reviews
Límite:
Humans
Idioma:
En
Revista:
Nutr Diet
Año:
2021
Tipo del documento:
Article
País de afiliación:
Australia